Name: taste exam: a brief and validated test
Uploaded: 2018-08-17T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test at JoVE.com

स्वास्थ्य के राष्ट्रीय संस्थानों से पुरस्कार इस शोध का समर्थन किया (R01DC013588 को एनएसी, R21DC013886 को एनएसी और DRR, और NIDCD प्रशासनिक अनुसंधान के पूरक चिकित्सक के Chemosensory अनुसंधान में वैज्ञानिकों के उद्भव को बढ़ावा देने के लिए JED) । हम OD018125 से NIH फंड के साथ भाग में खरीदे गए उपकरणों से जीनोटाइप डेटा एकत्र किया ।

पेंसिल्वेनिया विश्वविद्यालय के संस्थागत समीक्षा बोर्ड इस प्रोटोकॉल को मंजूरी दे दी । हम विषयों को छोड़ दिया अगर वे उंर के 18 साल से कम थे या गर्भवती थे ।
1. मौखिक गुहा मूल्यांकन: रोग आकलन और Papilla प?...

<ol>
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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+the+taste+receptor+T2R38+correlates+with+chronic+rhinosinusitis+necessitating+surgical+intervention.">Genetics of the taste receptor T2R38 correlates with chronic rhinosinusitis necessitating surgical intervention.</a> International Forum of Allergy &amp; Rhinology. , (2013).</li><li>Lipchock, S. V., Reed, D. R., Mennella, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+bitter-taste+receptor+genotype+and+solid+medication+formulation+usage+among+young+children:+a+retrospective+analysis.">Relationship between bitter-taste receptor genotype and solid medication formulation usage among young children: a retrospective analysis.</a> Clinical Therapeutics. 34 (3), 728-733 (2012).</li><li>Bartoshuk, L. M., Carterette, E. C., Friedman, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of perception: Tasting and smelling. , 2-18 (1978).</li><li>Coldwell, S. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Denver+papillae+protocol+for+objective+analysis+of+fungiform+papillae.">Denver papillae protocol for objective analysis of fungiform papillae.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (100), e52860 (2015).</li><li>Sanyal, S., O'Brien, S. M., Hayes, J. E., Feeney, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TongueSim:+development+of+an+automated+method+for+rapid+assessment+of+fungiform+papillae+density+for+taste+research.">TongueSim: development of an automated method for rapid assessment of fungiform papillae density for taste research.</a> Chemical Senses. 41 (4), 357-365 (2016).</li><li>Spielman, A. I., Brand, J. G., Buischi, Y., Bretz, W. 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J., Budzilovich, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tongue+and+taste+in+familial+dysautonomia.">The tongue and taste in familial dysautonomia.</a> Pediatrics. 45 (5), 739-745 (1970).</li><li>Fukutake, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Late-onset+hereditary+ataxia+with+global+thermoanalgesia+and+absence+of+fungiform+papillae+on+the+tongue+in+a+Japanese+family.">Late-onset hereditary ataxia with global thermoanalgesia and absence of fungiform papillae on the tongue in a Japanese family.</a> Brain. 119 (Pt 3), 1011-1021 (1996).</li><li>Kinnamon, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taste+receptor+signalling+-+from+tongues+to+lungs.">Taste receptor signalling - from tongues to lungs.</a> Acta physiologica. 204 (2), 158-168 (2012).</li><li>Lewandowski, B. C., Sukumaran, S. K., Margolskee, R. F., Bachmanov, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amiloride-insensitive+salt+taste+is+mediated+by+two+populations+of+type+iii+taste+cells+with+distinct+transduction+mechanisms.">Amiloride-insensitive salt taste is mediated by two populations of type iii taste cells with distinct transduction mechanisms.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (6), 1942-1953 (2016).</li><li>Vandenbeuch, A., Clapp, T. R., Kinnamon, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amiloride-sensitive+channels+in+type+I+fungiform+taste+cells+in+mouse.">Amiloride-sensitive channels in type I fungiform taste cells in mouse.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 9, 1 (2008).</li><li>Margolskee, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biochemistry+and+molecular+biology+of+taste+transduction.">The biochemistry and molecular biology of taste transduction.</a> Current Opinions in Neurobiology. 3 (4), 526-531 (1993).</li><li>Meyerhof, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+receptive+ranges+of+human+TAS2R+bitter+taste+receptors.">The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors.</a> Chemical Senses. 35 (2), 157-170 (2010).</li><li>Yee, K. K., Sukumaran, S. K., Kotha, R., Gilbertson, T. A., Margolskee, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+transporters+and+ATP-gated+K++(KATP)+metabolic+sensors+are+present+in+type+1+taste+receptor+3+(T1r3)-expressing+taste+cells.">Glucose transporters and ATP-gated K+ (KATP) metabolic sensors are present in type 1 taste receptor 3 (T1r3)-expressing taste cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. , (2011).</li><li>Tordoff, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium:+taste,+intake+and+appetite.">Calcium: taste, intake and appetite.</a> Physiological Review. 81, 1567-1597 (2001).</li><li>Reed, D. R., Xia, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+fatty+acid+perception+and+genetics.">Recent advances in fatty acid perception and genetics.</a> Advances in Nutrition. 6 (3), 353S-360S (2015).</li><li>Blekhman, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+genetic+variation+impacts+microbiome+composition+across+human+body+sites.">Host genetic variation impacts microbiome composition across human body sites.</a> Genome Biology. 16, 191 (2015).</li><li>Hoon, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Putative+mammalian+taste+receptors:+a+class+of+taste-specific+GPCRs+with+distinct+topographic+selectivity.">Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity.</a> Cell. 96 (4), 541-551 (1999).</li><li>Laffitte, A., Neiers, F., Briand, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+roles+of+the+sweet+taste+receptor+in+oral+and+extraoral+tissues.">Functional roles of the sweet taste receptor in oral and extraoral tissues.</a> Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic. 17 (4), 379-385 (2014).</li><li>An, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tas2r+activation+promotes+airway+smooth+muscle+relaxation+despite+beta2-adrenergic+receptor+tachyphylaxis.">Tas2r activation promotes airway smooth muscle relaxation despite beta2-adrenergic receptor tachyphylaxis.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular. , (2012).</li><li>Fox, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+chemical+composition+and+taste.">The relationship between chemical composition and taste.</a> Science. 74, 607 (1931).</li><li>Fox, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+chemical+constitution+and+taste.">The relationship between chemical constitution and taste.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 18, 115-120 (1932).</li><li>Bufe, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+basis+of+individual+differences+in+phenylthiocarbamide+and+propylthiouracil+bitterness+perception.">The molecular basis of individual differences in phenylthiocarbamide and propylthiouracil bitterness perception.</a> Current Biol.ogy. 15 (4), 322-327 (2005).</li><li>Reed, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+perception+of+quinine+taste+intensity+is+associated+with+common+genetic+variants+in+a+bitter+receptor+cluster+on+chromosome+12.">The perception of quinine taste intensity is associated with common genetic variants in a bitter receptor cluster on chromosome 12.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 19 (21), 4278-4285 (2010).</li><li>Bobowski, N., Reed, D. R., Mennella, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+the+TAS2R31+bitter+taste+receptor+gene+relates+to+liking+for+the+nonnutritive+sweetener+Acesulfame-K+among+children+and+adults.">Variation in the TAS2R31 bitter taste receptor gene relates to liking for the nonnutritive sweetener Acesulfame-K among children and adults.</a> Science Reports. 6, 39135 (2016).</li><li>Allen, A. L., McGeary, J. E., Knopik, V. S., Hayes, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bitterness+of+the+non-nutritive+sweetener+acesulfame+potassium+varies+with+polymorphisms+in+TAS2R9+and+TAS2R31.">Bitterness of the non-nutritive sweetener acesulfame potassium varies with polymorphisms in TAS2R9 and TAS2R31.</a> Chemical Senses. 38 (5), 379-389 (2013).</li><li>Roudnitzky, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic,+genetic,+and+functional+dissection+of+bitter+taste+responses+to+artificial+sweeteners.">Genomic, genetic, and functional dissection of bitter taste responses to artificial sweeteners.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (17), 3437-3449 (2011).</li><li>Guo, S. W., Reed, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetics+of+phenylthiocarbamide+perception.">The genetics of phenylthiocarbamide perception.</a> Annals in Human Biology. 28 (2), 111-142 (2001).</li><li>Bartoshuk, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Labeled+scales+(e.g.,+category,+Likert,+VAS)+and+invalid+across-group+comparisons:+what+we+have+learned+from+genetic+variation+in+taste.">Labeled scales (e.g., category, Likert, VAS) and invalid across-group comparisons: what we have learned from genetic variation in taste.</a> Food Quality Prefererences. 14 (2), 125-138 (2003).</li></ol>

इस विधि का महत्व यह है कि यह दवा (मौखिक परीक्षा), प्रयोगात्मक मनोविज्ञान (स्वाद परीक्षण) और आनुवंशिकी (एक मांयता कदम) से सुविधाओं के साथ एक multidisciplinary दृष्टिकोण का उपयोग करता है । स्वाद जानकारी के लिए एक नैदान...

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="850">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Disposable diagnostic penlight</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Primacare</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">DL-9223</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UltraLite Pro headlight</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Integra LifeSciences</td>
			<td>AX2100BIF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Millipore Q-Gard 2 water purification system</td>
			<td>EMB Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">QGARD00D2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Denatonium benzoate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Phenylthiocarbamide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Quinine hydrochloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Q1125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S1679</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass scintillation vials</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1230L59</td>
			<td>Same as Wheaton catalog no. 986580</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oragene Discover OGR-500 DNA collection kit</td>
			<td>DNA Genotek</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">OGR-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">prepIT L2P Protocol reagents</td>
			<td>DNA Genotek</td>
			<td>PT-L2P-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rs713598 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C___8876467_10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rs1726866 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C___9506827_10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rs10246939 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C___9506826_10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rs10772420 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C___1317426_10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

taste exam: a brief and validated test

चिकित्सा और जैव चिकित्सा अनुसंधान में स्वाद के उभरते महत्व, और इसके आनुवंशिक आधार के बारे में नए ज्ञान, हमें प्रेरित किया है क्लासिक स्वाद के पूरक के लिए दो मायनों में परीक्षण विधियों । सबसे पहले, हम बताते है कि कैसे मुंह का संक्षिप्त मूल्यांकन करने के लिए, जीभ सहित, सुनिश्चित करें कि स्वाद पपिले मौजूद है और प्रासंगिक रोग के सबूत नोट करने के लिए । दूसरा, हम आनुवंशिकी पर आकर्षित करने के लिए कथित कड़वाहट तीव्रता और अजन्मा रिसेप्टर पादी की रिपोर्टों की तुलना द्वारा स्वाद परीक्षण डेटा को मांय । जीनोटाइप के उद्देश्य उपायों और स्वाद अनुभव के व्यक्तिपरक रिपोर्टों के बीच कलह डेटा संग्रह त्रुटियों की पहचान कर सकते हैं, विचलित विषयों या जो लोग नहीं समझ या निर्देशों का पालन किया है । हमारी उंमीद है कि तेजी से और वैध स्वाद परीक्षण के लिए राजी कर सकते है शोधकर्ताओं और चिकित्सकों स्वाद का आकलन करने के लिए नियमित रूप से, स्वाद सुनवाई और दूरदृष्टि के लिए परीक्षण के रूप में आम के रूप में बना । अंत में, क्योंकि शरीर एक्सप्रेस स्वाद रिसेप्टर्स के कई ऊतकों, स्वाद प्रतिक्रियाओं के शरीर में कहीं और ऊतक संवेदनशीलता के लिए एक प्रॉक्सी प्रदान कर सकते हैं, जिससे, एक तेजी से, बिंदु की देखभाल परीक्षण गाइड निदान और एक अनुसंधान उपकरण के रूप में सेवा करने के लिए स्वाद रिसेप्टर का मूल्यांकन प्रोटीन फंक्शन ।

स्वाद परीक्षण से परिणाम सभी विषयों का मूल्यांकन (n = ८४०) के लिए परित किया गया है और जीनोटाइप द्वारा अलगाव के बाद प्रस्तुत कर रहे हैं । पूर्ण डेटा सेट https://carayata.shinyapps.io/TasteBoxplots/पर पहुंच योग्य है और प्रत?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test at JoVE.com

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

स्वाद परीक्षा: एक संक्षिप्त और सत्यापित परीक्षण

इस प्रोटोकॉल मानव स्वाद प्रतिक्रियाओं के उपाय और एक संक्षिप्त संरचनात्मक मूल्यांकन, एक छोटे स्वाद परीक्षण भी शामिल है, और एक मांयता है विषय सनसनीखेज रिपोर्ट और स्वाद रिसेप्टर जीनोटाइप का उपयोग कर विधि ।

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement ...

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