Name: taste exam: a brief and validated test
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健康の国民の協会からの賞は、この研究を支援 (NAC と防災、R21DC013886 と NIDCD 管理研究サプリメントに促進する出現の臨床医科学者ジェドに嗅覚の研究で、NAC に R01DC013588)。OD018125 から NIH 資金を一部購入した機器から遺伝子型データを収集しました。

ペンシルベニア州機関審査委員会の大学は、このプロトコルを承認しました。または妊娠した 18 歳未満の場合、我々 は科目を除外します。
1. 口腔内評価: 病の評価と乳頭の同定
<ol><li>口を開くに主題を指示します。</li>
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ペンライトやヘッドランプなどの光源を使用すると、口腔内を照らすし、区域 (舌、口、頬粘膜、口唇粘膜、歯肉、硬口蓋、retromolar 三角?...

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	<li>Cowart, B. J., Young, I. M., Feldman, R. S., Lowry, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+disorders+of+smell+and+taste.">Clinical disorders of smell and taste.</a> Occupational Medicine. 12 (3), 465-483 (1997).</li><li>Ackerman, B. H., Kasbekar, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disturbances+of+taste+and+smell+induced+by+drugs.">Disturbances of taste and smell induced by drugs.</a> Pharmacotherapy. 17 (3), 482-496 (1997).</li><li>Kveton, J. F., Bartoshuk, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+unilateral+chorda+tympani+damage+on+taste.">The effect of unilateral chorda tympani damage on taste.</a> Laryngoscope. 104, 25-29 (1994).</li><li>Fischer, R. A., Griffin, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacogenetic+aspects+of+gustation.">Pharmacogenetic aspects of gustation.</a> Drug Research. 14 (14), 673-686 (1964).</li><li>Joyce, C. R., Pan, L., Varonos, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taste+sensitivity+may+be+used+to+predict+pharmacological+effects.">Taste sensitivity may be used to predict pharmacological effects.</a> Life Science. 7 (9), 533-537 (1968).</li><li>Adappa, N. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+the+taste+receptor+T2R38+correlates+with+chronic+rhinosinusitis+necessitating+surgical+intervention.">Genetics of the taste receptor T2R38 correlates with chronic rhinosinusitis necessitating surgical intervention.</a> International Forum of Allergy &amp; Rhinology. , (2013).</li><li>Lipchock, S. V., Reed, D. R., Mennella, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+bitter-taste+receptor+genotype+and+solid+medication+formulation+usage+among+young+children:+a+retrospective+analysis.">Relationship between bitter-taste receptor genotype and solid medication formulation usage among young children: a retrospective analysis.</a> Clinical Therapeutics. 34 (3), 728-733 (2012).</li><li>Bartoshuk, L. M., Carterette, E. C., Friedman, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of perception: Tasting and smelling. , 2-18 (1978).</li><li>Coldwell, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gustation+assessment+using+the+NIH+Toolbox.">Gustation assessment using the NIH Toolbox.</a> Neurology. 80 (11 Suppl 3), S20-S24 (2013).</li><li>Mueller, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+gustatory+function+in+a+clinical+context+using+impregnated+&amp;#34;taste+strips&amp;#34.">Quantitative assessment of gustatory function in a clinical context using impregnated &amp;#34;taste strips&amp;#34.</a> Rhinology. 41 (1), 2-6 (2003).</li><li>Reed, D. R., Tanaka, T., McDaniel, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+tastes:+Genetics+of+sweet+and+bitter+perception.">Diverse tastes: Genetics of sweet and bitter perception.</a> Physiological Behavior. 88 (3), 215-226 (2006).</li><li>Miller, I. J., Reedy, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variations+in+human+taste+bud+density+and+taste+intensity+perception.">Variations in human taste bud density and taste intensity perception.</a> Physiological Behavior. 47 (6), 1213-1219 (1990).</li><li>Shahbake, M., Hutchinson, I., Laing, D. G., Jinks, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+quantitative+assessment+of+fungiform+papillae+density+in+the+human+tongue.">Rapid quantitative assessment of fungiform papillae density in the human tongue.</a> Brain Research. 1052 (2), 196-201 (2005).</li><li>Spielman, A. I., Pepino, M. Y., Feldman, R., Brand, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technique+to+collect+fungiform+(taste)+papillae+from+human+tongue.">Technique to collect fungiform (taste) papillae from human tongue.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 18 (42), 2201 (2010).</li><li>Nuessle, T. M., Garneau, N. L., Sloan, M. M., Santorico, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Denver+papillae+protocol+for+objective+analysis+of+fungiform+papillae.">Denver papillae protocol for objective analysis of fungiform papillae.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (100), e52860 (2015).</li><li>Sanyal, S., O'Brien, S. M., Hayes, J. E., Feeney, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TongueSim:+development+of+an+automated+method+for+rapid+assessment+of+fungiform+papillae+density+for+taste+research.">TongueSim: development of an automated method for rapid assessment of fungiform papillae density for taste research.</a> Chemical Senses. 41 (4), 357-365 (2016).</li><li>Spielman, A. I., Brand, J. G., Buischi, Y., Bretz, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resemblance+of+tongue+anatomy+in+twins.">Resemblance of tongue anatomy in twins.</a> Twin Research and Human Genetics. 14 (3), 277-282 (2011).</li><li>Kalmus, H., Smith, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+antimode+and+lines+of+optimal+separation+in+a+genetically+determined+bimodal+distribution,+with+particular+reference+to+phenylthiocarbamide+sensitivity.">The antimode and lines of optimal separation in a genetically determined bimodal distribution, with particular reference to phenylthiocarbamide sensitivity.</a> Annals of Human Genetics. 29 (2), 127-138 (1965).</li><li>Pearson, J., Finegold, M. J., Budzilovich, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tongue+and+taste+in+familial+dysautonomia.">The tongue and taste in familial dysautonomia.</a> Pediatrics. 45 (5), 739-745 (1970).</li><li>Fukutake, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Late-onset+hereditary+ataxia+with+global+thermoanalgesia+and+absence+of+fungiform+papillae+on+the+tongue+in+a+Japanese+family.">Late-onset hereditary ataxia with global thermoanalgesia and absence of fungiform papillae on the tongue in a Japanese family.</a> Brain. 119 (Pt 3), 1011-1021 (1996).</li><li>Kinnamon, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taste+receptor+signalling+-+from+tongues+to+lungs.">Taste receptor signalling - from tongues to lungs.</a> Acta physiologica. 204 (2), 158-168 (2012).</li><li>Lewandowski, B. C., Sukumaran, S. K., Margolskee, R. F., Bachmanov, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amiloride-insensitive+salt+taste+is+mediated+by+two+populations+of+type+iii+taste+cells+with+distinct+transduction+mechanisms.">Amiloride-insensitive salt taste is mediated by two populations of type iii taste cells with distinct transduction mechanisms.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (6), 1942-1953 (2016).</li><li>Vandenbeuch, A., Clapp, T. R., Kinnamon, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amiloride-sensitive+channels+in+type+I+fungiform+taste+cells+in+mouse.">Amiloride-sensitive channels in type I fungiform taste cells in mouse.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 9, 1 (2008).</li><li>Margolskee, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biochemistry+and+molecular+biology+of+taste+transduction.">The biochemistry and molecular biology of taste transduction.</a> Current Opinions in Neurobiology. 3 (4), 526-531 (1993).</li><li>Meyerhof, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+receptive+ranges+of+human+TAS2R+bitter+taste+receptors.">The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors.</a> Chemical Senses. 35 (2), 157-170 (2010).</li><li>Yee, K. K., Sukumaran, S. K., Kotha, R., Gilbertson, T. A., Margolskee, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+transporters+and+ATP-gated+K++(KATP)+metabolic+sensors+are+present+in+type+1+taste+receptor+3+(T1r3)-expressing+taste+cells.">Glucose transporters and ATP-gated K+ (KATP) metabolic sensors are present in type 1 taste receptor 3 (T1r3)-expressing taste cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. , (2011).</li><li>Tordoff, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium:+taste,+intake+and+appetite.">Calcium: taste, intake and appetite.</a> Physiological Review. 81, 1567-1597 (2001).</li><li>Reed, D. R., Xia, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+fatty+acid+perception+and+genetics.">Recent advances in fatty acid perception and genetics.</a> Advances in Nutrition. 6 (3), 353S-360S (2015).</li><li>Blekhman, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+genetic+variation+impacts+microbiome+composition+across+human+body+sites.">Host genetic variation impacts microbiome composition across human body sites.</a> Genome Biology. 16, 191 (2015).</li><li>Hoon, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Putative+mammalian+taste+receptors:+a+class+of+taste-specific+GPCRs+with+distinct+topographic+selectivity.">Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity.</a> Cell. 96 (4), 541-551 (1999).</li><li>Laffitte, A., Neiers, F., Briand, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+roles+of+the+sweet+taste+receptor+in+oral+and+extraoral+tissues.">Functional roles of the sweet taste receptor in oral and extraoral tissues.</a> Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic. 17 (4), 379-385 (2014).</li><li>An, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tas2r+activation+promotes+airway+smooth+muscle+relaxation+despite+beta2-adrenergic+receptor+tachyphylaxis.">Tas2r activation promotes airway smooth muscle relaxation despite beta2-adrenergic receptor tachyphylaxis.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular. , (2012).</li><li>Fox, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+chemical+composition+and+taste.">The relationship between chemical composition and taste.</a> Science. 74, 607 (1931).</li><li>Fox, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+chemical+constitution+and+taste.">The relationship between chemical constitution and taste.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 18, 115-120 (1932).</li><li>Bufe, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+basis+of+individual+differences+in+phenylthiocarbamide+and+propylthiouracil+bitterness+perception.">The molecular basis of individual differences in phenylthiocarbamide and propylthiouracil bitterness perception.</a> Current Biol.ogy. 15 (4), 322-327 (2005).</li><li>Reed, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+perception+of+quinine+taste+intensity+is+associated+with+common+genetic+variants+in+a+bitter+receptor+cluster+on+chromosome+12.">The perception of quinine taste intensity is associated with common genetic variants in a bitter receptor cluster on chromosome 12.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 19 (21), 4278-4285 (2010).</li><li>Bobowski, N., Reed, D. R., Mennella, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+the+TAS2R31+bitter+taste+receptor+gene+relates+to+liking+for+the+nonnutritive+sweetener+Acesulfame-K+among+children+and+adults.">Variation in the TAS2R31 bitter taste receptor gene relates to liking for the nonnutritive sweetener Acesulfame-K among children and adults.</a> Science Reports. 6, 39135 (2016).</li><li>Allen, A. L., McGeary, J. E., Knopik, V. S., Hayes, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bitterness+of+the+non-nutritive+sweetener+acesulfame+potassium+varies+with+polymorphisms+in+TAS2R9+and+TAS2R31.">Bitterness of the non-nutritive sweetener acesulfame potassium varies with polymorphisms in TAS2R9 and TAS2R31.</a> Chemical Senses. 38 (5), 379-389 (2013).</li><li>Roudnitzky, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic,+genetic,+and+functional+dissection+of+bitter+taste+responses+to+artificial+sweeteners.">Genomic, genetic, and functional dissection of bitter taste responses to artificial sweeteners.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (17), 3437-3449 (2011).</li><li>Guo, S. W., Reed, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetics+of+phenylthiocarbamide+perception.">The genetics of phenylthiocarbamide perception.</a> Annals in Human Biology. 28 (2), 111-142 (2001).</li><li>Bartoshuk, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Labeled+scales+(e.g.,+category,+Likert,+VAS)+and+invalid+across-group+comparisons:+what+we+have+learned+from+genetic+variation+in+taste.">Labeled scales (e.g., category, Likert, VAS) and invalid across-group comparisons: what we have learned from genetic variation in taste.</a> Food Quality Prefererences. 14 (2), 125-138 (2003).</li></ol>

このメソッドの重要性は、医学 (口頭試験)、(味覚テスト) 実験心理学および遺伝学 (検証ステップ) からの機能で学際的なアプローチを使用することです。味情報は味が身体の他の蛋白質の機能にウィンドウを提供するための診断と予後ツールとして開発する可能性が高い。実験心理学の観点から、簡単な試験の追加は規範的味覚機能の研究のために適切ではない科目を識別できます。遺伝学...

人間の味覚の対策が医療の一部と生物医学研究の対象にすることができますまだ味は聴覚と視覚 (表 1) と比較してわずかな注目を集めています。医療の観点から臨床医は、患者を評価するとき文句はほとんどの場合、損失の味の実際の損失は臭い1、珍しく、しばしば無効な提示苦情として損失の味の解任につながっているの。味歪み (味覚) が多い、どちらの形が (薬物の停止) 以外の効果的な治療薬や末梢神経傷害2,3の二次的な影響から頻繁に発生します。それがこれまで独自にほとんどの診断や予後の価値を持っていたので、臨床医は損失の味を無視も持っています。ただし、味の測定はされているが、ワンド、それ今入力がありますが味は診断や予後ツール4,5でことがあります歴史的な円高の復活と主流の薬。例えば、苦味の知覚は、免疫機能6または薬7を取る患者の意欲を予測できます。それにもかかわらず、生物医学の研究は主として味を無視しています。この不注意、この感覚のシステムを理解することで早期の進展が実験心理学8医学では比較的理解しやすいかもしれないフィールドにそのルーツを持っているという事実を反映して、一部。また、味に新たな関心が、一方の包括的な非常に長い、臨床設定の不適切な以前の方法10、構築標準化された味メソッド9幕を開けた。最後に、味対策に自信を弱い科目が自分の経験を報告し、彼らの観察の検証がこれまで欠けていたのですることができます。私たちの希望は、両方の成分が人気の研究者や臨床医は、簡単に管理できるシンプルな測定を得ることです。ここでは 3 つの部分を持つ単純な味試験プロトコル説明: 口腔内、味覚テスト、生まれつきの遺伝子型を使用して、検証ステップの評価。最初に、医学、実験心理学と遺伝子と遺伝学を用いた応答の検証から対策は感覚で簡単なプラクティスをマージこれらの手順は、生物学的文脈を提供します。
味覚は、効果的な味試験は明らかな口腔疾患、赤み、腫れやその他の変色の簡単な臨床評価を含める必要がありますので、口の中で開始します。口腔内には 7 つのサブサイトが含まれています: 舌、歯肉、口、頬粘膜、口唇粘膜、硬口蓋、retromolar 三角の床。人間の好みの過去の研究は、健康的な参加者または明確に定義された病気とのそれらに焦点を当てたが、検診のルーチンになる味覚テスト、プロシージャの一部として口腔内の状態を記録することが重要です。
舌自体は粘膜で包まれる筋肉の構造乳頭、その独特の風合いをかけろ、味覚受容体細胞を含む小さな調達構造は、その背の表面に点在しています。乳頭の形状による分類: 茸状乳頭、糸状や葉状、郭。茸状乳頭 (FP) は舌の上にある前外側、きのこの形の11で、ラウンドです。捜査官は FP を定量化するためのいくつかの便利なメソッドを公開しているし、我々 の直接の測定プロトコル12,13,14,15,16を利用する読者。外側後方上専ら本 (フォリア) のページにあるような形の葉状乳頭は舌表面11です。有郭乳頭, 舌のベースの溝の分界が見つかりましたが粘膜壁 (ラテン環、 「サラウンド」+ vallum、「壁」)11に囲まれた大型ドーム状の構造物。最も多数の乳頭、糸状、長くて細いと味覚受容体が含まれていません。
人は舌の解剖学において異なります。この解剖学的バリエーションのソースが知られている、それによって決定されます一部先天性の遺伝的変異、一卵性双生児17の dizygotic の双子と 60% の一致の間で舌の解剖学の 31% の索引のレポート調査官と。乳頭の密度はまた人々 の間で異なるし、少なくとも 1 つ遺伝病 (家族性自律神経失調症) が味乳頭18,19,20の先天性欠如の結果まれ。したがって、心理テストを実行する前に、簡単な評価の一環として FP の存在を確認し、相対的なサイズおよび舌の色と口腔疾患の証拠を注意してくださいことをお勧めします。
味覚乳頭を含む感覚セル開始味の感覚を刺激します。人間は味の少なくとも 5 つのクラスを検出することができる: 塩辛い、酸っぱい、苦い、甘いとうま味。一方、塩味、甘くて旨味の味、アミノ酸、グルコース、塩化ナトリウムを含む貴重な食料源の存在の信号それぞれ、苦味と酸味信号潜在的な毒素や酸の存在の細菌の分解から食品をそれぞれ21忌避行動を引き起こす。塩味と酸味の味は、味細胞の種類によっては、イオン チャネルの活性化を介して導入、22,23細胞同様塩伝達の理解は進化してもタイプがあります。苦い、甘いとうま味は、II 型味細胞、それぞれ特定の味に敏感に G タンパク質共役受容体の活性化から生じる。3 つの特定の受容体のサブユニットのヘテロ変換うま味の甘くて苦い化合物ライセンス 25 異なる苦味受容体24のグループ。これらの苦味受容体は複数の苦い化合物に対応できる、単一の苦い化合物はしばしば複数の受容体25を刺激します。味の分子基盤についての知識の最近の拡張にもかかわらず新規経路26伝統的な 5 つの好みの質 (例えば、カルシウム27または脂肪酸28知覚) を超えて新しい発見が待ち受けています。
受容体の味家族の少なくとも 2 つの驚くべき側面がある: 体の多くの組織は、これら遺伝子21,29を表現し、これらの受容器は dna に著しく異なるできそれ故に人々 の間で機能をコードする遺伝子,30,31。 これら口外サイト脳、甲状腺、上限と下限は、上気道とその他多くの消化管21,29,30,31。一方、これらの場所で好みの受容器は、伝統的な意味での味覚には参加しない、彼らは可能性がありますローカル化学環境29,32を感じる。上部気道の線毛上皮が苦味受容体 T2R38 を表現するたとえば、(苦い味受容体 38)、細菌が産生する化学物質に応答してなど、32の生得の免疫反応に影響を与える粘液線毛クリアランスと抗微生物ペプチドおよび一酸化窒素のレベルを増加しています。この発見は、慢性副鼻腔炎の医学的影響、慢性細菌感染症、上気道や副鼻腔の炎症。
味に特に関連のここで述べる試験はTAS2R38遺伝子によって符号化される T2R38 苦味の受容体は、遺伝の可変性およびしたがって変数味覚を展示します。苦い化合物フェニルチオカルバミド (PTC) の知覚の違いは最初説明した化学者アーサー ・ フォックス33;後でこの化合物は、T2R38 受容体34のアゴニストとして同定されました。3 一塩基多型、(A49P、A262V、および I296V の各多収性アミノ酸置換にはTAS2R38遺伝子の dna 塩基配列から発生する個体差A: アラニン、プロリン、p: v: バリン、イソロイシン i:)。2 つの一般的なハプロタイプ結果、PAV と AVI、PAV/PAV 個人されている PTC (「テイスティング」) に非常に敏感、AVI/AVI 個人が比較的鈍感 (「非-テイスティング」)、ヘテロ AVI/PAV 個人に対する感性がより多くの変数と35です。 ある苦い知覚、例えば、味覚受容体 T2R19、 TAS2R19遺伝子に影響を与える遺伝の変化のより多くの例は、同様に、遺伝的変異性と苦い化合物に異なる味覚展示しています。キニーネ36。同様に、 TAS2R31の変異は、高ポーテンシー甘味料37,38,39の 1 つの知覚の苦味を影響します。
ここで患者さんの臨床、実験心理学と遺伝学の高収率プロトコルの描画味感を特徴付けるため迅速な手法について述べる。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="850">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Disposable diagnostic penlight</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Primacare</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">DL-9223</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UltraLite Pro headlight</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Integra LifeSciences</td>
			<td>AX2100BIF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Millipore Q-Gard 2 water purification system</td>
			<td>EMB Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">QGARD00D2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Denatonium benzoate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Phenylthiocarbamide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Quinine hydrochloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Q1125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S1679</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass scintillation vials</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1230L59</td>
			<td>Same as Wheaton catalog no. 986580</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oragene Discover OGR-500 DNA collection kit</td>
			<td>DNA Genotek</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">OGR-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">prepIT L2P Protocol reagents</td>
			<td>DNA Genotek</td>
			<td>PT-L2P-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rs713598 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C___8876467_10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rs1726866 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C___9506827_10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rs10246939 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C___9506826_10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rs10772420 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C___1317426_10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

taste exam: a brief and validated test

その遺伝的基盤に関する新しい知識及び生物医学研究、医学の味の新興の重要性、2 つの方法で古典的な味試験方法を補足する動機となった。まず、舌乳頭が存在していることを確認するに関連する疾患の証拠を注意してくださいなど、口の中の簡単な評価を行う方法をについて説明します。第二に、我々 は知覚の苦味強度と先天性受容体の遺伝子型の比較レポートによって味テスト データを検証する遺伝学に描画します。データ収集エラー、気を取らの科目理解や指示に従っていない人や遺伝子型の客観的な手段と味覚体験の主観的なレポートの不一致を識別できます。我々 の期待は、聴覚と視覚のテストとして一般的な味覚テストを作る高速かつ有効な味のテストは、定期的に味を評価するために、研究者や臨床医を説得かもしれないです。最後に、体の多くの組織は、好みの受容器を表現するため味応答可能性があります組織体内の他の感度のためのプロキシを提供し、それにより、急速なポイント ・ オブ ・ ケア ・ テストとガイド診断と味覚受容体を評価する研究ツールとしてタンパク質の機能。

味覚テストの結果は、評価のすべての科目にプールされている (n = 840) と遺伝子型分離後紹介しています。Https://carayata.shinyapps.io/TasteBoxplots/ で完全なデータ セット、各伝達評価、 TAS2R38とTAS2R19遺伝子型を確認できます。結果はTAS2R38受容体遺伝子多型 (図 3) でグループ化された被験者の間で PTC の知覚の味の違いの存在を確認?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test at JoVE.com

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

味試験: 検証して簡単なテスト

このプロトコルは、人間の味覚応答を測定し、簡単な解剖学的評価、短い味テスト、およびサブジェクトの報告された感覚と味覚受容体遺伝子を使用して、検証メソッドが含まれています。

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement ...

This method can help answer key questions in the medical and sensory field about each person's sense of taste. The main advantage of this technique is its brevity and suitability for biomedical research. The implications of this technique extend towards the diagnosis and treatment of chronic rhino sinusitis because taste receptors are part of the innate immune system.I will be demonstrating the procedure on our lab member David and Lauren will be making the taste solutions. Begin by instructing the subject to open their mouth. Use a light to illuminate the oral cavity and examine the seven sub-sites of the area.Here the dorsal tongue is easily visible. Using a tongue depressor to depress the tongue the posterior pharynx becomes visible. Next lateralizing the tongue allows exposure of the left retromolar trigone and the left buccal mucosa.Here the anterior gingiva and the labial mucosa are visualized. As the subject's tongue is lifted the ventral tongue surface becomes visible. And this allows for examination of the subjects floor of mouth.The tongue is then lateralized again to examine the right retromolar trigone and the right buccal mucosa. And lastly the hard and soft palate are visualized. Note lesions, abrasions, and masses or signs of inflammation.Use a light source to visualize the dorsal surface of the tongue and identify the presence or absence of fungiform papillae or smooth surface of the tongue. Finally write down the results of oral cavity examination before proceeding with taste testing. Begin by preparing the taste solutions using a volumetric flask for each to ensure precision of concentrations.Dissolve samples using ultra pure water. Wrap any light sensitive solutions with foil to reduce exposure to light. Then store the taste solutions at four degrees Celsius.To identify common errors in solution preparation fill one tasting cup with the old solution and one with the new solution. Taste each solution to verify they are identical in strength. Next, label vial caps with a circular sticker according to the order of presentation and a color code.In order to match the vial labels with the labels on the taste questionnaire. Package samples by placing them into their respective carriers. Next prepare the taste questionnaire using a category scale for rating taste intensity and a forced choice for identifying the taste quality of each tastant.Lastly, place circular labels of the appropriate color and number next to the appropriate sample in the taste questionnaire. Provide the subject with the sample box, a bottle of water, an empty cup, pen, and taste questionnaire containing entries for 12 samples. Explain the testing procedure and inform the subject that they will be asked to rate both the intensity and quality of each tastant.Let them know that they may not experience all qualities. Start the test by asking the subject to rinse their mouth twice with water and spit it out in the cup provided. Have them pour all of sample one into their mouth and hold it there for five seconds before spitting the solution into the cup.Tell them not to gargle or swallow the solution. Then instruct the subject to circle one of the 13 vertical lines corresponding with the sample's intensity. On a scale of 0 to 12.From no intensity at all to extremely intense. And choose a single quality to describe the taste. Next ask the subject to rinse their mouth with water twice before proceeding to the next sample.Observe the subject tasting and rating sample one of water. Should the rating deviate from no intensity at all and no flavor, reiterate the questionnaire instructions before allowing the test to proceed. After all samples have been tasted review the finished questionnaire for completeness.Finally, score intensity ratings on a scale of 0 to 12 from the vertical lines that the subject circled. And average the two intensity ratings for each tastant for later analysis. Results of the taste test confirm the existence of perceptual taste differences for the bitter compound, Phenylthiocarbamide or PTC among subjects grouped by the TAS2R38 receptor genotype.Ratings of PTC intensity are significantly different across three genotypes. The motivation behind this study was to try to assess or to develop a rapid point of service exam that we could do in the clinic that would assess the function of this receptor that we believe plays a role in the development of chronic sinusitis. The idea here is could we use this taste test to predict which of our patients are at high risk for developing sinusitis and more importantly, which patients are good surgical candidates for us to do our sinus surgery on, or which ones will do poorly with our sinus surgery.So we're trying to use this taste test to prognosticate patient's sinal-nasal disease. Once that we went through all of the taste testing we confirmed that by genotyping the patients. And as you can see in figure three for the most part the patient's genotype follows the pattern of their phenotype.Meaning the more bitter they tasted they tended to be dominant for this receptor. However, there are some outliers. Showing that there are functional homozygotes, PAV/PAVs that said that they didn't taste PTC and on the flip side of that there were some nonfunctional AVI/AVI individuals that tasted PTC with bitterness.So that means that whatever taste test we do develop if there are patients that are not fulfilling our expectations that we probably wanna confirm the taste test by genotyping them for T2R38. Once mastered the exam and taste test can be performed in under 30 minutes. After watching this video you should have an understanding of how to perform an oral exam, note evidence of disease and perform a brief taste test.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the abilities to extract and use the information encoded in the auditory signal. We refer to these as listening skills (or auditory processing AP). Deficits in these skills are associated with delayed language and literacy development, though the nature of the relevant deficits and their causal connection with these delays is hotly debated.
When a child is referred to a health professional with normal hearing and unexplained difficulties in listening, or associated delays in language or literacy development, they should ideally be assessed with a combination of psychoacoustic (AP) tests, suitable for children and for use in a clinic, together with cognitive tests to measure attention, working memory, IQ, and language skills. Such a detailed examination needs to be relatively short and within the technical capability of any suitably qualified professional. Current tests for the presence of AP deficits tend to be poorly constructed and inadequately validated within the normal population. They have little or no reference to the presenting symptoms of the child, and typically include a linguistic component. Poor performance may thus reflect problems with language rather than with AP. To assist in the assessment of children with listening difficulties, pediatric audiologists need a single, standardized child-appropriate test battery based on the use of language-free stimuli.
We present the IMAP test battery which was developed at the MRC Institute of Hearing Research to supplement tests currently used to investigate cases of suspected AP deficits. IMAP assesses a range of relevant auditory and cognitive skills and takes about one hour to complete. It has been standardized in 1500 normally-hearing children from across the UK, aged 6-11 years. Since its development, it has been successfully used in a number of large scale studies both in the UK and the USA. IMAP provides measures for separating out sensory from cognitive contributions to hearing. It further limits confounds due to procedural effects by presenting tests in a child-friendly game-format. Stimulus-generation, management of test protocols and control of test presentation is mediated by the IHR-STAR software platform. This provides a standardized methodology for a range of applications and ensures replicable procedures across testers. IHR-STAR provides a flexible, user-programmable environment that currently has additional applications for hearing screening, mapping cochlear implant electrodes, and academic research or teaching.

A test battery (IMAP) for performing an in-depth assessment of auditory and cognitive abilities contributing to listening skills is described. It is quick to administer, child-friendly and free from linguistic confounds. Stimulus generation and protocol management are controlled via a software platform (IHR-STAR) to ensure replicable procedures.

IMAPのテストバッテリー：リスニングの意味を理解する

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

医学

Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic processes that prepare the alimentary canal for digestion. Steady progress is being made towards understanding the early biochemical and molecular events underlying taste transduction (for a review, Breslin and Spector, 20081). However, progress to date has largely resulted from animal models. Yet, since marked differences in receptor specificity and receptor density vary among species, human taste transduction will only be understood by using human taste tissue. Here we describe a biopsy technique to collect human fungiform papillae, visible as rounded pink anterior structures, about 0.5 mm in diameter that contain taste buds. These biopsied papillae are used for several purposes including the isolation of viable taste bud cells, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and, through techniques of molecular biology, the identification of taste-specific novel proteins.

Technique to Collect Fungiform Taste Papillae from Human Tongue

Knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying gustatory transduction has recently enjoyed significant advances, largely due to using animal models. However, the wide diversity in taste sensitivity and specificity among mammals warrants studies in human tissue. We describe a biopsy technique to collect living taste cells from the papillae on human tongue.

人間の舌から茸（味）乳頭を収集する手法

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic ...

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting. Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological pathways of the stress response in health and disease are fundamental to the progress of research in stress and anxiety.1 Although numerous protocols exist for inducing stress response in the laboratory, many neglect to provide a naturalistic context or to incorporate aspects of social and psychological stress. Of psychological stress protocols, meta-analysis suggests that the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most useful and appropriate standardized protocol for studies of stress hormone reactivity.2 In the original description of the TSST, researchers sought to design and evaluate a procedure capable of inducing a reliable stress response in the majority of healthy volunteers.3 These researchers found elevations in heart rate, blood pressure and several endocrine stress markers in response to the TSST (a psychological stressor) compared to a saline injection (a physical stressor).3 Although the TSST has been modified to meet the needs of various research groups, it generally consists of a waiting period upon arrival, anticipatory speech preparation, speech performance, and verbal arithmetic performance periods, followed by one or more recovery periods. The TSST requires participants to prepare and deliver a speech, and verbally respond to a challenging arithmetic problem in the presence of a socially evaluative audience.3 Social evaluation and uncontrollability have been identified as key components of stress induction by the TSST.4 In use for over a decade, the goal of the TSST is to systematically induce a stress response in order to measure differences in reactivity, anxiety and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis during the task.1 Researchers generally assess changes in self-reported anxiety, physiological measures (e.g. heart rate), and/or neuroendocrine indices (e.g. the stress hormone cortisol) in response to the TSST. Many investigators have adopted salivary sampling for stress markers such as cortisol and alpha-amylase (a marker of autonomic nervous system activation) as an alternative to blood sampling to reduce the confounding stress of blood-collection techniques. In addition to changes experienced by an individual completing the TSST, researchers can compare changes between different treatment groups (e.g. clinical versus healthy control samples) or the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions.1

This article describes a protocol for inducing psychological stress in participants, which enables researchers to measure psychological, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress within single participants or between groups.

心理的ストレスを誘導するためのトリーアの社会ストレステストプロトコル

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

The &alpha;-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

There is an urgent need for affordable CD4 enumeration to monitor HIV disease. CD4 enumeration is out of reach in resource-limited regions due to the time and temperature restrictions, technical sophistication, and cost of reagents, in particular monoclonal antibodies to measure CD4 on blood cells, the only currently acceptable method. A commonly used cost-saving and time-saving laboratory strategy is to calculate, rather than measure certain blood values. For example, LDL levels are calculated using the measured levels of total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides1. Thus, identification of cell-free correlates that directly regulate the number of CD4+ T cells could provide an accurate method for calculating CD4 counts due to the physiological relevance of the correlates.
The number of stem cells that enter blood and are destined to become circulating CD4+ T cells is determined by the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 due to their influence on locomotion2. The process of stem cell locomotion into blood is additionally regulated by cell surface human leukocyte elastase (HLECS) and the HLECS-reactive active &alpha;1proteinase inhibitor (&alpha;1PI, &alpha;1antitrypsin, SerpinA1)3. In HIV-1 disease, &alpha;1PI is inactivated due to disease processes 4. In the early asymptomatic categories of HIV-1 disease, active &alpha;1PI was found to be below normal in 100% of untreated HIV-1 patients (median=12 &mu;M, and to achieve normal levels during the symptomatic categories4, 5. This pattern has been attributed to immune inactivation, not to insufficient synthesis, proteolytic inactivation, or oxygenation. We observed that in HIV-1 subjects with &gt;220 CD4 cells/&mu;l, CD4 counts were correlated with serum levels of active &alpha;1PI (r2=0.93, p&lt;0.0001, n=26) and inactive &alpha;1PI (r2=0.91, p&lt;0.0001, n=26) 5. Administration of &alpha;1PI to HIV-1 infected and uninfected subjects resulted in dramatic increases in CD4 counts suggesting &alpha;1PI participates in regulating the number of CD4+ T cells in blood 3.
With stimulation, whole saliva contains sufficient serous exudate (plasma containing proteinaceous material that passes through blood vessel walls into saliva) to allow measurement of active &alpha;1PI and the correlation of this measurement is evidence that it is an accurate method for calculating CD4 counts. Briefly, sialogogues such as chewing gum or citric acid stimulate the exudation of serum into whole mouth saliva. After stimulating serum exudation, the activity of serum &alpha;1PI in saliva is measured by its capacity to inhibit elastase activity. Porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) is a readily available inexpensive source of elastase. PPE binds to &alpha;1PI forming a one-to-one complex that prevents PPE from cleaving its specific substrates, one of which is the colorimetric peptide, succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-p-nitroanilide (SA3NA). Incubating saliva with a saturating concentration of PPE for 10 min at room temperature allows the binding of PPE to all the active &alpha;1PI in saliva. The resulting inhibition of PPE by active &alpha;1PI can be measured by adding the PPE substrate SA3NA. (Figure 1). Although CD4 counts are measured in terms of blood volume (CD4 cells/&mu;l), the concentration of &alpha;1PI in saliva is related to the concentration of serum in saliva, not to volume of saliva since volume can vary considerably during the day and person to person6. However, virtually all the protein in saliva is due to serum content, and the protein content of saliva is measurable7. Thus, active &alpha;1PI in saliva is calculated as a ratio to saliva protein content and is termed the &alpha;1PI Index. Results presented herein demonstrate that the &alpha;1PI Index provides an accurate and precise physiologic method for calculating CD4 counts.

The &amp;#945;-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

A CD4 enumeration method, the &#x03B1;-test, is described which uses whole saliva to provide rapid and accurate CD4 counts. The &alpha;-test costs pennies and eliminates the need for technical training, costly reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, instrumentation, refrigeration, transport of samples, as well as collection and handling of blood.

α-テスト：全唾液を用いた迅速な無細胞CD4列挙

There is an urgent need for affordable CD4 enumeration to monitor HIV disease. CD4 enumeration is out of reach in resource-limited regions due to the time ...

Flexible Colonoscopy in Mice to Evaluate the Severity of Colitis and Colorectal Tumors Using a Validated Endoscopic Scoring System

The use of modern endoscopy for research purposes has greatly facilitated our understanding of gastrointestinal pathologies. In particular, experimental endoscopy has been highly useful for studies that require repeated assessments in a single laboratory animal, such as those evaluating mechanisms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease and the progression of colorectal cancer. However, the methods used across studies are highly variable. At least three endoscopic scoring systems have been published for murine colitis and published protocols for the assessment of colorectal tumors fail to address the presence of concomitant colonic inflammation. This study develops and validates a reproducible endoscopic scoring system that integrates evaluation of both inflammation and tumors simultaneously. This novel scoring system has three major components: 1) assessment of the extent and severity of colorectal inflammation (based on perianal findings, transparency of the wall, mucosal bleeding, and focal lesions), 2) quantitative recording of tumor lesions (grid map and bar graph), and 3) numerical sorting of clinical cases by their pathological and research relevance based on decimal units with assigned categories of observed lesions and endoscopic complications (decimal identifiers). The video and manuscript presented herein were prepared, following IACUC-approved protocols, to allow investigators to score their own experimental mice using a well-validated and highly reproducible endoscopic methodology, with the system option to differentiate distal from proximal endoscopic colitis (D-PECS).

Over the past few years, new generation endoscopes have emerged as important diagnostic research aids for evaluating murine colitis and colorectal tumors. We present herein a detailed protocol for endoscopic assessment of inflammation and colorectal tumors in mice, as well as a novel scoring system that uses decimal identifiers to document the endoscopic severity of colitis and colorectal tumors.

検証済みの内視鏡スコアリングシステムを使用して、大腸炎および結腸直腸腫瘍の重症度を評価するためにマウスでの柔軟な大腸内視鏡検査

The use of modern endoscopy for research purposes has greatly facilitated our understanding of gastrointestinal pathologies. In particular, experimental ...

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT), which represents a new approach to quantifying MS related disability. The MSPT takes advantage of advances in computer technology, information technology, biomechanics, and clinical measurement science. The resulting MSPT represents a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity. Based on, but extending the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the MSPT provides precise, quantitative data on walking speed, balance, manual dexterity, visual function, and cognitive processing speed. The MSPT was tested by 51 MS patients and 49 healthy controls (HC). MSPT scores were highly reproducible, correlated strongly with technician-administered test scores, discriminated MS from HC and severe from mild MS, and correlated with patient reported outcomes. Measures of reliability, sensitivity, and clinical meaning for MSPT scores were favorable compared with technician-based testing. The MSPT is a potentially transformative approach for collecting MS disability outcome data for patient care and research. Because the testing is computer-based, test performance can be analyzed in traditional or novel ways and data can be directly entered into research or clinical databases. The MSPT could be widely disseminated to clinicians in practice settings who are not connected to clinical trial performance sites or who are practicing in rural settings, drastically improving access to clinical trials for clinicians and patients. The MSPT could be adapted to out of clinic settings, like the patient&#8217;s home, thereby providing more meaningful real world data. The MSPT represents a new paradigm for neuroperformance testing. This method could have the same transformative effect on clinical care and research in MS as standardized computer-adapted testing has had in the education field, with clear potential to accelerate progress in clinical care and research.

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report methodologic details on a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT). This new approach to the objective of quantification of MS related disability provides a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity.

多発性硬化性能試験（MSPT）：iPadのベース障害評価ツール

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the ...

Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit more motor units which is associated with an increase in the EMG amplitude. Although different protocols have been used to estimate the EMG fatigue threshold they require multiple visits which are impractical for a clinical setting. Here, we present a protocol for estimating the EMG fatigue threshold for cycle ergometry which requires a single visit. This protocol is simple, convenient, and completed within 15-20 min, therefore, has the potential to be translated into a tool that clinicians can use in exercise prescription.

This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

シングル訪問運動試験後の電疲労閾値を決定します

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit ...

A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model to Test Anti-vascular Remodeling Therapeutics

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is also a valuable model system to test, and to evaluate therapeutics and drugs that negate maladaptive remodeling in the vessel. The injury, or barotrauma, in the vessel lumen caused by an inflated balloon via an inserted catheter induces subsequent neointimal growth, often leading to hyperplasia or thickening of the vessel wall that narrows, or obstructs the lumen. The method described here is sufficiently sensitive, and the results can be obtained in relatively short time (2 weeks after the surgery). The efficacy of the drug or therapeutic against the induced-remodeling can be evaluated either by the post-mortem pathological and histomorphological analysis, or by ultrasound sonography in live animals. In addition, this model system has also been used to determine the therapeutic window or the time course of the administered drug. These studies can leadto the development of a better administrative strategy and a better therapeutic outcome. The procedure described here provides a tool for translational studies that bring drug and therapeutic candidates from bench research to clinical applications.

The rat carotid balloon injury model described below allows researchers to evaluate drugs or therapeutics that negate injury-induced arterial hyperplasia. Detailed pre-surgical preparation, surgical procedure, and post-surgical cares of the animal are described.

ラット頸動脈バルーン損傷モデルは、抗血管リモデリングの治療薬をテストします

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a pathological condition characterized mainly by a disruption in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances and is proposed to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a precise evaluation of endothelial function in humans represents an important tool that could help better understand the etiology of multiple cardio-centric pathologies.
Over the past twenty-five years, many methodological approaches have been developed to provide an assessment of endothelial function in humans. Introduced in 1989, the FMD test incorporates a forearm occlusion and subsequent reactive hyperemia that promotes nitric oxide production and vasodilation of the brachial artery. The FMD test is now the most widely utilized, non-invasive, ultrasonic assessment of endothelial function in humans and has been associated with future cardiovascular events.
Although the FMD test could have clinical utility, it is a physiological assessment that has inherited several confounding factors that need to be considered. This article describes a standardized protocol for determining FMD including the recommended methodology to help minimize the physiological and technical issues and improve the precision and reproducibility of the assessment.

The flow mediated dilation (FMD) test is the most commonly utilized, non-invasive, ultrasound assessment of endothelial function in humans. Although the FMD test has been related with the prediction of future cardiovascular disease and events, it is a physiological assessment with many inherent confounding factors that need to be considered.

内皮機能の超音波評価：フロー依存性血管拡張テストの技術ガイドライン

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...

A Blood-based Test for the Detection of ROS1 and RET Fusion Transcripts from Circulating Ribonucleic Acid Using Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

We have developed novel methods for the isolation and characterization of tumor-derived circulating ribonucleic acid (cRNA) for blood-based liquid biopsy. Robust detection of cRNA recovered from blood represents a solution to a critical unmet need in clinical diagnostics. The test begins with the collection of whole blood into blood collection tubes containing preservatives that stabilize cRNA. Cell-free, exosomal, and platelet-associated RNA is isolated from plasma in this test system. The cRNA is reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) and amplified using digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). Samples are evaluated for both the target biomarker as well as a control gene. Test validation included limit of detection, accuracy, and robustness studies with analytic samples. The method developed as a result of these studies reproducibly detect multiple fusion variants for ROS1 (C-Ros proto-oncogene 1; 8 variants) and RET (rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene; 8 variants). The sample processing workflow has been optimized so that test results can consistently be generated within 72 hours of sample receipt.

Detection of circulating ribonucleic acid (cRNA) from blood is an unmet need in clinical diagnostics. Here we describe methods that characterize cRNA from non-small cell lung cancer patients using sensitive and specific digital polymerase chain reaction. The tests meet design requirements to detect fusion variants within 72 hours.

血液ベース ROS1 の検出のためのテストし、デジタル ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応を使用してリボ核酸を循環から融合の成績証明書を RET

We have developed novel methods for the isolation and characterization of tumor-derived circulating ribonucleic acid (cRNA) for blood-based liquid biopsy. ...