Name: visual evoked potential recordings in mice using a dry non-invasive multi-channel scalp eeg sensor
Uploaded: 2018-01-12T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visual Evoked Potential Recordings in Mice Using a Dry Non-invasive Multi-channel Scalp EEG Sensor at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by the GIST Research Institute (GRI), the GIST-Caltech Research Collaboration Project through a grant provided by GIST in 2017. Also supported by research grant (NRF-2016R1A2B4015381) of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MEST), and by KBRI basic research program through Korea Brain Research Institute funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning (17-BR-04).

Animal care and handling followed the institutional guideline of the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST).
NOTE: The procedure for acquiring the VEP signal from a mouse in vivo consists of four steps: (1) sensor assembly, (2) animal preparation, (3) VEP measurement, and (4) signal processing.
1. Sensor Assembly
<ol>
	<li>Prepare sixteen pins for one non-invasive electrode. 
	NOTE: Each pin-type electrode consists of three parts: a probe...

<ol>
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We firstly focused on the design of the sensor, prioritizing practicality by minimizing complex surgical procedures. The deformable EEG sensor is comprised of sixteen pins: fourteen for recording, one for ground, and the last one for reference electrodes. Each electrode has the plunger-spring-barrel structure, which applies deformability onto the electrode's contact surface, so they facilitate uniform and stable signal acquisition from the curved and tender mouse's scalp. Considering the welfare of the animals, we tried ...

As the number of patients with senile degenerative brain diseases such as dementia, Alzheimer&#39;s, Parkinsonian syndromes, and stroke have increased with an aging population and an increasing life expectancy, the long-term societal burden of these diseases has also increased1,2,3. In addition, most neurodevelopmental diseases, such as Schizophrenia and autism, are accompanied by cognitive and behavioral disorders which affect a patient&#39;s whole life2,3,4. For this reason, researchers have been struggling to improve the diagnosis, prevention, pathological understanding, long-term observation, and treatment of brain diseases. However, problems remain stemming from the brain&#39;s complexity and unrevealed disease pathologies. Translational research may be a promising tool for identifying solutions because it enables the transfer of basic research to clinical applications within a shorter time frame, at lower cost, and with a higher success rate in neuroscience fields5,6,7. Another goal of translational research is to examine applicability in human subjects, which requires non-invasive experimental approaches in animals that allow comparisons to the same method for humans. These conditions have led to several significant needs for developing non-invasive animal preparation methods. One method is electroencephalography (EEG), which reveals cortical brain connectivity and activity two-dimensionally with high temporal resolution, and which benefits from a non-invasive protocol. The event-related potential recording (ERP) is one of the typical experimental paradigms that utilize EEG.
Numerous previous studies employed non-invasive EEG methods for targeting humans subjects, whereas invasive methods, such as implant screws and pole type electrodes, have been used in animal studies8,9,10,11,12. The signal quality and characteristics of these methods are significantly reliant on the invasiveness of the sensor placement. For successful translational research, Garner emphasized using the same conditions for animal study as those used for human research13. For basic research using animals, however, non-invasive EEG methodologies are not prevalent. A novel approach using a non-invasive scalp EEG sensor system focusing on laboratory mice would be a reliable and efficient tool for translational research that can be applied to the non-invasive paradigms for human beings, as well.
Numerous mouse EEG studies led the way by commercializing PCB (printed circuit board) based multi-channel electrodes14,15,16. Although they adopted an invasive method, they had a restricted number of channels (3-8), which made it harder to observe large-scale brain dynamics. Furthermore, applications can be restricted by their invasiveness and high cost. In another research study, the KIST (Korea Institute of Science and Technology) developed a 40 channel polyimide-based thin-film electrode and attached it to a mouse&#39;s skull17,18,19,20. This work acquired the highest number of mouse EEG channels. It was, however, mechanically weak and not easy to reuse; therefore, it was inappropriate for long-term observations, leading to a weakened signal, possibly caused by an immune reaction. Meanwhile, Troncoso and M&#233;gevand acquired a sensory evoked potential (SEP) on rodents&#39; skulls with thirty-two stainless steel electrodes secured by a perforated Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, acrylic glass) grid21,22,23. Despite their high signal quality, the electrodes were mechanically flexible and tender; therefore, they had difficulties being applied to multiple experiments. In addition, this method was still minimally invasive. Although these methods provide good signal quality, the surface area of a mouse&#39;s skull is limited, therefore the number of electrodes is restricted using a stainless pole-type electrode. A number of previous EEG studies for mice showed several limitations. In this study, we will show a new method for measuring EEG applicable in pre-clinical translational research using a non-invasive dry-type multi-channel sensor.
In order to overcome the limitations of previous animal EEG methodologies, which included the intrinsic complexity of animal preparation, invasiveness, high cost, wastefulness, and weak mechanical strength, we sought to develop a new electrode which exhibits flexibility, dry type status, multi-channel capabilities, non-invasiveness, and re-usability. In the following protocol, we will describe the process of measuring visual evoked potential (VEP) recordings on a mouse scalp using a dry, non-invasive, multi-channel EEG sensor. This method utilizes easily available resources, therefore lowering the barrier to entry into animal experimentation in the biomedical engineering field.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Standard probe</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">LEENO</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">SK100CSW</td>
			<td>http://www.globalinterpark.com/detail/detail?prdNo=2114277241&#38;dispNo=001851006012</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Precision engraving machine tools</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">TINYROBO</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">TinyCNC-6060C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:260px;">Heat shirink</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">FP301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visual evoked potential recordings in mice using a dry non-invasive multi-channel scalp eeg sensor

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable because of the plunger-spring-barrel structural facet and mechanical strengths resulting from metal materials. The whole process for acquiring the VEP responses in vivo from a mouse consists of four steps: (1) sensor assembly, (2) animal preparation, (3) VEP measurement, and (4) signal processing. This paper presents representative measurements of VEP responses from multiple mice with a submicro-voltage signal resolution and sub-hundred millisecond temporal resolution. Although the proposed method is safer and more convenient compared to other previously reported animal EEG acquiring methods, there are remaining issues including how to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and how to apply this technique with freely moving animals. The proposed method utilizes easily available resources and shows a repetitive VEP response with a satisfactory signal quality. Therefore, this method could be utilized for longitudinal experimental studies and reliable translational research exploiting non-invasive paradigms.

We calculated the ensemble average of VEP responses from eleven mice as shown in Figure 2. This result shows the VEP responses obtained through this experiment from the pre-stimulation period (-300 ms) to the post-stimulation period (600 ms), as the stimulation is given at time 0 s. It is noticeable that the signal fluctuates only for a while (less than 300 ms) after the stimulation, while the signal steadily stabilizes over time during the post-stimulation p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visual Evoked Potential Recordings in Mice Using a Dry Non-invasive Multi-channel Scalp EEG Sensor at JoVE.com

Visual Evoked Potential Recordings in Mice Using a Dry Non-invasive Multi-channel Scalp EEG Sensor

We designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable. This paper describes the whole process from manufacturing the proposed EEG electrode to signal processing of visual evoked potential (VEP) signals measured on a mouse scalp using a dry non-invasive multi-channel EEG sensor.

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal.  ...

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

Transretinal ERG Recordings from Mouse Retina: Rod and Cone Photoresponses

There are two distinct classes of image-forming photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina: rods and cones. Rods are able to detect single photons of light ...

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to ...

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

A Visual Guide to Sorting Electrophysiological Recordings Using 'SpikeSorter'

Few stand-alone software applications are available for sorting spikes from recordings made with multi-electrode arrays. Ideally, an application should be ...

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Previous studies have shown that neurons in parieto-frontal areas of the macaque brain can be highly selective for real-world objects, disparity-defined ...

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of ...