Name: enhanced electron injection and exciton confinement for pure blue quantum-dot light-emitting diodes by introducing partially oxidized aluminum cathode
Uploaded: 2018-05-31T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode at JoVE

This work was supported by the NSFC (51573042), The National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 project, 2015CB932201), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (JB2015RCJ02, 2016YQ06, 2016MS50, 2016XS47).

1. Pattern Etching of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Glass
<ol>
	<li>Cut large pieces of ITO glass (12 cm &#215; 12 cm) into 15 mm wide strips. Clean the ITO glass surface using a dust-free cloth with alcohol.</li>
	<li>Check the conductive side of the ITO glass with a digital multimeter. Cover the active area of the ITO glass with adhesive tape, so that the active area is 2 mm wide in the middle.</li>
	<li>Pour the zinc powder on the ITO glass (to a thickness of about 0.5 mm).</li>
	<li>Pour the hydrochloric acid solution (36...

<ol>
	<li>Shirasaki, Y., Supran, G. J., Bawendi, M. G., Bulovi&#263;, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergence+of+colloidal+quantum-dot+light-emitting+technologies.">Emergence of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting technologies.</a> Nat. 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Mater. Interfaces. 3 (18), 1600279 (2016).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+light-emitting+devices+based+on+quantum+dots+with+tailored+nanostructures.">High-efficiency light-emitting devices based on quantum dots with tailored nanostructures.</a> Nat. Photonics. 9, 259-266 (2015).</li><li>Cheng, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pure+Blue+and+Highly+Luminescent+Quantum-Dot+Light-Emitting+Diodes+with+Enhanced+Electron+Injection+and+Exciton+Confinement+via+Partially+Oxidized+Aluminum+Cathode.">Pure Blue and Highly Luminescent Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes with Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement via Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode.</a> Adv. Opt. Mater. 5 (11), 1700035 (2017).</li><li>Rotole, J. A., Sherwood, P. M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gamma-Alumina+(&#947;-Al2O3)+by+XPS.">Gamma-Alumina (&#947;-Al2O3) by XPS.</a> Surf. Sci. Spectra. 5 (1), 18-24 (1998).</li><li>Liu, J., Yang, W., Li, Y., Fan, L., Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+studies+of+the+effects+of+the+size,+ligand+and+composition+on+the+band+structures+of+CdSe,+CdTe+and+their+alloy+nanocrystals.">Electrochemical studies of the effects of the size, ligand and composition on the band structures of CdSe, CdTe and their alloy nanocrystals.</a> Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 (10), 4778-4788 (2014).</li><li>Abbaszadeh, D., Wetzelaer, G. A. H., Doumon, N. Y., Blom, P. W. 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The device architecture of the blue QD-LED consists of an ITO transparent anode, a PEDOT:PSS HIL (30 nm), a Poly-TPD HTL (40 nm), a ZnCdS/ZnS QDs EML (40 nm), and an Al:Al2O3 cathode (100 nm). Due to the porous character of the Al cathode, we obtained an oxidized Al cathode by exposing it to oxygen. Figure 2e and Figure 2f display the energy level alignment diagrams of QDs layer with Al and Al:Al2O3. When the QDs conta...

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on colloidal semiconductor quantum dots have attracted great interest due to their unique advantages, including solution processability, tunable emission wavelength, excellent color purity, flexible fabrication, and low processing cost1,2,3,4. Since the first demonstrations of QDs-based LEDs in 1994, tremendous efforts have been devoted to engineering the materials and device structures5,6,7. A typical QD-LED device is designed to have a three-layered sandwich architecture which consists of a hole transport layer (HTL), an emissive layer, and an electron transport layer (ETL). The choice of a suitable charge transport layer is critical to balance the injected holes and electrons into the emissive layer for radiative recombination. Currently, vacuum-deposited small molecules are widely used as ETL, for instance, bathocuproine (BCP), tris(8-Hydroxyquinolinate) (Alq3), and 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tertbutylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ)8. However, the unbalanced carrier injection often causes the recombination region shift to ETL, making unwanted parasitic electroluminescence (EL) emission and deteriorating the device performance9.
To enhance the device efficiency and environmental stability, solution-processed ZnO nanoparticles were introduced as an electron transport layer instead of the vacuum-deposited small-molecule materials. Highly bright RGB QD-LEDs were demonstrated for conventional device architecture, showing luminance up to 31,000, 68,000, and 4,200 cd m-2 for emission of orange-red, green, and blue, respectively10. For an inverted device architecture, high performance RGB QD-LEDs with low turn on voltage were successfully demonstrated with brightness and external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of 23,040 cd m-2 and 7.3% for red, 218,800 cd m-2 and 5.8% for green, and 2,250 cd m-2 and 1.7% for blue, respectively11. To balance the injected charges and preserve the QDs emissive layer, an insulating poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) thin film was inserted between the QDs and ZnO ETL. The optimized deep-red QD-LEDs exhibited high external quantum efficiencies up to 20.5% and a low turn-on voltage of only 1.7 V12.
Besides, optimizing the optoelectronic properties and nanostructures of QDs also plays a crucial role in boosting the device performance. For instance, highly fluorescent blue QDs with photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQE) up to 98% were synthesized through optimizing the ZnS shelling time13. Similarly, high-quality, violet-blue QDs with near 100% PLQE were synthesized by precisely controlling the reaction temperature. The violet-blue QDs-LED devices showed remarkable luminance and EQE up to 4,200 cd m-2 and 3.8%, respectively14. This synthesis method is also applicable to violet ZnSe/ZnS core/shell QDs, the QD-LEDs exhibited high luminance (2,632 cd m-2) and efficiency (EQE=7.83%) by using Cd-free QDs15. Since blue quantum dots with high PLQE have been demonstrated, high charge injection efficiency in the QDs layer plays another crucial role in fabricating high performance QD-LEDs. By substituting long chain oleic acid ligands to shorten 1-octanethiol ligands, the electron mobility of QDs film was increased two-fold, and a high EQE value over 10% was obtained16. The surface ligand exchange can also improve the morphology of QDs film and suppress the photoluminescence quenching among QDs. For instance, QDs-LED showed improved device performance by using chemically grafted QDs-semiconducting polymer hybrids17. Besides, high-performance QDs were prepared through reasonable optimization of the graded composition and thickness of the QDs shell, due to the enhanced charge injection, transport, and recombination18.
In this work, we introduced a partial autoxidized aluminum (Al) cathode to improve the performance of ZnCdS/ZnS graded core/shell-based blue QD-LEDs19. The change of the potential energy barrier of the Al cathode was confirmed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, the fast charge carrier dynamics at the QDs/Al and QDs/Al:Al2O3 interface were analyzed by time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements. In order to further validate the influence of partially oxidized Al on device performance, QD-LEDs with different cathodes (Al only, Al:Al2O3, Al2O3/Al, Al2O3/Al:Al2O3, and Alq3/Al) were fabricated. As a result, high performance pure blue QD-LEDs were demonstrated by employing Al:Al2O3 cathodes, with a maximum luminance of 13,002 cd m-2 and a peak current efficiency of 1.15 cd A-1. Furthermore, there was no additional organic ETL involved in the device architecture, which can avoid unwanted parasitic EL to guarantee the color purity under different working voltages.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)-coated glass 
			substrate</td>
			<td>CSG Holding Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Resistivity&#8776;10 &#937;/sq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc powder</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>96454</td>
			<td>Molecular Weight 65.38</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>67-63-0</td>
			<td>Analytically pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluene</td>
			<td>Innochem</td>
			<td>I01367</td>
			<td>Analytically pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Innochem</td>
			<td>I01366</td>
			<td>Analytically pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>acros</td>
			<td>124210025</td>
			<td>1 N standard solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O-dichlorobenzene</td>
			<td>acros</td>
			<td>396961000</td>
			<td>98+%, Extra Dry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)</td>
			<td>H. C.Stark</td>
			<td>Clevious P VP Al 4083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(N,N&#8242;-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N&#8242;-bis(phenyl)-benzidine) (Poly-TPD)</td>
			<td>Luminescence Technology</td>
			<td>LT-N149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum tris(8-Hydroxyquinolinate) (Alq3)</td>
			<td>Luminescence Technology</td>
			<td>LT-E401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-O cleaner</td>
			<td>Jelight Company</td>
			<td>92618</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Jinteng</td>
			<td>JTSF0303/0304</td>
			<td>Polyether sulfone (0.45 &#956;m)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td>HECHUANG ULTRASONIC</td>
			<td>KH-500DE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital multimeter</td>
			<td>UNI-T</td>
			<td>UT39A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin coater</td>
			<td>IMECAS</td>
			<td>KW-4A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital hotplate</td>
			<td>Stuart</td>
			<td>SD160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enhanced electron injection and exciton confinement for pure blue quantum-dot light-emitting diodes by introducing partially oxidized aluminum cathode

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation displays and solid-state lighting technologies. The brightness and efficiency of blue QDs-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) remain inferior to their red and green counterparts, due to the inherently unfavorable energy levels of different colors of light. To solve these problems, a device structure should be designed to balance the injection holes and electrons into the emissive QD layer. Herein, through a simple autoxidation strategy, pure blue QD-LEDs which are highly bright and efficient are demonstrated, with a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Poly-TPD/QDs/Al:Al2O3. The autoxidized Al:Al2O3 cathode can effectively balance the injected charges and enhance radiative recombination without introducing an additional electron transport layer (ETL). As a result, high color-saturated blue QD-LEDs are achieved with a maximum luminance over 13,000 cd m-2, and a maximum current efficiency of 1.15 cd A-1. The easily controlled autoxidation procedure paves the way for achieving high-performance blue QD-LEDs.

UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra were used to record the optical properties of ZnCdS/ZnS graded core/shell-based blue QDs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were collected for the morphologies of QDs (Figure 1). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical study, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) were employed to detect the structural properties and energy levels ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode at JoVE

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

A protocol is presented for fabricating high-performance, pure blue ZnCdS/ZnS-based quantum dots light-emitting diodes by employing an autoxidized aluminum cathode.

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation ...

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