这项工作得到国家自然科学基金 (51573042)、全国重点基础研究项目 (973 项目、2015CB932201)、中央大学基础研究经费 (JB2015RCJ02、2016YQ06、2016MS50、2016XS47) 的支持。

1. 氧化铟锡 (ITO) 玻璃的图案蚀刻
<ol><li>将大片 ITO 玻璃 (12 厘米 x 12 厘米) 切成15毫米宽的长条。使用带有酒精的无尘布清洁 ITO 玻璃表面。</li>
	<li>用数字万用表检查 ITO 玻璃的导电面。用胶带覆盖 ITO 玻璃的活动面积, 使活动面积在中间有2毫米宽。</li>
	<li>将锌粉倒入 ITO 玻璃上 (厚度约为0.5 毫米)。</li>
	<li>将盐酸溶液 (36 wt%) 倒入 ito 玻璃表面, 让 ito 玻璃完全浸泡在盐酸溶液中, 然后蚀刻十五年代。</li>
	<li>在腐蚀后倒入盐酸溶液, 然后立即用清水冲洗 ITO 玻璃。取下 ITO 玻璃上的胶带。</li>
</ol>2. 清洁 ITO 玻璃
<ol><li>将 ito 玻璃浸入含有丙酮溶液的培养皿中15分钟. 用棉球擦拭 ito 玻璃上的胶水。</li>
	<li>用玻璃切割机将 ITO 玻璃切成方形 (约15毫米 x 15 毫米)。</li>
	<li>油脂实验在洗涤剂水、自来水、去离子水、丙酮和异丙醇中依次进行15分钟的 ITO 玻璃。</li>
	<li>用氮气吹干 ITO 玻璃, 然后在150摄氏度的烤箱中烘干5分钟的空气气氛。</li>
	<li>将所清洗的 ITO 玻璃放入紫外线臭氧室, 治疗15分钟。</li>
</ol>3. 孔注射层的制作
<ol><li>从冰箱中取出聚 (34-ethylenedioxythiophene):p oly (苯乙烯磺酸) (PEDOT: PSS) 溶液。搅拌 PEDOT: 室温下的 PSS 溶液为20分钟, 以获得均匀分散的溶液。 注: 紫外线臭氧治疗 (2.5 节) 和 PEDOT 的鼓动: PSS 解决方案应同时进行, 以避免紫外线臭氧治疗失败。室温保持在摄氏25摄氏度。</li>
	<li>取约2毫升的 PEDOT: PSS 溶液与10毫升注射器, 并在注射器上安装0.45 µm 聚醚砜 (PES) 过滤器。</li>
	<li>将 ITO 玻璃放在旋转涂布机的中心。在 ITO 玻璃上倒入两滴 PEDOT: PSS 溶液。</li>
	<li>自旋涂层过滤后的 PEDOT: 在 ITO 基体上的 pss 溶液在 3000 rpm 三十年代, 然后退火的 PEDOT: pss 涂层 ITO 在150°c 15 分钟, 给 30 nm PEDOT: PSS 薄膜。</li>
</ol>4. 孔传输层的制作
注: 孔输送层和发射层是在氮气填充手套箱中制造的, 其控制氧和水浓度低于 50 ppm。
<ol><li>在邻二氯苯 (1 毫升) 中溶解聚 (n, N′-双 (4-丁基苯基) N, N′-双 (苯基)-联苯胺) (聚 TPD), 浓度为25毫克mL-1。在室温下在充满氮气的手套盒中搅拌。</li>
	<li>将35µL 的聚 TPD 溶液倒入 PEDOT 上: PSS 涂层 ITO。自旋涂层的聚 TPD 解决方案在 3000 rpm 三十年代, 给 40 nm 多 TPD 薄膜, 然后退火150摄氏度30分钟。</li>
</ol>5. 发射层的制作
<ol><li>在甲苯溶液中溶解 ZnCdS/ZnS 量子点 (300 µL), 浓度为14.3 毫克 mL-1。</li>
	<li>将 ZnCdS/ZnS 溶液的35µL 倒入聚 TPD 的顶部。自旋涂层的 ZnCdS/ZnS 解决方案在 3000 rpm 三十年代, 给40纳米薄膜。 注: 烘烤是不必要的。</li>
</ol>6. 真空沉积
<ol><li>在达到 10-4 Pa 的压力后, 将铝 (8-Hydroxyquinolinate) (Alq3) 的基板沉积在热蒸发室中, 其速率为0.3 Å s-1 , 以提供 15 nm Alq3胶片。 注: Alq3仅存用于 ITO/PEDOT 的设备结构: PSS/聚 TPD/QDs/Alq3/Al。</li>
	<li>刮一个2毫米宽活性层与刮刀暴露 ITO 玻璃基板。</li>
	<li>将基板置于金属掩模中, 并将其转移到热蒸发室中。将铝电极存入1Å的-1 , 以提供100纳米铝膜。</li>
</ol>7. 氧化程序
<ol><li>将准备好的铝阴极转移到真空烤箱中, 然后将空气从烤箱中抽出, 直到几乎变成真空。</li>
	<li>打开通货紧缩阀, 注入无水复合空气 (O2= 20%, N2= 80%) 进入真空烘箱, 压力为 3 x 104宾夕法尼亚州在室温下 (在烤箱中) 氧化0、4.5、12和 17 h。</li>
</ol>

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我们没有什么可透露的。

蓝色发光二极管的器件结构由 ITO 透明阳极组成, PEDOT: PSS HIL (30 nm), 聚 TPD HTL (40 nm), ZnCdS/ZnS QDs EML (40 nm) 和 al: 铝2O3阴极 (100 nm)。由于铝阴极的多孔特性, 通过将其暴露于氧气中, 得到了氧化铝阴极。图 2e和图 2f显示了 QDs 层与 al 和 al 的能级对齐图: al2O3。当 QDs 接触铝阴极时, 在 QDs/铝接口上形成肖特基接触, 该界面引入了?...

基于胶体半导体量子点的发光二极管 (led) 由于其独特的优点, 包括溶液的加工性、可调谐的发射波长、优良的色泽纯度、柔性制造和低处理成本1,2,3,4。自1994年首次演示基于 QDs 的 led 指示灯以来, 为工程材料和设备结构5,6,7, 付出了巨大的努力。一个典型的半导体发光二极管装置设计为具有一个三层夹层结构, 由孔传输层 (HTL)、发射层和电子传输层 (ETL) 组成。选择合适的电荷传输层对于平衡注入孔和电子到发射层进行辐射重组至关重要。目前, 真空沉积小分子被广泛用作 ETL, 例如, bathocuproine (BCP)、三 (8-Hydroxyquinolinate) (Alq3) 和 3-(联苯-4-基)-5-(4-tertbutylphenyl)-4-苯基-4 h-12, 4-三唑 (狂暴)8。然而, 不平衡的载波注入往往会导致重组区域向 ETL 转移, 造成不必要的寄生电致发光 (EL) 发射并使设备性能恶化9。
为了提高器件的效率和环境稳定性, 将溶液处理的 ZnO 纳米粒子作为电子传输层, 而不是真空沉积的小分子材料。在传统设备体系结构中显示了高亮度的 RGB 发光二极管, 显示了3.1万、6.8万和 4200 cd m-2的亮度, 分别为橙色-红色、绿色和蓝色,10。对于反向设备体系结构, 成功地用亮度和外部量子效率 (EQE) 23040 个 cd m-2和7.3% 为红色、218800个 cd m-2和5.8% 实现了高性能的 RGB 发光二极管--低匝电压。绿色, 2250 个 cd m-2和1.7% 为蓝色, 分别为11。为了平衡注入的电荷并保持 QDs 发射层, 在 QDs 和 ZnO ETL 之间插入了一个绝缘聚 (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) 薄膜。最优化的深红色的发光二极管显示了高的外部量子效率高达20.5% 和低的打开电压只有 1.7 V12。
此外, 优化 QDs 的光电性能和纳米结构也对提高器件性能起着至关重要的作用。例如, 通过优化 ZnS 炮击时间13, 合成了具有光致发光量子产量 (PLQE) 98% 的高荧光蓝 QDs。同样, 通过精确控制反应温度, 合成了近 100% PLQE 的优质紫蓝色 QDs。紫蓝色 QDs LED 设备显示显着的亮度和 EQE 高达 4200 cd m-2和 3.8%, 分别为14。这种合成方法也适用于紫 ZnSe/ZnS 芯/壳 QDs, 该发光二极管显示高亮度 (2632 cd m-2) 和效率 (EQE = 7.83%) 使用无 cd QDs15。由于高 PLQE 的蓝色量子点已经被证明, QDs 层中的高电荷注入效率在制造高性能的光 led 发光二极管中扮演了另一个关键的角色。采用长链油酸配体, 以缩短 1-octanethiol 配体, QDs 膜的电子流动性增加了两倍, 并获得了高 EQE 值10% 以上的16。表面配体交换也可以改善 QDs 膜的形貌, 抑制 QDs 中的光致发光淬火。例如, 使用化学接枝 QDs-半导体聚合物混合器17, QDs LED 显示了改进的器件性能。此外, 由于增强的电荷注入、传输和重组18, 通过合理优化 QDs 壳的分级组成和厚度, 制备出高性能 QDs。
在这项工作中, 我们介绍了一个部分 autoxidized 铝 (Al) 阴极, 以提高性能的 ZnCdS/ZnS 分级核/壳型蓝光-led19。利用紫外光电子能谱 (UPS) 和 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 验证了铝阴极势能屏障的变化。此外, 通过时间分辨光致发光 (TRPL) 测量, 分析了 QDs/al 和 QDs/al 的快速电荷载波动力学: al2O3接口。为了进一步验证部分氧化铝对器件性能的影响, 带不同阴极的发光二极管 (al, 铝: 铝2O3, al2o3/铝, al2o3/铝: al2o3, 和Alq3/Al) 是捏造的。因此, 采用 al2O3阴极, 以最大亮度为13002个 cd m-2 , 并以 1.15 cd a-1的峰值电流效率来演示高性能纯蓝色发光二极管。此外, 在设备体系结构中没有额外的有机 ETL, 可以避免不需要的寄生 EL, 以保证不同工作电压下的颜色纯度。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)-coated glass 
			substrate</td>
			<td>CSG Holding Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Resistivity&#8776;10 &#937;/sq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc powder</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>96454</td>
			<td>Molecular Weight 65.38</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Beijing Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>67-63-0</td>
			<td>Analytically pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluene</td>
			<td>Innochem</td>
			<td>I01367</td>
			<td>Analytically pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Innochem</td>
			<td>I01366</td>
			<td>Analytically pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>acros</td>
			<td>124210025</td>
			<td>1 N standard solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O-dichlorobenzene</td>
			<td>acros</td>
			<td>396961000</td>
			<td>98+%, Extra Dry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)</td>
			<td>H. C.Stark</td>
			<td>Clevious P VP Al 4083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(N,N&#8242;-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N&#8242;-bis(phenyl)-benzidine) (Poly-TPD)</td>
			<td>Luminescence Technology</td>
			<td>LT-N149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum tris(8-Hydroxyquinolinate) (Alq3)</td>
			<td>Luminescence Technology</td>
			<td>LT-E401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-O cleaner</td>
			<td>Jelight Company</td>
			<td>92618</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter</td>
			<td>Jinteng</td>
			<td>JTSF0303/0304</td>
			<td>Polyether sulfone (0.45 &#956;m)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td>HECHUANG ULTRASONIC</td>
			<td>KH-500DE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital multimeter</td>
			<td>UNI-T</td>
			<td>UT39A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin coater</td>
			<td>IMECAS</td>
			<td>KW-4A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital hotplate</td>
			<td>Stuart</td>
			<td>SD160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enhanced electron injection and exciton confinement for pure blue quantum-dot light-emitting diodes by introducing partially oxidized aluminum cathode

稳定高效的红色 (R)、绿色 (G) 和蓝色 (B) 基于解决方案处理的量子点 (QDs) 的光源在下一代显示器和固态照明技术中起着重要的作用。基于蓝色 QDs 的发光二极管 (led) 的亮度和效率仍然不如它们的红色和绿色对应, 这是由于不同颜色的光本身所不赞同的能量水平。为了解决这些问题, 应设计一种设备结构, 以平衡注入孔和电子到发射的量子点层。在这里, 通过一个简单的氧化策略, 展示了高亮度和高效率的纯蓝色发光二极管, 具有 ITO/PEDOT 结构: PSS/聚 TPD/QDs/al: 铝2O3。autoxidized al2O3阴极可以有效地平衡注入电荷, 并在不引入附加电子传输层 (ETL) 的情况下增强辐射重组。因此, 高颜色饱和的蓝色发光二极管的最大亮度达到1.3万个 cd m-2, 最大电流效率为 1.15 cd a-1。易于控制的氧化程序为实现高性能的蓝色亮灯 led 铺平了道路。

采用紫外-可见光吸收和光致发光 (PL) 光谱记录 ZnCdS/ZnS 分级核/壳型蓝 QDs 的光学特性. 采集透射电镜 (TEM) 和扫描电镜 (SEM) 图像, 为QDs 的形貌 (图 1)。采用 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS)、电化学研究和紫外光电子能谱 (UPS) 检测 QDs 的结构特性和能级 (图 2)。时间分辨光致发光 (TRPL) 测量用于检测 QDs/al 和 QDs/al 之间的接口上的快速电荷载?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode at JoVE

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

提出了一种利用 autoxidized 铝阴极制备高性能、纯蓝色 ZnCdS/ZnS 基量子点发光二极管的协议。

采用部分氧化铝阴极增强电子注入和激子约束的纯蓝色量子点发光二极管

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation ...

enhanced-electron-injection-exciton-confinement-for-pure-blue-quantum

Research

Education

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Diodes

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.7K 次观看.  North China Electric Power University. 提出了一种利用 autoxidized 铝阴极制备高性能、纯蓝色 ZnCdS/ZnS 基量子点发光二极管的协议。

视频: Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Gas-phase molecular physics and physical chemistry experiments commonly use supersonic expansions through pulsed valves for the production of cold molecular beams. However, these beams often contain multiple conformers and clusters, even at low rotational temperatures. We present an experimental methodology that allows the spatial separation of these constituent parts of a molecular beam expansion. Using an electric deflector the beam is separated by its mass-to-dipole moment ratio, analogous to a bender or an electric sector mass spectrometer spatially dispersing charged molecules on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio. This deflector exploits the Stark effect in an inhomogeneous electric field and allows the separation of individual species of polar neutral molecules and clusters. It furthermore allows the selection of the coldest part of a molecular beam, as low-energy rotational quantum states generally experience the largest deflection. Different structural isomers (conformers) of a species can be separated due to the different arrangement of functional groups, which leads to distinct dipole moments. These are exploited by the electrostatic deflector for the production of a conformationally pure sample from a molecular beam. Similarly, specific cluster stoichiometries can be selected, as the mass and dipole moment of a given cluster depends on the degree of solvation around the parent molecule. This allows experiments on specific cluster sizes and structures, enabling the systematic study of solvation of neutral molecules.

We present a technique that allows the spatial separation of different conformers or clusters present in a molecular beam. An electrostatic deflector is used to separate species by their mass-to-dipole moment ratio, leading to the production of gas-phase ensembles of a single conformer or cluster stoichiometry.

分子构象器和星团的空间分离

Gas-phase molecular physics and physical chemistry experiments commonly use supersonic expansions through pulsed valves for the production of cold ...

科研

工程学

Scalable Nanohelices for Predictive Studies and Enhanced 3D Visualization

Spring-like materials are ubiquitous in nature and of interest in nanotechnology for energy harvesting, hydrogen storage, and biological sensing applications.&#160; For predictive simulations, it has become increasingly important to be able to model the structure of nanohelices accurately.&#160; To study the effect of local structure on the properties of these complex geometries one must develop realistic models.&#160; To date, software packages are rather limited in creating atomistic helical models.&#160; This work focuses on producing atomistic models of silica glass (SiO2) nanoribbons and nanosprings for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Using an MD model of &#8220;bulk&#8221; silica glass, two computational procedures to precisely create the shape of nanoribbons and nanosprings are presented.&#160; The first method employs the AWK programming language and open-source software to effectively carve various shapes of silica nanoribbons from the initial bulk model, using desired dimensions and parametric equations to define a helix.&#160; With this method, accurate atomistic silica nanoribbons can be generated for a range of pitch values and dimensions.&#160; The second method involves a more robust code which allows flexibility in modeling nanohelical structures.&#160; This approach utilizes a C++ code particularly written to implement pre-screening methods as well as the mathematical equations for a helix, resulting in greater precision and efficiency when creating nanospring models.&#160; Using these codes, well-defined and scalable nanoribbons and nanosprings suited for atomistic simulations can be effectively created.&#160; An added value in both open-source codes is that they can be adapted to reproduce different helical structures, independent of material.&#160; In addition, a MATLAB graphical user interface (GUI) is used to enhance learning through visualization and interaction for a general user with the atomistic helical structures.&#160; One application of these methods is the recent study of nanohelices via MD simulations for mechanical energy harvesting purposes.

Accurate modeling of nanohelical structures is important for predictive simulation studies leading to novel nanotechnology applications.&#160; Currently, software packages and codes are limited in creating atomistic helical models.&#160; We present two procedures designed to create atomistic nanohelical models for simulations, and a graphical interface to enhance research through visualization.

可扩展的Nanohelices的预测研究和增强的3D可视化

Spring-like materials are ubiquitous in nature and of interest in nanotechnology for energy harvesting, hydrogen storage, and biological sensing ...

Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many cases validated experimentally, for light weight or impact energy absorbing structures, as high surface area heat exchangers or electrodes, as implants to the body, and many more. Although great progress has been made in understanding their structure-properties relationships, the large number of different processing techniques, each producing material with different characteristics and structure, means that understanding of the individual effects of all aspects of structure is not complete. The replication process, where molten metal is infiltrated between grains of a removable preform material, allows a markedly high degree of control and has been used to good effect to elucidate some of these relationships. Nevertheless, the process has many steps that are dependent on individual &#8220;know-how&#8221;, and this paper aims to provide a detailed description of all stages of one embodiment of this processing method, using materials and equipment that would be relatively easy to set up in a research environment. The goal of this protocol and its variants is to produce metal foams in an effective and simple way, giving the possibility to tailor the outcome of the samples by modifying certain steps within the process. By following this, open cell aluminum foams with pore sizes of 1&#8211;2.36 mm diameter and 61% to 77% porosity can be obtained.

Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

铸造协议的开孔泡沫铝通过复制技术的生产和孔隙率的影响

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many ...

Characterization of Nanocrystal Size Distribution using Raman Spectroscopy with a Multi-particle Phonon Confinement Model

Analysis of the size distribution of nanocrystals is a critical requirement for the processing and optimization of their size-dependent properties. The common techniques used for the size analysis are transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). These techniques, however, are not suitable for analyzing the nanocrystal size distribution in a fast, non-destructive and a reliable manner at the same time. Our aim in this work is to demonstrate that size distribution of semiconductor nanocrystals that are subject to size-dependent phonon confinement effects, can be quantitatively estimated in a non-destructive, fast and reliable manner using Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, mixed size distributions can be separately probed, and their respective volumetric ratios can be estimated using this technique. In order to analyze the size distribution, we have formulized an analytical expression of one-particle PCM and projected it onto a generic distribution function that will represent the size distribution of analyzed nanocrystal. As a model experiment, we have analyzed the size distribution of free-standing silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) with multi-modal size distributions. The estimated size distributions are in excellent agreement with TEM and PL results, revealing the reliability of our model.

We demonstrate how to determine the size distribution of semiconductor nanocrystals in a quantitative manner using Raman spectroscopy employing an analytically defined multi-particle phonon confinement model. Results obtained are in excellent agreement with the other size analysis techniques like transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy.

使用拉曼光谱与多颗粒的声子坐月子型号纳米大小分布的特征

Analysis of the size distribution of nanocrystals is a critical requirement for the processing and optimization of their size-dependent properties. The ...

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active layer which consists of blue-fluorescent poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD) and &#960;-conjugated triphenylamine molecules. This white light emission originates from exciplexes formed between PFD and amines in electronically excited states. A device containing PFD, 4,4&#39;,4&#39;&#39;-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), Poly(ethylene oxide) and K2CF3SO3 showed white light emission with Commission internationale de l&#39;&#233;clairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.43) and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) of Ra = 73 at an applied voltage of 3.5 V. Constant voltage measurements showed that the CIE coordinates of (0.27, 0.37), Ra of 67, and the emission color observed immediately after application of a voltage of 5 V were nearly unchanged and stable after 300 sec.

The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

白的制造发光电化学细胞与来自激发络合物稳定的发射

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

Blue-hazard-free Candlelight OLED

A candlelight-style organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a human-friendly type of lighting because it is blue-hazard-free and has a low correlated color temperature (CCT) illumination. The low CCT lighting is deprived of high-energy blue radiation, and it can be used for a longer duration before causing retinal damage. This work presents the comprehensive protocols for the fabrication of blue-hazard-free candlelight OLEDs. The emission spectrum of the OLED was characterized by the maximum exposure time limit of the retina and the melatonin suppression sensitivity. The devices can be fabricated using dry and wet processes. The dry-processed OLED resulted in a CCT of 1,940 K and exhibited a maximum retinal exposure limit of 1,287 s at a brightness of 500 lx. It showed 2.61% melatonin suppression sensitivity relative to 480 nm blue light. The wet-processed OLED, where the spin coating is used to deposit hole injection, hole transport, and emissive layers, making fabrication fast and economical, produced a CCT of 1,922 K and showed a maximum retinal exposure limit of 7,092 at a brightness of 500 lx. The achieved relative melatonin suppression sensitivity of 1.05% is 86% and 96% less than that of the light emitting diode (LED) and compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), respectively. Wet-processed blue-hazard-free candlelight OLED exhibited a power efficiency of 30 lm/W, which is 2 times that of the incandescent bulb and 300 times that of the candle.

We present a protocol for the fabrication of a blue-hazard-free candlelight organic light emitting diode (OLED) for eye protection and melatonin secretion.

蓝危害自由烛光OLED

A candlelight-style organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a human-friendly type of lighting because it is blue-hazard-free and has a low correlated color ...

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

Tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) has been synthesized using a dry approach that combines elemental oxygen and iodine without the introduction of hydrated species. The synthesis approach inhibits the topochemical effect promoting rapid hydration when exposed to the relative humidity of ambient air. This stable, amorphous, nano-particle material was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and showed an exothermic energy release at low temperature (i.e., 180 &#176;C) for the transformation of I4O9 into I2O5. This additional exothermic energy release contributes to an increase in overall reactivity of I4O9 when dry mixed with nano-aluminum (Al) powder, resulting in a minimum of 150% increase in flame speed compared to Al + I2O5. This study shows that as an oxidizer, I4O9 has more reactive potential than other forms of iodine(V) oxide when combined with Al, especially if I4O9 can be passivated to inhibit absorption of water from its surrounding environment.

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

A protocol for measuring flame speeds of a reactive mixture composed of tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) and aluminum (Al) is presented. A method for resolving reaction kinetics using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is also presented. It was found that I4O9 is 150% more reactive than other iodine(V) oxides.

反应动力学和我燃烧动力学<sub&gt; 4</sub&gt; 0<sub&gt; 9</sub&gt;和铝的混合物

Tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) has been synthesized using a dry approach that combines elemental oxygen and iodine without the introduction of hydrated ...

Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components

High performance, cast aluminum automotive wheels are increasingly being incrementally formed via flow forming/metal spinning at elevated temperatures to improve material properties. With a wide array of processing parameters which can affect both the shape attained and resulting material properties, this type of processing is notoriously difficult to commission. A simplified, light-duty version of the process has been designed and implemented for full-size automotive wheels. The apparatus is intended to assist in understanding the deformation mechanisms and the material response to this type of processing. An experimental protocol has been developed to prepare for, and subsequently perform forming trials and is described for as-cast A356 wheel blanks. The thermal profile attained, along with instrumentation details are provided. Similitude with full-scale forming operations which impart significantly more deformation at faster rates is discussed.

An experimental protocol for instrumented warm rotary forming of cast aluminum alloys employing a bespoke industrially scaled apparatus is presented. Experimental considerations including thermal and mechanical effects are discussed, as well as similitude with full-scale processing of automotive wheels.

铸铝零部件的暖纺纱实验程序

High performance, cast aluminum automotive wheels are increasingly being incrementally formed via flow forming/metal spinning at elevated temperatures to ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

用于光学谐振器和激光应用的聚合物微球的制造

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

The ability to perform simultaneous resonant excitation and fluorescence detection is important for quantum optical measurements of quantum dots (QDs). Resonant excitation without fluorescence detection &#8211; for example, a differential transmission measurement &#8211; can determine some properties of the emitting system, but does not allow applications or measurements based on the emitted photons. For example, the measurement of photon correlations, observation of the Mollow triplet, and realization of single photon sources all require collection of the fluorescence. Incoherent excitation with fluorescence detection &#8211; for example, above band-gap excitation &#8211; can be used to create single photon sources, but the disturbance of the environment due to the excitation reduces the indistinguishability of the photons. Single photon sources based on QDs will have to be resonantly excited to have high photon indistinguishability, and simultaneous collection of the photons will be necessary to make use of them. We demonstrate a method to resonantly excite a single QD embedded in a planar cavity by coupling the excitation beam into this cavity from the cleaved face of the sample while collecting the fluorescence along the sample&#39;s surface normal direction. By carefully matching the excitation beam to the waveguide mode of the cavity, the excitation light can couple into the cavity and interact with the QD. The scattered photons can couple to the Fabry-Perot mode of the cavity and escape in the surface normal direction. This method allows complete freedom in the detection polarization, but the excitation polarization is restricted by the propagation direction of the excitation beam. The fluorescence from the wetting layer provides a guide to align the collection path with respect to the excitation beam. The orthogonality of the excitation and detection modes enables resonant excitation of a single QD with negligible laser scattering background.

Resonant excitation of a single self-assembled quantum dot can be achieved using an excitation mode orthogonal to the fluorescence collection mode. We demonstrate a method using the waveguide and Fabry-Perot modes of a planar microcavity surrounding the quantum dots. The method allows complete freedom in the detection polarization.

用正交激励和检测方法研究平面腔内铟量子点的共振荧光

The ability to perform simultaneous resonant excitation and fluorescence detection is important for quantum optical measurements of quantum dots (QDs). ...