Name: measurements of local instantaneous convective heat transfer in a pipe - single and two-phase flow
Uploaded: 2018-04-30T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Israel Science Foundation, grant # 281/14.

1. Test Section for Measurements of Instantaneous Temperature
<ol>
	<li>Manufacturing process of test section (Figure 2)
	<ol>
		<li>Cut a segment of a pipe at least 70 cm long. 
		Note: The diameter and wall thickness of the test section should be identical to that of the pipe used in the experimental facility.</li>
		<li>Use a milling machine to cut 4 adjacent narrow windows along the pipe in the test section, each window is 6 mm wi...

<ol>
	<li>Hetsroni, G., Rozenblit, R., Yarin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+hot-foil+infrared+technique+for+studying+the+temperature+field+of+a+wall.">A hot-foil infrared technique for studying the temperature field of a wall.</a> Meas. Sci. Tech. 7, 1418 (1996).</li><li>Babin, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Experimental investigation of the local heat transfer in gas-liquid slug flow. , (2015).</li><li>Babin, V., Shemer, L., Barnea, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+instantaneous+heat+transfer+around+a+raising+single+Taylor+bubble.">Local instantaneous heat transfer around a raising single Taylor bubble.</a> Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 89 (9), 884-893 (2015).</li><li>Fershtman, A., Shemer, L., Barnea, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Instantaneous+heat+transfer+rate+around+consecutive+Taylor+bubbles.">Instantaneous heat transfer rate around consecutive Taylor bubbles.</a> Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 95, 865-873 (2016).</li><li>Fershtman, A., Shemer, L., Barnea, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+convective+heat+transfer+in+a+pipe+due+to+impulsively+initiated+downward+flow+and/or+heat+flux.">Transient convective heat transfer in a pipe due to impulsively initiated downward flow and/or heat flux.</a> Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 111, 1181-1191 (2017).</li><li>Hetsroni, G., Hu, B. G., Yi, B. G., Mosyak, A., Yarin, L. P., Ziskind, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+Transfer+in+Intermittent+Air-Water+Flow-Part+I:+Horizontal+Tube.">Heat Transfer in Intermittent Air-Water Flow-Part I: Horizontal Tube.</a> Int. J. Multiphase Flow. 24, 165 (1998).</li><li>Hetsroni, G., Hu, B. G., Yi, B. G., Mosyak, A., Yarin, L. P., Ziskind, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+Transfer+in+Intermittent+Air-Water+Flow-Part+II:+Upward+Inclined+Tube.">Heat Transfer in Intermittent Air-Water Flow-Part II: Upward Inclined Tube.</a> Int. J. Multiphase Flow. 24, 188 (1998).</li><li>Hetsroni, G., Mewes, D., Enke, C., Gurevich, M., Mosyak, A., Rozenblit, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+transfer+to+two-phase+flow+in+inclined+tubes.">Heat transfer to two-phase flow in inclined tubes.</a> Int. J. Multiphase Flow. 29, 173-194 (2003).</li><li>Ghajar, A. J., Tang, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+Transfer+Measurements,+Flow+pattern+maps+and+flow+visualization+for+non-boiling+two-phase+flow+in+horizontal+and+slightly+inclined+pipe.">Heat Transfer Measurements, Flow pattern maps and flow visualization for non-boiling two-phase flow in horizontal and slightly inclined pipe.</a> Heat Transfer Eng. 28, 525 (2007).</li><li>Franca, F. A., Banneart, A. C., Camargo, R. M. T., Goncalves, M. A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanistic+modelling+of+the+convective+heat+transfer+coefficient+in+gas-liquid+intermittent+flows.">Mechanistic modelling of the convective heat transfer coefficient in gas-liquid intermittent flows.</a> Heat Transfer Eng. 29, 984-998 (2008).</li><li>Kim, D., Ghajar, A. J., Dougherty, R. L., Ryali, V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+20+two+phase+heat+transfer+correlations+with+seven+Sets+of+experimental+data,+including+flow+pattern+and+tube+inclination+effects.">Comparison of 20 two phase heat transfer correlations with seven Sets of experimental data, including flow pattern and tube inclination effects.</a> Heat Transfer Eng. 20, 15 (1999).</li><li>Nicklin, D. J., Wilkes, J. O., Davidson, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-phase+flow+in+vertical+tubes.">Two-phase flow in vertical tubes.</a> Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 40, 61 (1962).</li><li>Donnelly, B., O'Reilly Meehan, R., Nolan, K., Murray, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamics+of+sliding+air+bubbles+and+the+effects+on+surface+heat+transfer.">The dynamics of sliding air bubbles and the effects on surface heat transfer.</a> Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 91, 532-542 (2015).</li><li>Liu, T., Pan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+thermography+measurement+of+two-phase+boiling+flow+heat+transfer+in+a+microchannel.">Infrared thermography measurement of two-phase boiling flow heat transfer in a microchannel.</a> Applied thermal engineering. 94, 568-578 (2016).</li><li>Dumitrescu, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromung+an+einer+Luftblase+im+senkrechten+Rohr.">Stromung an einer Luftblase im senkrechten Rohr.</a> Z. Ang. Math. Mech. 23, 139 (1943).</li><li>Davies, R. M., Taylor, G. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanics+of+large+bubbles+rising+through+extended+liquids+and+trough+liquid+in+tubes.">The mechanics of large bubbles rising through extended liquids and trough liquid in tubes.</a> Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A. 200, 375 (1949).</li></ol>

Experimental investigation of local heat transfer in transient pipe flow is a complicated task that requires high-end measuring instruments and methods, as well as a custom-built experimental facility, in particular, a specially designed test section. The present protocol displays a thermography technique that is capable of faithfully measuring fast temporal changes in wall temperature and in heat transfer rate due to variations in flow hydrodynamics.
A detailed description of the manufacturin...

Numerous experimental studies of convective heat transfer, using different techniques to measure the wall and/or fluid temperature in a variety of flow configurations, have been performed during the last decades. One of the factors that limits the accuracy of temperature measurements in unsteady processes is the slow response of the sensors. To record local instantaneous wall temperature, the measuring equipment has to respond fast enough, while the surface at which the temperature is recorded has to be in thermal equilibrium with the time-dependent flow. Thus, the thermal inertia of the surface has to be sufficiently small. The relevant time scales are determined by the hydrodynamic phenomena that cause the change in the convective heat transfer. Fast time response is thus crucial for recording the time-dependent temperature in transient flow.
To meet these requirements, an IR camera is used to record a special self-manufactured test section that allows a fast temperature response to any change in the flow. A part of the pipe wall is cut off and replaced with a thin stainless-steel foil. A similar approach was used by Hetsroni et al.1, however, the foil they used was too thick to accurately measure changes of instantaneous temperatures and only time-averaged temperatures were presented. Decreasing the foil thickness improved the time response considerably.2 This method was applied in the lab to measure convective heat transfer coefficients in two-phase flow3,4 and transient phenomena in single phase pipe flow5.
A schematic layout of the two-phase flow facility is given in Figure 1, additional information on the unique air inlet device can be found in Babin et al.3
Investigation of convective heat transfer in two-phase flow is very complex due to the transient flow behavior and the effect of void fraction in the pipe cross-section. Therefore, many studies have only presented an average convective heat transfer coefficient for a given flow regime as a function of specific flow conditions6,7,8,9,10,11. However, the papers by Donnelly et al.12 and Liu et al.13 represent examples of two-phase local convective heat transfer studies.
The present study deals with heat transfer measurements around a single elongated (Taylor) bubble injected into stagnant or flowing liquid in a pipe. The Taylor bubble propagates in a constant translational velocity14,15,16. The bubble propagation velocity is determined using optical probes method consisting of a laser light source and photodiode3,4.
The combination of the IR camera and of the optical probes allows measurements of the local instantaneous convective heat transfer as a function of the distance from either the Taylor bubble top or bottom.
The instantaneous wall temperature can be used to calculate the convective heat transfer coefficient, h, and the Nusselt number:
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57437/57437eq1.jpg" />,&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; (1)
where q is the heat flux to the foil, Tw and T&#8734; are the wall temperature and the inlet water temperature respectively, k is the liquid conductivity and D is the pipe diameter. The bulk temperature which is commonly used to determine the heat transfer coefficients was not measured in order to avoid introducing any interference to the flow.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Infra red camera</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Optris</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PI-1450</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thermocouples A/D card&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI cDAQ-9714.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Labview program</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Epoxy DP-460</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3M Scotch-weld</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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measurements of local instantaneous convective heat transfer in a pipe - single and two-phase flow

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer coefficient as a function of the liquid flow rate in a transparent pipe. With certain amendments, the approach is extended to gas-liquid flows, with a particular emphasis on the effect of a single elongated (Taylor) air bubble on heat transfer enhancement. A non-invasive thermography technique is applied to measure the instantaneous temperature of a thin metal foil heated electrically. The foil is glued to cover a narrow slot cut in the pipe. The thermal inertia of the foil is small enough to detect the variation in the instantaneous foil temperature. The test section can be moved along the pipe and is long enough to cover a considerable part of the growing thermal boundary layer.
At the beginning of each experimental run, a steady state with a constant water flow rate and heat flux to the foil is attained and serves as the reference. The Taylor bubble is then injected into the pipe. The heat transfer coefficient variations due to the passage of a Taylor bubble propagating in a vertical pipe is measured as function of the distance of the measuring point from the bottom of the moving Taylor bubble. Thus, the results represent the local heat transfer coefficients. Multiple independent runs preformed under identical conditions allow accumulating sufficient data to calculate reliable ensemble-averaged results on the transient convective heat transfer. In order to perform this in a frame of reference moving with the bubble, the location of the bubble along the pipe has to be known at all times. Detailed description of measurements of the length and of the translational velocity of the Taylor bubbles by optical probes is presented.

An example of the optical sensors output records is presented in Figure 4 for a single Taylor bubble rising in a vertical pipe filled with stagnant water. The initial large drop represents the opening of the circuit due to the Taylor bubble tip, while the later much shorter drops following the rise to the initial value due to the passage of the elongated bubbles tail, represent the dispersed bubbles in the liquid wake behind the Taylor bubble. The time shift ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow at JoVE.com

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

This manuscript describes methods aimed at measuring the local instantaneous convective heat transfer coefficients in a single or two-phase pipe flow. A simple optical method to determine the length and the propagation velocity of an elongated (Taylor) air bubble moving at a constant velocity is also presented.

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer ...

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