Name: a novel method for the pentosan analysis present in jute biomass and its conversion into sugar monomers using acidic ionic liquid
Uploaded: 2018-06-01T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid at JoVE.com

We would like to thank the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (104-2628-E-002-008-MY3; 105-2218-E-155-007; 105-2221-E-002-003-MY3; 105-2221-E-002-227-MY3; 105-2622-E-155-003-CC2) and the Aim for Top University Project at National Taiwan University (105R7706) for the funding support. We are thankful to the World Bank for partial funding of this work through a subproject of Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project (HEQEP), Complete Proposal #2071. This work was also partially supported by University of Wollongong&#39;s AIIM (Gold funding).

Several chemicals used in the presenting work are toxic and carcinogenic. Please use all appropriate safety practices when performing synthesis of IL and biomass processing.
1. Preparation of Acidic IL
<ol>
	<li>Add 7.625 mmol of 1,3-propane sultone in a 50 mL round bottom flask and then close the flask with a rubber septum.</li>
	<li>Add 7.625 mmol of 1-methylimidazole into 7.625 mmol of 1,3-propanesultone slowly (10 min) at 0 &#176;C using a syringe (1 mL).</li>
	<li>After the complete add...

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The pentosan present in jute biomass conversion into C5 sugar monomers is demonstrated using various homogeneous Br&#248;nsted acidic catalysts such as H2SO4, HCl, and acidic IL. Furthermore, the catalytic result of the acidic IL was compared with the IL without acidity (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride). All reactions were performed in a Parr autoclave at 160 &#176;C in water. The usage of acidic IL showed the highest pentosan conversion when compared to homogeneous acids used in this work (min...

Biomass has great potential as a renewable energy and chemical source because it is sustainable, inexpensive, and equally distributed unlike fossil resources, which makes it one of the promising candidates to replace fossil feedstocks. The estimated production of lignocellulosic biomass is 146 billion metric tons per year1. The lignocellulosic biomass is mainly comprised of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose as its three major constituents. Lignin is an aromatic polymer made from phenylpropanoid units; on the other hand, cellulose and hemicellulose are the polysaccharide parts of the lignocellulosic biomass. Cellulose is composed of glucose units connected by &#946;(1&#8594;4) glycosidic linkage, whereas hemicellulose is made up of C5 sugars, C6 sugars, and sugar acids linked together by &#946; (1&#8594;4), &#946; (1&#8594;3) and &#946; (1&#8594;6) glycosidic bonds2,3. Along with various lignocellulosic biomass (bagasse, rice husk, wheat straw, etc.), the jute lignocellulose biomass is also produced in very large quantities (ca. 98% in 2014) in Asia compared to the total jute production in the world. India produces 1.96 x 106 metric tons of jute biomass while Bangladesh produces 1.34 x 106 metric tons of jute biomass compared to the total production of jute biomass in the world (3.39 x 106 metric tons) in 20144. The utilization of this non-edible biomass will not conflict with food demand. Hence, it is beneficial to use it as a stock for synthesizing a variety of value added chemicals (xylose, arabinose, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), etc.). According to the U.S. Department of Energy, furfural and HMF are considered as some of the top 30 building block chemicals derived from biomass5. Furfural is obtained from xylose or directly from hemicellulose and can be converted to many important chemicals. Furfuryl alcohol, methyl furan, and tetrahydrofuran are important chemicals obtained from furfural6. Hence, conversion of lignocellulosic biomass such as jute biomass into C5 sugars and other important chemicals is an important topic.
Extensive reports are available on the various catalytic methods for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into value added chemicals. The mineral acids (HCl and H2SO4) and heterogeneous catalysts (Amberlyst, HMOR, HUSY, SAPO-44, etc.) were used significantly for the conversion of hemicellulose and lignocellulosic biomass into sugars (pentose and hexose sugars) and furans (furfural and HMF)7,8. The reusability and corrosiveness of mineral acid is a major issue. However, with the solid acid catalyst, higher temperature and pressures are required because the reaction occurs at the surface of the catalyst. To overcome these issues, recently ILs are reported for the valorization of biomass as a catalyst or solvent9,10,11,12,13,14. The use of IL as a solvent is not a better method because of its higher cost and the lower vapor pressure of ILs that creates difficulty in product separation. Therefore, it is imperative to use recyclable IL as a catalyst (in small amounts) in a water solvent system for the biomass conversion to value added chemicals.
Here, we present a method to use 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl) imidazolium hydrogen sulfate acidic IL as the catalyst for the direct conversion of pentosan present in jute biomass into sugar monomers without any pretreatment. Commonly, ILs are reported for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass10,15,16,17 whereas the very large quantity of ILs is used for the biomass pretreatment. Hence, it is always advantageous to use IL as the catalyst and to convert lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals without any additional treatment. Moreover, in the present work, the lignin concentration presented in jute biomass is calculated using Klason method which could be converted into various aromatic monomers18.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1-Methylimidazole</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M50834</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,3-Propanesultone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P50706</td>
			<td>Moisture sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitroaniline</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>185310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluene</td>
			<td>J. T. Baker</td>
			<td>9460-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td>Honeywell-Fluka</td>
			<td>30743</td>
			<td>Highly corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Honeywell-Fluka</td>
			<td>30719</td>
			<td>Highly corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>900856</td>
			<td>Highly hygroscopic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D(+)-Xylose</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>141001000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L(+)-Arabinose</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>104981000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-Spectrometer</td>
			<td>JASCO</td>
			<td>V-670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parr reactor</td>
			<td>Parr USA</td>
			<td>Seriese 4560</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parr reactor controller</td>
			<td>Parr USA</td>
			<td>Seriese 4848</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)</td>
			<td>JASCO</td>
			<td>Seriese LC-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital hot plate stirrer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SP142020-33Q Cimarec</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oven furnace</td>
			<td>Thermal Scientific</td>
			<td>FB1400 Thermolyne blast oven furnace</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel method for the pentosan analysis present in jute biomass and its conversion into sugar monomers using acidic ionic liquid

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, lower vapor pressure, non-flammability, higher heat capacity, and tunable solubility and acidity. Here, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from the pentosan present in jute biomass in a one-pot process by utilizing a catalytic amount of Br&#248;nsted acidic 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate IL. The acidic IL is synthesized in the lab and characterized using NMR spectroscopic techniques for understanding its purity. The various properties of BAIL are measured such as acid strength, thermal and hydrothermal stability, which showed that the catalyst is stable at a higher temperature (250 &#176;C) and possesses very high acid strength (Ho 1.57). The acidic IL converts over 90% of pentosan into sugars and furfural. Hence, the presenting method in this study can also be employed for the evaluation of pentosan concentration in other kinds of lignocellulosic biomass.

The exact amount of pentosan and lignin recovered from the biomass depends on the type of lignocellulosic biomass. Similar types of lignocellulosic biomass collected from different places can have different concentration of pentosan and lignin. The jute biomass used in this study contains 20 wt% pentosan and 14 wt% lignin.
Figure 1 shows the comparison of the catalytic activity of ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid at JoVE.com

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

We present a protocol for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from a renewable non-edible lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., jute) with the presence of Br&#248;nsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as the catalyst in water. The BAILs catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than conventional mineral acid catalysts (H2SO4 and HCl).

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, ...

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