Name: investigating teliospore germination using microrespiration analysis and microdissection
Uploaded: 2018-05-13T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Teliospore Germination Using Microrespiration Analysis and Microdissection at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Dr. Paul Frost for use of his microrespirometer, and Nicole Wagner and Alex Bell for technical assistance. This work was funded by an NSERC grant to B.J.S.

1. Corn Cob Infection
<ol>
	<li>Grow Zea mays (cv. Golden Bantam) until cobs are formed and have started to silk (approximately 60 days).</li>
	<li>Culture compatible haploid U. maydis strains using standard protocols as previously described7.</li>
	<li>Infect corn cobs using standard protocols as previously described7.</li>
</ol>
2. Teliospore Harvesting
<ol>
	<li>Autoclave equipment (B&#252;chner funnels, B&#252;chner flasks, ...

<ol>
	<li>Saville, B. J., Donaldson, M. E., Doyle, C. E., Swan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Meiosis - Molecular Mechanisms and Cytogenetic Diversity. , 411-460 (2012).</li><li>Christensen, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Monograph Number 2. , (1963).</li><li>Caltrider, P. D., Gottlieb, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+activity+and+enzymes+for+glucose+catabolism+in+fungal+spores.">Respiratory activity and enzymes for glucose catabolism in fungal spores.</a> Phytopathology. 53, 1021-1030 (1963).</li><li>Allen, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+aspects+of+spore+germination+in+fungi.">Metabolic aspects of spore germination in fungi.</a> Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 3, 313-342 (1965).</li><li>Warburg, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+tumours.">Metabolism of tumours.</a> Biochemische Zeitschrift. 142, 317-333 (1923).</li><li>Ostrowski, L. A., Saville, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+antisense+transcripts+are+linked+to+the+modulation+of+mitochondrial+function+and+teliospore+dormancy+in+Ustilago+maydis.">Natural antisense transcripts are linked to the modulation of mitochondrial function and teliospore dormancy in Ustilago maydis.</a> Mol Microbiol. 103 (5), 745-763 (2017).</li><li>Morrison, E. N., Donaldson, M. E., Saville, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+analysis+of+genes+expressed+in+the+Ustilago+maydis+dikaryon:+uncovering+a+novel+class+of+pathogenesis+genes.">Identification and analysis of genes expressed in the Ustilago maydis dikaryon: uncovering a novel class of pathogenesis genes.</a> Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology-Revue Canadienne De Phytopathologie. 34 (3), 417-435 (2012).</li><li>Doyle, C. E., Cheung, H. Y. K., Spence, K. L., Saville, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unh1,+an+Ustilago+maydis+Ndt80-like+protein,+controls+completion+of+tumor+maturation,+teliospore+development,+and+meiosis.">Unh1, an Ustilago maydis Ndt80-like protein, controls completion of tumor maturation, teliospore development, and meiosis.</a> Fungal Genetics and Biology. 94, 54-68 (2016).</li><li>Stade, S., Brambl, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+biogenesis+during+fungal+spore+germination:+respiration+and+cytochrome+c+oxidase+in+Neurospora+crassa.">Mitochondrial biogenesis during fungal spore germination: respiration and cytochrome c oxidase in Neurospora crassa.</a> J Bacteriol. 147 (3), 757-767 (1981).</li><li>Brambl, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+developing+mitochondrial+genetic+and+respiratory+functions+in+germinating+fungal+spores.">Characteristics of developing mitochondrial genetic and respiratory functions in germinating fungal spores.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 396 (2), 175-186 (1975).</li><li>Sacadura, N. T., Saville, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+and+EST+analyses+of+Ustilago+maydis+germinating+teliospores.">Gene expression and EST analyses of Ustilago maydis germinating teliospores.</a> Fungal Genet Biol. 40 (1), 47-64 (2003).</li><li>Hilderbrand, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+for+the+isolation+of+single+microorganisms.">Techniques for the isolation of single microorganisms.</a> Botanical Review. 4 (12), 38 (1938).</li><li>Seto, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Analysis of gene transcripts during Ustilago maydis teliospore dormancy and germination. , (2013).</li><li>Fr&#246;hlich, J., K&#246;nig, H., K&#246;nig, H., Varma, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Soil Biology - Intestinal Microorganisms of Termites and Other Invertebrates. , 425-437 (2006).</li><li>Choi, Y., Hyde, K., Ho, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+spore+isolation+of+fungi.">Single spore isolation of fungi.</a> Fungal Diversity. 3, 11 (1999).</li><li>Sherman, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Getting+started+with+yeast.">Getting started with yeast.</a> Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cell Biology, Pt B. 350, 3-41 (2002).</li><li>Chen, Y., Seguin-Swartz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+method+for+assessing+the+viability+of+fungal+spores.">A rapid method for assessing the viability of fungal spores.</a> Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology-Revue Canadienne De Phytopathologie. 24 (2), 230-232 (2002).</li></ol>

Basidiomycete biotrophic plant pathogens cause billions of dollars in crop losses annually. The vast majority of these pathogens produce teliospores that are integral to fungal dispersal and sexual reproduction. Gaining knowledge of the development and germination of teliospores is critical to understanding the spread of the devastating diseases caused by these fungi. In order to identify molecular changes at key control points we have devised a method to identify the timing of physiological shifts and another to isolate...

The smut fungi (Ustilaginales) consist of over 1,600 species that infect grasses including the important cereal crops of corn, barley, and wheat, causing billions of dollars in crop losses annually1. These fungi are characterized by the production of teliospores, which have darkly pigmented cell walls and are the dispersal agents. Teliospores function to shield genetic material during the stresses of dispersal between host plants, and can persist in a dormant state for years2. As such, teliospores are an essential component of disease spread.
In order to study teliospore biology, our laboratory utilizes the model smut fungus Ustilago maydis (U. maydis), which is the causal agent of the disease &#39;common smut of corn&#39;. Mature U. maydis teliospores are characterized by growth arrest, reduced cellular metabolism, and low levels of cellular respiration3. In favorable environmental conditions (e.g., the presence of specific sugars), U. maydis teliospores germinate and complete meiosis, producing basidiospores which can initiate new rounds of infection. Germination is characterized by increased respiration, the return to metabolic activity, and the progression through observable morphological stages of germination4.
The initial stage of germination includes increased respiration and metabolic function, however, there are no morphological indications of change. The original measurements of respiratory change in U. maydis were carried out over 50 years ago, measuring oxygen consumption manometrically with a Warburg flask apparatus5. We have developed a new, simple method of studying precise changes in respiration during teliospore germination by measuring oxygen consumption over a time course of germination using a Clark-type microrespirometer. We previously used this method to study changes in respiratory rate between wild-type U. maydis haploid cells and mutants with defective mitochondria6, and have adapted the protocol here to study changes in teliospore respiration during germination. This provides a means of accurately identifying the timing of respiration change so that we can target teliospores at the appropriate time after the initiation of germination to investigate early molecular events. The progression of germination can be followed microscopically once the promycelia emerges from the teliospore, but the asynchronous nature inhibited the isolation of enough teliospores at a given stage for investigation. We developed a microdissection technique similar to those used for in vitro fertilization to physically collect teliospores at distinct morphological stages of germination.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:707px;" width="707">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:437px;">Streptomycin Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">STP101</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Kanamycin Sulfate</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>KAN201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Potato Dextrose Broth</td>
			<td>BD Difco</td>
			<td>254920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 L Waring Laboratory blender</td>
			<td>Waring</td>
			<td>7011S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cheesecloth</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470150-438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nalgene Polypropylene Desiccator with Stopcock</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>5310-0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Unisense MicroRespiration system</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">MicroRespiration Sensor (O2)</td>
			<td>Unisense</td>
			<td>OX10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MicroOptode Meter Amplifier</td>
			<td>Unisense</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MR-Ch Small</td>
			<td>Unisense</td>
			<td>MR-Ch</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SensorTrace Rate Software</td>
			<td>Unisense</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MicroRespiration Rack</td>
			<td>Unisense</td>
			<td>MR2-Rack</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MicroRespiration Stirrer</td>
			<td>Unisense</td>
			<td>MR2-Co</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Microdissection system</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Axio Vert.A1 Inverted Light Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Coarse Manipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>MMN-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Three-axis Hanging Joystick Oil Hydraulic Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>MMO-202ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pneumatic Microinjector</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>IM-11-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TransferTip (ES)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5175107004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigating teliospore germination using microrespiration analysis and microdissection

Smut fungi are the etiological agents of several devastating agricultural diseases. They are characterized by the production of teliospores, which are thick-walled dispersal agents. Teliospores can remain dormant for decades. The dormancy is characterized by low metabolic rates, paused macromolecular biosynthesis and greatly reduced levels of respiration. Upon receiving required environmental signals, teliospores germinate to produce haploid cells, which can initiate new rounds of infection. Teliospore germination is characterized by the resumption of macromolecular biosynthesis, increased respiration and dramatic morphological changes. In order to precisely measure changes in cellular respiration during the early stages of germination, we have developed a simple protocol employing a Clark-type respirometer. The later stages of germination are distinguished by specific morphological changes, but germination is asynchronous. We developed a microdissection technique that enables us to collect teliospores at distinct germination stages.

Using the Clark-type microrespirometer-based method of measuring changes in respiration during teliospore dormancy and germination, we confirmed that dormant teliospores exhibit a low level of respiration (~1,075 &#181;mol/h/mg) compared to germinating teliospores (~2,614 &#181;mol/h/mg; Figure 1A). This represents a ~2.4-fold change in average rate of respiration between dormant teliospores and teliospores that have been induced to germinate. In addition, we...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Teliospore Germination Using Microrespiration Analysis and Microdissection at JoVE.com

Investigating Teliospore Germination Using Microrespiration Analysis and Microdissection

Smut fungi cause many devastating agricultural diseases. They are dispersed as dormant teliospores that germinate in response to environmental cues. We outline two methods to investigate molecular changes during germination: measuring respiration increase to detect metabolic activation and assessing changing molecular events by isolating teliospores at distinct morphological stages.

Smut fungi are the etiological agents of several devastating agricultural diseases. They are characterized by the production of teliospores, which are ...

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