Name: preparing developing peripheral olfactory tissue for molecular and immunohistochemical analysis in drosophila
Uploaded: 2018-06-13T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila at JoVE.com

This study was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to Pelin C. Volkan (DEB-1457690).

The following protocol is consistent with the ethics guidelines established by the Duke University Research Ethics Committee.
1. Tissue Preparation and Developmental Staging of Drosophila melanogaster Pupa
<ol>
	<li>First, identify how many flies will be necessary for the dissection. For RT-PCR and RNAseq, collect 100 - 200 antennal discs and antennae from individuals which are necessary at prepupal, 8 h APF, 40 h APF, and adult stages. For immunohistochemistry, dissect 10 - 20 indi...

<ol>
	<li>Barish, S., Volkan, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+olfactory+receptor+neuron+specification+in+Drosophila.">Mechanisms of olfactory receptor neuron specification in Drosophila.</a> Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology. 4 (6), 609-621 (2015).</li><li>Pan, J. W., Volkan, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+development+and+evolution+of+the+insect+olfactory+system.">Mechanisms of development and evolution of the insect olfactory system.</a> Cell and Developmental Biology. 2, 130 (2013).</li><li>Ramdya, P., Benton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolving+olfactory+systems+on+the+fly.">Evolving olfactory systems on the fly.</a> Trends in Genetics. 26 (7), 307-316 (2010).</li><li>Bellen, H. J., Tong, C., Tsuda, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=100+years+of+Drosophila+research+and+its+impact+on+vertebrate+neuroscience:+a+history+lesson+for+the+future.">100 years of Drosophila research and its impact on vertebrate neuroscience: a history lesson for the future.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 11 (7), 514-522 (2010).</li><li>Knecht, Z. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+combinations+of+variant+ionotropic+glutamate+receptors+mediate+thermosensation+and+hygrosensation+in+Drosophila.">Distinct combinations of variant ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate thermosensation and hygrosensation in Drosophila.</a> eLife. 5, 44-60 (2016).</li><li>Enjin, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humidity+sensing+in+Drosophila.">Humidity sensing in Drosophila.</a> Current Biology. 26 (10), 1352-1358 (2016).</li><li>Li, Q., Barish, S., Okuwa, S., Volkan, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+endogenous+rotund+expression+and+function+in+developing+Drosophila.+olfactory+system+using+CRISPR-Cas9-mediated+protein+tagging.">Examination of endogenous rotund expression and function in developing Drosophila. olfactory system using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated protein tagging.</a> G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics. 5 (12), 2809-2816 (2015).</li><li>Hueston, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+modulatory+proteins+and+olfactory+receptor+signaling+in+the+refinement+and+maintenance+of+fruitless+expression+in+olfactory+receptor+neurons.">Chromatin modulatory proteins and olfactory receptor signaling in the refinement and maintenance of fruitless expression in olfactory receptor neurons.</a> PLoS Biology. 14 (4), 1002443 (2016).</li><li>Li, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatorial+rules+of+precursor+specification+underlying+olfactory+neuron+diversity.">Combinatorial rules of precursor specification underlying olfactory neuron diversity.</a> Current Biology. 23 (24), 2481-2490 (2013).</li><li>Li, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+functionally+conserved+gene+regulatory+network+module+governing+olfactory+neuron+diversity.">A functionally conserved gene regulatory network module governing olfactory neuron diversity.</a> PLoS Genetics. 12 (1), 1005780 (2016).</li><li>Pan, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+transcriptional+parallelism+and+variation+in+the+developing+olfactory+system+of+Drosophila+species.">Patterns of transcriptional parallelism and variation in the developing olfactory system of Drosophila species.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 8804 (2017).</li><li>Pan, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+behavioral+and+transcriptional+variation+underlying+CO2+sensory+neuron+function+and+development+in+Drosophila.">Comparative analysis of behavioral and transcriptional variation underlying CO2 sensory neuron function and development in Drosophila.</a> Fly. 11 (4), 239-252 (2017).</li><li>Stern, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+and+transgenic+reagents+for+Drosophila+simulans,+D.+mauritiana,+D.+yakuba,+D.+santomea,+and+D.+virilis.">Genetic and transgenic reagents for Drosophila simulans, D. mauritiana, D. yakuba, D. santomea, and D. virilis.</a> G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics. 7 (4), 1339-1347 (2017).</li></ol>

This protocol is a useful resource for labs interested in identifying the genetic and transcriptional programs operating in developing Drosophila olfactory tissue, as well as a comparative analysis of these programs across Drosophila species. It is especially useful if systems-level transcriptional profiles from different developmental stages are needed as a primer for future studies. The protocol described here demonstrates how to stage and isolate developing olfactory tissue from Drosophila t...

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior studies, and behavioral evolution1,2,3,4. Drosophila olfactory tissues house the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that detect volatile chemical cues in addition to hydro- and thermo-sensory neurons1,5,6. The overall goal of this manuscript is to demonstrate how to stage and dissect developing pupal and adult olfactory tissue in Drosophila species. The rationale for this technique is to generate samples from different pupal stages for molecular and developmental analyses of the peripheral olfactory system, such as RNAseq and quantitative RT-PCR, in addition to in vivo tissue labeling techniques. This technique can be especially useful to identify dynamics of transcriptional profiles in the developing adult olfactory system from non-melanogaster Drosophila species, which do not have all the transgenic reagents for cell type specific labeling and analyses. In this manuscript, we demonstrate how to dissect antennal discs and antennae from pupal and adult Drosophila species. First, we show how to identify Drosophila 0 h of puparium formation (APF, white pupae or prepupae) for developmental staging and species-specific aging. Next, we show how to dissect antennal discs and the third antennal segment; specifically, how to dissociate them from the eye disc and second antennal segment for the tissue purity required for RNAseq or RT-PCRs. The stages in D. melanogaster described in this protocol roughly correspond to the pre-patterned antennal disc (prepupae), the selection of precursors from the antennal disc (8 h APF), the start of the terminal differentiation for ORNs (40 h APF), and adult antenna. Finally, we give examples for a quantitative RT-PCR from adult antennae isolated using the method, and for in vivo immunohistochemistry. This method can be used to generate samples for an RNA/DNA analysis and for immunohistochemistry on developing peripheral olfactory tissues from different Drosophila species.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">10X Phosphate-buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">70011-044</td>
			<td style="width:432px;">Dilute to 1X in RNase free water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">CO2 tank</td>
			<td>Air Gas</td>
			<td>CD R200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Two sharp forceps (Dumont #55)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11255-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trizol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596-026</td>
			<td>RNA isolation solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small bucket with ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">P20 and P200 micropipettes and tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1.7 mL Microfuge tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purchase nuclease free for best results</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2 mL PCR tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde powder</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10% Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>T1105</td>
			<td>Dilute to 0.2% v/v in 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2&#34; petri dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">55mm filter paper</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1001-055</td>
			<td>Wet with water and place in a petri dish to keep pupae moist</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">25 C incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">deionized H2O</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purchase nuclease free or treat with DEPC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to be used for making dissection pads from Terizaki plate covers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MicroWell Mini Trays with lids</td>
			<td>Nunc</td>
			<td>438733</td>
			<td>Lids can be used to make silicone dissection pads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rabbit anti-GFP antibody</td>
			<td>MBL international corpor</td>
			<td>PM005</td>
			<td>primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti RAT CD2</td>
			<td>AbD seroTec</td>
			<td>MCA154RHDL</td>
			<td>primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ADL195 (anti lamin, mouse)</td>
			<td>Dev studies hydoma ban</td>
			<td>ADL195-s</td>
			<td>primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor&#174; 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11008</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cy3 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-166-003</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100, Protein Grade Detergent, 10% Solution, Sterile-Filtered</td>
			<td>CALBIOCHEM</td>
			<td>648463</td>
			<td>detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lab Rotator</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Rotator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nuclease Free Water</td>
			<td>Growcells.com</td>
			<td>NUPW-0125</td>
			<td>Water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Light-Duty Tissue Wipers</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82003-822</td>
			<td>For cleaning dissection supplies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superscript II</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>18064014</td>
			<td>Reverse Transcriptase&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAshredder (50)</td>
			<td>RNA extraction</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>79654</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oligo(dT)12-18 Primer</td>
			<td>RT</td>
			<td>life technologies</td>
			<td>18418012</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNeasy MinElute Cleanup Kit (50)</td>
			<td>RNA extraction</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>74204</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FASTSTART UNIV SG MASTER (5 ML)(500 RXN)</td>
			<td>qPCR</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>04913850001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FASTSTART ESSENTIAL GREEN DNA MASTER&#160;</td>
			<td>qPCR</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>06402712001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LIGHTCYCLER 480 - MULTIWELL PLATE 96</td>
			<td>qPCR</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>04729692001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NEBNext High-Fidelity 2X PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>qPCR</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0541S</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparing developing peripheral olfactory tissue for molecular and immunohistochemical analysis in drosophila

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and behavioral evolution. Drosophila olfactory tissues house the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that detect volatile chemical cues in addition to hydro- and thermo-sensory neurons. In this protocol, we describe the dissection of developing peripheral olfactory tissue of the adult Drosophila species. We first describe how to stage and age Drosophila larvae, followed by the dissection of the antennal disc from early pupal stages, followed by the dissection of the antennae from mid-pupal stages and adults. We also show methods where preparations can be utilized in molecular techniques, such as the RNA extraction for qRT-PCR, RNAseq, or immunohistochemistry. These methods can also be applied to other Drosophila species after species-specific pupal development times are determined, and respective stages are calculated for appropriate aging.

The dissected developing olfactory tissue can be used for RNA extraction followed by RT-PCR to assess gene expression or can be taken through immunohistochemistry protocols to determine its expression pattern, and the sub-cellular localization of genes of interest. In this section, we present representative results from either protocol. Figure 1 is the representative quantitative RT-PCR showing the transcription of cell surface receptor and olfactory receptor...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila at JoVE.com

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

Here, we present a protocol to stage and dissect developing olfactory tissue from Drosophila species. The dissected tissue can later be used for molecular analyses, such as quantitative RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) or RNA sequencing (RNAseq), as well as in vivo analyses such as immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and ...

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