Name: using a knee arthrometer to evaluate tissue-specific contributions to knee flexion contracture in the rat
Uploaded: 2018-11-09T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Knee Arthrometer to Evaluate Tissue-specific Contributions to Knee Flexion Contracture in the Rat at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Joao Tomas for his technical assistance with the device and Khaoula Louati for assistance in developing the image analysis methods.

The rat knee immobilization model used has been approved by the University of Ottawa Animal Care and Veterinary Service and the local ethics committee.
1. Animal Preparation
<ol>
	<li>At the end of the predetermined immobilization period, euthanize the rats by administration of carbon dioxide. 
	NOTE: Here we used an immobilization model with a plate and 2 screws (one inserted in the proximal femur and the other in the distal tibia), which avoids violation of any knee joint stru...

<ol>
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The rat knee arthrometer was developed to reproducibly and reliably determine the maximum extension of the rat knee following an intervention. Advantages of this device include the consistent generation of torque across the knee joint with a constant arm length and extension force. Another advantage includes the ability to set the torque at a level that allows repetitive testing on the same joint to evaluate the influence of different articular structures on knee ROM, such as muscle, capsule, or ligament. For example, fo...

Having full range of motion (ROM) of the joints is critical for health and well-being1. A loss in joint passive ROM is called a contracture2. Joint contractures may arise from numerous conditions, including prolonged bedrest, paralysis, joint arthroplasty, burns, infection, and neurologic conditions1,3,4,5. A contracture of the knee can be disabling as it accelerates joint degeneration, increases the risk of falls and detrimentally affects a person&#39;s ability to perform basic functional tasks including walking, sitting, and climbing stairs6,7.
Once established, contractures of the knee are difficult to treat, and therefore determining which patients are at the highest risk of developing this condition is essential for prevention and avoidance of contracture-associated morbidity8. Experiments are designed to evaluate 1) the conditions causing or influencing knee joint contractures, 2) the severity of contractures, 3) their temporal progression, 4) the tissues involved in the contracture, 5) their reversibility as well as 6) the usefulness of various preventive and curative interventions on knee joint ROM. For all of these experiments, a valid, objective, precise and reproducible method for measuring the ROM is critical. Other ancillary measures (energy expenditure, histomorphometry, gene expression and protein content) are useful markers to understand the pathophysiology of joint contractures, but the mechanical limitation is what limits the patient and leads to disability. Some of the challenges in this area of research includes the heterogeneous methods by which knee ROM may be tested experimentally, as well as a lack of quantitative data9. The use of a variety of different experimental methods leads to results that are not comparable from laboratory to laboratory. This has led to controversy regarding the conditions (such as immobilization or joint arthroplasty) that cause joint contractures10. An automated method of experimentally measuring joint ROM following an intervention is therefore needed.
Here, we describe a user-independent, valid, precise and reproducible protocol for evaluating the rat knee ROM using a custom-built arthrometer linked to a digital camera to precisely measure the knee ROM in extension. We tested the effect of various periods of immobilization on knee ROM. We then describe the methods for measuring ROM at pre-specified torques on the resulting digital images using fixed bony landmarks. Overall, these methods reliably measure rat knee ROM and provide quantitative data.

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using a knee arthrometer to evaluate tissue-specific contributions to knee flexion contracture in the rat

Normal knee range of motion (ROM) is critical to well-being and allows one to perform basic activities such as walking, climbing stairs and sitting. Lost ROM is called a joint contracture and results in increased morbidity. Due to the difficulty of reversing established knee contractures, early detection is important, and hence, knowing risk factors for their development is essential. The rat represents a good model with which the effect of an intervention can be studied due to the similarity of rat knee anatomy to that of humans, the rat's ability to tolerate long durations of knee immobilization in flexion, and because mechanical data can be correlated with histologic and biochemical analysis of knee tissue.
Using an automated arthrometer, we demonstrate a validated, precise, reproducible, user-independent method of measuring the extension ROM of the rat knee joint at specific torques. This arthrometer can be used to determine the effects of interventions on knee joint ROM in the rat.

The amount of knee extension determined for various periods of immobility are summarized for increasing durations of immobility and show that more severe contractures were produced following increasing lengths of immobilization. Representative results using ImageJ are shown in Figure 3.
The ability to measure maximum extension of rat knees in a valid, precise and reproducible, user-independent manne...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Knee Arthrometer to Evaluate Tissue-specific Contributions to Knee Flexion Contracture in the Rat at JoVE.com

Using a Knee Arthrometer to Evaluate Tissue-specific Contributions to Knee Flexion Contracture in the Rat

The goal of the protocol is to measure the extension range of motion of the rat knee. The effects of various diseases that increase the stiffness of the knee joint and the effectiveness of treatments can be quantified.

Normal knee range of motion (ROM) is critical to well-being and allows one to perform basic activities such as walking, climbing stairs and sitting. Lost ...

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