These techniques can be used to answer questions about resonance frequency, vibrational mode excitement, vibration amplitude, and how transducers with these characteristics perform as atomizers. With information provided by these analyses, it's po
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Fabrication of piezoelectric thickness mode transducers via direct current sputtering of plate electrodes on lithium niobate is described. Additionally, reliable operation is achieved with a transducer holder and fluid supply system and characterization is demonstrated via impedance analysis, laser doppler vibrometry, high-speed imaging, and droplet size distribution using laser scattering.