Name: a random-displacement measurement by combining a magnetic scale and two fiber bragg gratings
Uploaded: 2019-09-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Random-displacement Measurement by Combining a Magnetic Scale and Two Fiber Bragg Gratings at JoVE.com

The authors thank the Optics Laboratory for their equipment and are thankful for financial support through the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University and the Ministry of Education of China.

1. Fabrication of the fiber Bragg grating
<ol>
	<li>To enhance the photosensitivity of fiber core, put a standard single-mode fiber into a hydrogen-loaded airtight canister for 1 week.</li>
	<li>Fabricate the fiber Bragg grating using the scanning phase-mask technique and a frequency-doubled, continuous wave argon-ion laser at a wavelength of 244 nm.
	<ol>
		<li>Focus on the optical fiber with a cylindrical lens and an ultraviolet (UV) laser beam. Imprint the grating (periodic modulation of refractive index) in the pho...

<ol>
	<li>Salcedadelgado, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptable+Optical+Fiber+Displacement-Curvature+Sensor+Based+on+a+Modal+Michelson+Interferometer+with+a+Tapered+Single+Mode+Fiber.">Adaptable Optical Fiber Displacement-Curvature Sensor Based on a Modal Michelson Interferometer with a Tapered Single Mode Fiber.</a> Sensors. 17 (6), 1259 (2017).</li><li>Milewska, D., Karpienko, K., J&#281;drzejewska-Szczerska, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+thin+diamond+films+in+low-coherence+fiber-optic+Fabry+P&#233;rot+displacement+sensor.">Application of thin diamond films in low-coherence fiber-optic Fabry P&#233;rot displacement sensor.</a> Diamond and Related Materials. 64, 169-176 (2016).</li><li>Zou, Y., Dong, X., Lin, G., Adhami, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wide+Range+FBG+Displacement+Sensor+Based+on+Twin-Core+Fiber+Filter.">Wide Range FBG Displacement Sensor Based on Twin-Core Fiber Filter.</a> Journal of Lightwave Technology. 30 (3), 337-343 (2012).</li><li>Zhao, J., Bao, T., Kundu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wide+Range+Fiber+Displacement+Sensor+Based+on+Bending+Loss.">Wide Range Fiber Displacement Sensor Based on Bending Loss.</a> Journal of Sensors. 2016 (2016-1-27), 1-5 (2016).</li><li>Qu, H., Yan, G., Skorobogatiy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferometric+fiber-optic+bending/nano-displacement+sensor+using+plastic+dual-core+fiber.">Interferometric fiber-optic bending/nano-displacement sensor using plastic dual-core fiber.</a> Optics Letters. 39 (16), 4835-4838 (2014).</li><li>Wu, Q., Semenova, Y., Wang, P., Muhamad Hatta, A., Farrell, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+demonstration+of+a+simple+displacement+sensor+based+on+a+bent+single-mode-multimode-single-mode+fiber+structure.">Experimental demonstration of a simple displacement sensor based on a bent single-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structure.</a> Measurement Science &amp; Technology. 22 (2), 025203 (2011).</li><li>Lin, G., Adhami, R., Dong, X., Zou, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wide+range+FBG+displacement+sensor+based+on+twin-core+fiber+filter.">Wide range FBG displacement sensor based on twin-core fiber filter.</a> Journal of Lightwave Technology. 30 (3), 337-343 (2012).</li><li>Li, M., Guo, J., Tong, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+double-fiber+F-P+displacement+sensor+based+on+direct+phase+demodulation.">A double-fiber F-P displacement sensor based on direct phase demodulation.</a> The International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors. 8421, 84212R (2012).</li><li>Zhou, X., Yu, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wide-range+displacement+sensor+based+on+fiber-Optic+Fabry-Perot+Interferometer+for+Subnanometer+Measurement.">Wide-range displacement sensor based on fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Interferometer for Subnanometer Measurement.</a> IEEE Sensors Journal. 11, 1602-1606 (2011).</li><li>Shen, W., Wu, X., Meng, H., Huang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long+distance+fiber-optic+displacement+sensor+based+on+fiber+collimator.">Long distance fiber-optic displacement sensor based on fiber collimator.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 81 (12), (2010).</li><li>Zhu, L., Lu, L., Zhuang, W., Zeng, Z., Dong, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-contact+temperature-independent+random-displacement+sensor+using+two+fiber+bragg+gratings.">Non-contact temperature-independent random-displacement sensor using two fiber bragg gratings.</a> Applied Optics. 57 (3), 447 (2018).</li><li>Yu, H., Yang, X., Tong, Z., Cao, Y., Zhang, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-independent+rotational+angle+sensor+based+on+fiber+Bragg+grating.">Temperature-independent rotational angle sensor based on fiber Bragg grating.</a> IEEE Sensors Journal. 11 (5), 1233-1235 (2011).</li><li>Liu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Wide-Range+Displacement+Sensor+Based+on+Plastic+Fiber+Macro-Bend+Coupling.">A Wide-Range Displacement Sensor Based on Plastic Fiber Macro-Bend Coupling.</a> Sensors. 17 (1), 196 (2017).</li></ol>

We have demonstrated a new method for random linear displacement measurements by combining a magnetic scale and two fiber Bragg gratings. The main advantage of these sensors is random displacement without limitation. The magnetic scale used here generated a periodicity of the magnetic field at 10 mm, far beyond the practical limits of conventional optical fiber displacement sensors, such as the displacement mentioned by Lin et al.7 and Li et al.8. The temperature-dependent ...

Optical fiber-based sensors have great advantages, such as flexibility, wavelength division multiplexing, remote monitoring, corrosion resistance, and other characteristics. Thus, the optical fiber displacement sensor has broad applications.
To realize targeted linear displacement measurements in complex environments, various structures of the optical fiber (e.g., the Michelson interferometer1, the Fabry-Perot cavity interferometer2, the fiber Bragg grating3, the bending loss4)&#160;have been developed over recent years. The bending loss requires the light source in a stable station and is unsuitable for environmental vibration. Qu et al. have designed an interferometric fiber-optic nanodisplacement sensor based on a plastic dual-core fiber with one end coated with a silver mirror; it has a resolution of 70 nm5. A simple displacement sensor based on a bent single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber structure was proposed to overcome the limitations on the measurement of the displacement range; it increased the displacement sensitivity threefold with a range from 0 to 520 &#181;m6. Lin et al.&#160;presented a displacement sensor system that combines the FBG together with a spring; the output power is approximately linear with the displacement of 110-140 mm7. A fiber Fabry-Perot displacement sensor has a measurement range of 0-0.5 mm with a linearity of 1.1% and a resolution of 3 &#181;m8. Zhou et al. reported a wide-range displacement sensor based on a fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer for subnanometer measurements, up to 0.084 nm over a dynamic range of 3 mm9. A fiber-optic displacement sensor based on reflective intensity modulated technology was demonstrated using a fiber collimator; this had a sensing range over 30 cm10. Although optical fibers can be fabricated into many kinds of displacement sensors, these fiber-based sensors generally make use of the tensile limit of the material itself, which limits their application in wide-range measurements. Thus, compromises are usually made between the measurement range and sensitivity. Moreover, it is difficult to determine the displacement as various variables occur simultaneously; especially, cross-sensitivity of the strain and temperature could damage the experimental precision. There are many discrimination techniques reported in the literature, such as using two different sensing structures, using a single FBG half-bonded by different glues, or using special optical fibers. Thus, the further development of optical fiber displacement sensors requires high sensitivity, a small size, great stability, full range, and temperature independence.
Here, the periodic structure of the magnetic scale makes a full-range measurement possible. A random displacement without a limited measurement range with a magnetic scale is achieved. Combined with two FBGs, both temperaturecross-sensitivity and the identification for the direction of movement could be solved. Various steps within this method require precision and attention to detail. The protocol of the sensor fabrication is described in detail as following.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ASE</td>
			<td>OPtoElectronics Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1525nm-1610nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>computer</td>
			<td>Thinkpad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>win10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fiber cleaver/ CT-32</td>
			<td>Fujikura</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>the diameter of 125</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fiber optic epoxy /DP420</td>
			<td>henkel-loctite</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ratio 2:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>interrogator</td>
			<td>BISTU</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>sample rate:17kHz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>motor driver</td>
			<td>Zolix</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PSMX25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>optical circulator</td>
			<td>Thorlab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>three ports</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>optical couple</td>
			<td>Thorlab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>50:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>optical spectrum analyzer/OSA</td>
			<td>Fujikura</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>AQ6370D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>permanent magnet</td>
			<td>Shanghai Sichi Magnetic Industry Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>D5x4mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic shaped pipe</td>
			<td>Topphotonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>power source</td>
			<td>RIGOL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>adjustable power</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>single mode fiber</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>9/125um</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring</td>
			<td>tengluowujin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>D3x15mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stepper motor controller</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>JF24D03M</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a random-displacement measurement by combining a magnetic scale and two fiber bragg gratings

Long-distance displacement measurements using optical fibers have always been a challenge in both basic research and industrial production. We developed and characterized a temperature-independent fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based random-displacement sensor that adopts a magnetic scale as a novel transferring mechanism. By detecting shifts of two FBG center wavelengths, a full-range measurement can be obtained with a magnetic scale. For identification of the clockwise and counterclockwise rotation direction of the motor (in fact, the direction of movement of the object to be tested), there is a sinusoidal relationship between the displacement and the center wavelength shift of the FBG; as the anticlockwise rotation alternates, the center wavelength shift of the second FBG detector shows a leading phase difference of around 90&#176; (+90&#176;). As the clockwise rotation alternates, the center wavelength shift of the second FBG displays a lagging phase difference of around 90&#176; (-90&#176;). At the same time, the two FBG-based sensors are temperature independent. If there is some need for a remote monitor without any electromagnetic interference, this striking approach makes them a useful tool for determining the random displacement. This methodology is appropriate for industrial production. As the structure of the whole system is relatively simple, this displacement sensor can be used in commercial production. In addition to it being a displacement sensor, it can be used to measure other parameters, such as velocity and acceleration.

The distance, ranging from 1 mm to 3 mm11, between the magnetic scale and the detector enabled the detection of the linear displacement with a sinusoidal function. A distance of 22.5 mm between two detectors enabled this approach to realize detection of the direction of an object&#39;s movement with a phase difference of 90&#176;. The two detectors were separated from each other for (m &#177; 1/4)&#964; (m is a positive integer) and (m &#...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Random-displacement Measurement by Combining a Magnetic Scale and Two Fiber Bragg Gratings at JoVE.com

A Random-displacement Measurement by Combining a Magnetic Scale and Two Fiber Bragg Gratings

A protocol to create a full-range linear displacement sensor, combining two packaged fiber Bragg grating detectors with a magnetic scale, is presented.

Long-distance displacement measurements using optical fibers have always been a challenge in both basic research and industrial production. We developed ...

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