The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2017YFC840102).

All methods described here have been approved by ethics committee of Beijing Hospital. Indications for surgery are according to the European Association of Urology guidelines for nonneurogenic male LUTS. Contraindications include suspected prostate cancer or detrusor dysfunction.
1. Instruments for operation
<ol>
	<li>Ensure the availability of diode laser (980 nm) equipment with a power including continuous mode (80-100 W).</li>
	<li>Employ a laser fiber and 0.9% saline solution for intraoperative bladder irrigation.</li>
	<li>Use a 26 F laser resectoscope to acquire good visualization and enhance efficiency.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation for operation
<ol>
	<li>Perform skin preparation on the day of the operation.</li>
	<li>Provide an intravenous antibiotic preoperatively to all patients10. 
	NOTE: Cefuroxime sodium (1.5 g in 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride) is provided 30 min before the operation.</li>
	<li>Before anesthesia, make the patient lay down on the operating table. 
	NOTE: General anesthesia is effective and appropriate for this operation. The anesthetists should determine the mode of anesthesia depending on the patient&#39;s general condition.</li>
	<li>Drape the patient in a sterile fashion in the dorsal lithotomy position.</li>
</ol>
3. Procedure steps
<ol>
	<li>Observation
	<ol>
		<li>Directly observe the urethra, verumontanum, bladder neck, ureteral orifices, bladder mucosa, and trabecular hyperplasia by resectoscope (15-30&#176;).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Design the range of enucleation (Cupid&#39;s arrow).
	<ol>
		<li>Circularly incise (depth to gland, width about 3-4 mm) the bladder neck mucosa with a laser (Figure 1).</li>
		<li>Circularly incise (depth to gland, width about 3-4 mm) the prostatic urethra mucosa at the proximal end of the verumontanum with a laser (Figure 2). 
		NOTE: Confirm anatomical mark before incision in order to avoid injury of the bladder neck mucosa and sphincter urethrae. Use a laser power of 80-100 W during the operation except for hemostasis.</li>
		<li>Connect the concentric circles of the bladder neck and the apex of the prostate in the posterior urethra at a 12 o&#39;clock position.</li>
		<li>Incise the left lobe and right lobe with the laser (Figure 3). 
		NOTE: Once the 12 o&#39;clock position of the posterior urethra is pre-incised, retain the distal mucosa. The concentric circles formed at the neck of the bladder and the apex of the prostate are called Cupid&#39;s arrows.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Making a channel
	<ol>
		<li>Find the surgical capsule at the 5 and 7 o&#39;clock positions of the apex of the prostate.</li>
		<li>Find the surgical capsule at the 5 and 7 o&#39;clock surgical capsule positions.</li>
		<li>Connect the 5 and 7 o&#39;clock surgical capsule positions with a laser (Figure 4).</li>
		<li>At the 6 o&#39;clock position of the apex of the prostate, separate the median lobe from the surgical capsule from the apex of the prostate to the bladder neck with a laser (Figure 5). 
		NOTE: If the volume of the prostate is &#62;80 mL, the median and lateral lobes will be completely separated at the 5 and 7 o&#39;clock positions of the apex of the prostate.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Enucleation of the left and right lobes
	<ol>
		<li>In a counterclockwise direction, enucleate the right lobe at 6 and 12 o&#39;clock from the apex of the prostate to the bladder neck with a resectoscope (Figure 6).</li>
		<li>In a clockwise direction, enucleate the left lobe at 6 and 12 o&#39;clock from the apex of the prostate to the bladder neck (Figure 7).</li>
		<li>Push all the glands into the bladder after enucleation. 
		NOTE: If the volume of the prostate is &#62;80 mL, enucleate the median and lateral lobes in the proper sequence; then, push into the bladder.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Hemostasis
	<ol>
		<li>Use a lower laser power (50 W) to stop bleeding around the surgical site. Maintain an appropriate distance (i.e., 1-3 mm).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Morcellate the prostate tissue.
	<ol>
		<li>Morcellate the enucleated prostatic tissue into small pieces (as small as possible) with a morcellator and then remove the tissue from the bladder (Figure 8).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Catheterization
	<ol>
		<li>Remove the morcellator from the urethra.</li>
		<li>Gently place a 22 F Foley catheter through the urethral orifice into the bladder cavity with 30 mL of water in the balloon after sufficiently lubricating the urethra with lidocaine gel.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Postoperative care10
	<ol>
		<li>Let the patient lay down on the bed for approximately 3 h postoperatively in the care unit until they completely wake up from anesthesia. Make sure that patient monitors and medical oxygen are available during this time.</li>
		<li>Once the patient has completely woken up, return the patient to the ward. Let the patient begin to drink some water and eat some food. Record any urine output and pay attention to the color of the urine.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+retrospective+comparison+of+diode+to+holmium+for+laser+enucleation+of+the+prostate.">A retrospective comparison of diode to holmium for laser enucleation of the prostate.</a> Canadian Journal of Urology. 26 (4), 9836-9842 (2019).</li><li>Hruby, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eraser+Laser+Enucleation+of+the+Prostate:+Technique+and+Results.">Eraser Laser Enucleation of the Prostate: Technique and Results.</a> European Urology. 63 (2), 341-346 (2013).</li><li>Lerner, L. 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(135), e57336 (2018).</li><li>Shigemura, K., Tanaka, K., Yamamichi, F., Chiba, K., Fujisawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Predictive+Factors+for+Postoperative+Incontinence+of+Holmium+Laser+Enucleation+of+the+Prostate+by+the+Surgeons'+Experience+During+Learning+Curve.">Comparison of Predictive Factors for Postoperative Incontinence of Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate by the Surgeons' Experience During Learning Curve.</a> International Neurourology Journal. 20 (1), 59-68 (2016).</li><li>Stroman, L., Ellis, D., Toomey, R., Mazaris, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+18-month+Audit+of+TURP+Complications+using+the+Clavien-Dindo+Classification+System.">An 18-month Audit of TURP Complications using the Clavien-Dindo Classification System.</a> Journal of Urology. 1 (3), 3 (2013).</li><li>Li, B., Xu, A., Zou, Y., Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Randomized+Trial+Comparing+Diode+Laser+Enucleation+of+the+Prostate+with+Plasmakinetic+Enucleation+and+Resection+of+the+Prostate+for+the+Treatment+of+Benign+Prostatic+Hyperplasia.">A Randomized Trial Comparing Diode Laser Enucleation of the Prostate with Plasmakinetic Enucleation and Resection of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.</a> Journal of Endourology. 27 (10), 1254-1260 (2013).</li><li>Lerner, L. 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S., Hsieh, C. H., Lee, Y. S., Chang, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diode+laser+(980+nm)+enucleation+of+the+prostate:+a+promising+alternative+to+transurethral+resection+of+the+prostate.">Diode laser (980 nm) enucleation of the prostate: a promising alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate.</a> Lasers in Medical Science. 28 (2), 353-360 (2013).</li><li>Liu, L., Cheng, F., Li, H., Yu, W., Rao, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Clinical+Effect+Between+Transurethral+1+470+nm+Diode+Laser+Enucleation+of+the+Prostate+and+Transurethral+Bipolar+Plasmakinetic+Resection+of+Prostate.">Comparison of Clinical Effect Between Transurethral 1 470 nm Diode Laser Enucleation of the Prostate and Transurethral Bipolar Plasmakinetic Resection of Prostate.</a> Medical Journal of Wuhan University. 39 (5), 809-812 (2018).</li><li>Nair, S. M., Pimentel, M. A., Gilling, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Review+of+Laser+Treatment+for+Symptomatic+BPH+(Benign+Prostatic+Hyperplasia).">A Review of Laser Treatment for Symptomatic BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia).</a> Current Urology Reports. 17 (6), 1-8 (2016).</li><li>Cho, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictor+of+de+novo+urinary+incontinence+following+holmium+laser+enucleation+of+the+prostate.">Predictor of de novo urinary incontinence following holmium laser enucleation of the prostate.</a> Neurourology, Urodynamics. 30 (7), 1343-1349 (2011).</li><li>Herrmann, T. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

At present, the 980-mm diode laser is beginning to be used for the treatment of BPH5. Few reports have described related clinical studies. Compared to the effect of TURP in the treatment of BPH, many studies have shown that DiLEP causes less blood loss, achieves better urination function, and has shorter catheter retention times9,13,14,15.
Her...

Compared with traditional transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), laser surgeries have gradually become more popular due to their better patient tolerance, lower amounts of intraoperative blood loss, efficacy, and shorter postoperative recovery4,5.
In recent years, the fastest growing techniques have involved the use of lasers of various wavelengths. At present, many types of lasers with different characteristics can be used to complete prostate enucleation. Since the diode laser was approved by the US FDA for prostatic hyperplasia in 2007, its use has gradually increased in the treatment of BPH because of its outstanding cutting ability and hemostasis effect6. The laser wavelength determines the degree of absorption by water and hemoglobin. A diode laser with a wavelength of 980 nm provides the highest combined absorption rate of water and hemoglobin. The tissue penetration ability is 0.5 mm, and it can produce coagulation effects in deeper tissue, which makes it have a very good tissue ablation and hemostasis ability7,8.
Many research centers have begun to use DiLEP for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In practice, traditional DiLEP has a longer learning curve and presents no obvious advantages related to urinary sphincter protection9. Based on the above reasons, traditional DiLEP was modified in our center to improve the value of diode laser treatment in patients with BPH.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>HU Diode Laser</td>
			<td>Beijing L.H.H.Medical Science Development Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>HU-150</td>
			<td>Wavelength: 980nm 
			Maximum Power: 150W 
			Operation Mode: Continuous and pulsed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Fiber</td>
			<td>Beijing L.H.H.Medical Science Development Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>YYGX600</td>
			<td>Fiber core diameter: 
			600 &#956;m 
			Fiber length: 2m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Morcellator System</td>
			<td>Beijing L.H.H.Medical Science Development Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>PXQ-01</td>
			<td>Rotate Speed: 100-3000rpm 
			MAX. Vacuum Pressure: -80KPa 
			Rated Output Torque: 12mNm 
			Blade Size: &#934;5.0*390mm; &#934;3.5*390mm 
			Blade Work Mode: Corotation alternates reversal</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enucleation of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a 980 nm diode laser

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. Here, we introduce a new technique called 980 nm diode laser enucleation (DiLEP) to treat BPH1. Diode lasers can absorb both water and hemoglobin at the same time, so they are good for cutting and hemostasis2. The diode laser was approved by the FDA in 2007, and has been used in the treatment of BPH because of its effective cutting and hemostasis effect3. DiLEP presents several advantages over other techniques, such as TURP, HoLEP, and PVP. During the procedure, we define the boundary of a high-volume prostate and separate it into three lobes with a diode laser by burning two rings and one groove (like a Cupid&#39;s arrow). Compared to other procedures, mDiLEP has fewer intraoperative complications, a shorter learning curve, and achieves more tissue resection.

A total of 40 patients with BPH who underwent DiLEP were included in one of our studies. An independent sample t-test was used as the statistical method. All patients successfully completed the operation. Almost all of the patients had the catheter removed within 5 days postoperative (Table 1). All patients returned to the hospital for follow-up examinations in the 1st, 3rd, and 12th months postoperatively. The International Prostate Sympt...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enucleation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a 980 nm Diode Laser at JoVE.com

Enucleation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a 980 nm Diode Laser

Here, we present a protocol for modified 980 nm diode laser enucleation to treat large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia.

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. ...

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2.0K Views.  Beijing Hospital. Here, we present a protocol for modified 980 nm diode laser enucleation to treat large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Video: Enucleation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a 980 nm Diode Laser

Laser-capture Microdissection of Human Prostatic Epithelium for RNA Analysis

The prostate gland contains a heterogeneous milieu of stromal, epithelial, neuroendocrine and immune cell types. Healthy prostate is comprised of fibromuscular stroma surrounding discrete epithelial-lined secretory lumens and a very small population of immune and neuroendocrine cells. In contrast, areas of prostate cancer have increased dysplastic luminal epithelium with greatly reduced or absent stromal population. Given the profound difference between stromal and epithelial cell types, it is imperative to separate the cell types for any type of downstream molecular analysis. Despite this knowledge, the bulk of gene expression studies compare benign prostate to cancer without micro-dissection, leading to stromal bias in the benign samples. Laser-capture micro-dissection (LCM) is an effective method to physically separate different cell types from a specimen section. The goal of this protocol is to show that RNA can be successfully isolated from LCM-collected human prostatic epithelium and used for downstream gene expression studies such as RT-qPCR and RNAseq.

The goal of this protocol is to use laser-capture micro-dissection as an effective method to isolate pure populations of cell types from heterogeneous prostate tissues for downstream RNA analysis.

The prostate gland contains a heterogeneous milieu of stromal, epithelial, neuroendocrine and immune cell types.  Healthy prostate is comprised of ...

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP).

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly occurs among elderly males. The condition causes symptoms in the lower urinary tract, thereby reducing the quality of life. BPH includes 2 major treatments: medication and surgery. Surgical treatment is often the most effective and final intervention. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), one of the most efficient surgical procedures for BPH, is conducted transurethrally. During surgery, the most important and most difficult part is to locate the surgical capsule of the prostate, which is consistent to the idea of anatomic surgery. Different skills may be needed in treating different parts of the prostate. HoLEP tends to be efficient and safe with good hemostatic properties, and able to treat bladder calculus, which may be the complications of BPH. The technique is particularly suitable for prostate of varying volumes and sizes. Indeed, HoLEP also presents certain disadvantages, such as a long learning curve and costly equipment. Regardless, this method may be the "new standard" and the excellent method for the surgical treatment of BPH.

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate HoLEP.

Here we present a safe and efficient protocol, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly occurs among elderly males. The condition causes symptoms in the lower urinary tract, thereby reducing the ...

Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

The occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem with a high incidence in the aging male population. Although it is not a life-threatening disease, BPH causes problems that seriously impact the quality of life. Here, we introduce a new technique called photoselective vaporesection of the prostate (PVRP) in treating BPH, which can be seen as a variation of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP). This procedure presents several advantages compared to the PVP technique including less laser energy loss, less intraoperative complications as well as more tissue resection rate.

Here we present a protocol to perform Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate (PVRP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment.

The occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem with a high incidence in the aging ...

Endoscopy Guided Photoablation of Endometrial Cysts using a 980 nm Laser with a Contact Fiber in Mares

In mares, endometrial cysts are associated with endometriosis and can cause maternal recognition failure or compromise and delay pregnancy diagnoses. Historical treatments were invasive and had adverse effects on the endometrium. Hysteroscopically guided laser therapy is easy and effective for endometrial cysts resection, with no deleterious effects for the endometrium.
A 110 cm long and 1.0 cm wide endoscope is sterilely introduced in the uterus through the open cervix of an estrous mare after vulvar cleaning. The uterus is slowly infused with less than 1 L of physiologic solution and the laser fiber is inserted in the biopsy canal of the endoscope. Cysts are then cauterized with the 980 nm diode laser with a contact fiber set at 20&#8210;2 5W in continuous mode. Each cyst is punctured&#160;until complete voiding of the cyst and shrinking of the cyst wall around the fiber. Uterine lavages with sterile saline solution are performed directly after the surgery and for one or two days as non-inflammatory fluid can be observed.
This procedure is easy and quickly performed, with no obvious deleterious effects. Cysts resection makes ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis easier and, in some cases, could restore proper embryo migration in the uterine horns between day 6.5 and 17. However, this treatment does not improve the underlying histological lesions related to endometriosis. These considerations should be clearly expressed to the breeder before this procedure.

The aim of this report is to describe the photoablation of endometrial cysts in the mare using an endoscopic laser device, and to discuss the interest and limitations of this new approach to deal with low fertility issues.

In mares, endometrial cysts are associated with endometriosis and can cause maternal recognition failure or compromise and delay pregnancy diagnoses. ...

Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer: An Office Procedure

In this article, we describe and illustrate an outpatient procedure for focal laser ablation (FLA) of prostate cancer (PCa). The procedure is conceptually similar to a fusion biopsy and is performed under local anesthesia in a clinic setting; treatment time is usually less than one hour. Laser insertion is guided by ultrasound; lesion targeting is via magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound (MRI/US) fusion, as in targeted prostate biopsy. Real-time ablation monitoring is achieved utilizing a thermal probe adjacent to the laser fiber. The video demonstrates procedure planning, patient preparation, various steps during the procedure, and treatment monitoring. Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of this approach have been established during a previous trial. Outpatient FLA under local anesthesia is an option for management of intermediate risk prostate cancer.

This article presents and describes an outpatient treatment for prostate cancer using focal laser ablation. Laser catheter placement is guided by MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging in a fashion similar to prostate needle biopsy. Treatment is monitored in real-time with a thermal probe, placed adjacent to the laser fiber.

In this article, we describe and illustrate an outpatient procedure for focal laser ablation (FLA) of prostate cancer (PCa). The procedure is conceptually ...