Name: artificial thermal ageing of polyester reinforced and polyvinyl chloride coated technical fabric
Uploaded: 2020-01-29T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric at JoVE.com

The publication of this work was supported by the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Gdansk University of Technology.

1. Accelerated thermal ageing experiments on technical fabric
<ol>
	<li>Overall preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a testing machine with proper software (in order to provide constant strain rate tests) and a video extensometer.</li>
		<li>Prepare a thermal chamber providing constant temperature of 80 &#176;C (&#177; 1 &#176;C) and 90 &#176;C (&#177;1 &#176;C) for at least 12 weeks.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Specimen preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Unroll the technical fabric AF9032 bale. Draw the desired shapes (300 mm x 50 mm) wi...

<ol>
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This article incudes a detailed experimental protocol to simulate the laboratory accelerated experiments on polyester reinforced and PVC coated fabrics for civil engineering applications. The protocol describes the case of artificial thermal ageing only by the means of raising the ambient temperature. This is an obvious simplification of real weather conditions, as UV radiation and water influence play an additional role in material service ageing.
Generally, the conditions of accelerated agei...

Polyester based architectural fabrics are commonly used for construction of hanging roofs1. Being relatively cheap with good mechanical properties, they can be employed in long-term exploitation (e.g., the hanging roof of the Forest Opera in Sopot - Poland). Unfortunately, weather conditions, ultraviolet radiation, biological reasons, and operational purposes (season pre-stressing and loosening2) can affect their mechanical properties. Hanging roofs made of AF9032 are typically seasonal structures subjected to high temperature (especially during sunny days in the summer), regular pre-tensioning and loosening. In order to properly design a hanging roof, fabric parameters must be determined not only at the beginning of exploitation, but also after several years of use.
Ageing analysis measures the ageing indicator and compares the initial and final values of the parameters to assess the impact of ageing. Cash et al.3 proposed one of the simplest methods by comparative analysis of 12 different types of roofing membranes. These membranes were exposed to outdoor weathering for 2 or 4 years. The authors used a rating system of several properties to assess fabric durability. In order to provide an analysis of polymer thermal ageing, the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) can be applied4. This principle states that the behavior of a material at low temperature and under low strain level resembles its behavior at high temperature and high strain level. The simple multiplicative factor can be used to relate the current temperature properties with the properties at the reference temperature. Graphically, it corresponds to the curve shift on the log time scale. Regarding the temperature, two methods are proposed to combine the shift factor and the ageing temperature: the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equations, and the Arrhenius law. Both methods are included in the Swedish standard ISO 113465 to estimate the lifetime and maximum operational temperature for rubber, or vulcanized and thermoplastic, materials. Recently, thermal ageing and Arrhenius methodology have been used in the cable lifetime prediction6,7, heating pipes8, and polymer glue PMMA4. An extension of the Arrhenius law is the Eyring law that takes into account other ageing factors (e.g., voltage, pressure, etc.)9. Alternatively, other studies propose and verify simple linear models for a description of ageing (e.g., biosensor ageing10). Although the Arrhenius method is commonly used, there is discussion on its relevance in the lifetime prediction of every material. Hence, the method must be used with care, especially in terms of initial assumptions and experimental conditions6.
Similar to most polymers, the polyester fabrics used in the current research exhibit two distinct transition phases defined by the melting temperature (Tm) and the glass transition temperature (Tg). The melting temperature (Tm) is the temperature when a material changes from its solid state to the liquid one, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) is the boundary between the glass and rubber states11. According to manufacturer&#39;s data, the AF9032 fabric is made from polyester threads (Tg = 100&#8722;180 &#176;C12, Tm = 250&#8722;290 &#176;C13) and PVC coating (Tg = 80&#8722;87 &#176;C14,15, Tm = 160&#8722;260 &#176;C16). The ageing temperature T&#945; should be selected below Tg. During sunny days, the temperature on the top surface of a hanging roof may even reach 90 &#176;C; thus, two ageing temperatures (80 &#176;C and 90 &#176;C) are tested here. These temperatures are below the thread Tg and close to the coating Tg.
The performance of the accelerated ageing protocol on technical fabrics is presented in the current work. Artificial thermal ageing is used to predict changes of the material properties. The article illustrates appropriate laboratory testing routines and a way to extrapolate relatively short-term experimental results.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AF 9032 technical fabric</td>
			<td>Shelter-Rite Seaman Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>knife of scisors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>marker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>pernament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ruler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sigma Plot</td>
			<td>Systat Software Inc.</td>
			<td>v. 12.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Testing machine Z020</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>BT1-FR020TN.A50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TestXpert II program</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>v. 3.50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal chamber</td>
			<td>Eurotherm Controls</td>
			<td>2408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tubular spanner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>13 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video extensometer</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>BTC-EXVIDEO.PAC.3.2.EN</td>
			<td>Instead of video extensometer, a mechanical one can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VideoXtens</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>5.28.0.0 SP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

artificial thermal ageing of polyester reinforced and polyvinyl chloride coated technical fabric

Architectural fabric AF9032 has been subjected to artificial thermal ageing to determine changes of the material parameters of the fabric. The proposed method is based on the accelerated ageing approach proposed by Arrhenius. 300 mm x 50 mm samples were cut in the warp and fill directions and placed in a thermal chamber at 80 &#176;C for up to 12 weeks or at 90 &#176;C for up to 6 weeks. Then after one week of conditioning at ambient temperature, the samples were uniaxially tensioned at a constant strain rate. Experimentally, the parameters were determined for the non-linear elastic (linear piecewise) and viscoplastic (Bodner&#8211;Partom) models. Changes in these parameters were studied with respect to the ageing temperature and ageing period. In both cases, the linear approximation function was successfully applied using the simplified methodology of Arrhenius. A correlation was obtained for the fill direction between experimental results and the results from the Arrhenius approach. For the warp direction, the extrapolation results exhibited some differences. Increasing and decreasing tendencies have been observed at both temperatures. The Arrhenius law was confirmed by the experimental results only for the fill direction. The proposed method makes it possible to predict real fabric behavior during long term exploitation, which is a critical issue in the design process.

Figure 2 juxtaposes the stress-strain curves for the warp and fill directions of AF9032 fabric obtained at different ageing times, in the 80 &#176;C temperature level for a strain rate of 0.001 s-1. The difference between the 1 h ageing period (reference test) and the rest of the ageing periods is clear. The ageing time does not seem to substantially affect the material response in the warp direction, as the stress&#8211;strain curves are highly repetitive, showing no important di...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric at JoVE.com

Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric

Here, we simulate accelerated thermal ageing of technical fabric and see how this ageing process influences the mechanical properties of the fabric.

Architectural fabric AF9032 has been subjected to artificial thermal ageing to determine changes of the material parameters of the fabric. The proposed ...

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