Name: immunostaining of whole-mount drosophila testes for 3d confocal analysis of large spermatocytes
Uploaded: 2020-08-27T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunostaining of Whole-Mount Drosophila Testes for 3D Confocal Analysis of Large Spermatocytes at JoVE.com

We thank P. Verrijzer, J. Johansen H., Okhura for antibodies and A. Debec, the Bloomington and Vienna stock centers for flies. Thanks to C. Jackson for suggestions and stimulating discussions.

1. Drosophila testes collection
NOTE: Young males (0-15 h post-eclosion) are necessary for examining diploid germ cells (i.e., spermatogonia and spermatocytes).
<ol>
	<li>Select young flies as much as possible to minimize interference from developing spermatids.</li>
	<li>Anesthetize flies by brief exposure to carbon dioxide and transfer to a fly pad14,15.</li>
	<li>Under a dissecting microscope (10x magnification), use forceps to re...

<ol>
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(51), e2641 (2011).</li><li>Gigliotti, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nup154,+a+new+Drosophila+gene+essential+for+male+and+female+gametogenesis+is+related+to+the+nup155+vertebrate+nucleoporin+gene.">Nup154, a new Drosophila gene essential for male and female gametogenesis is related to the nup155 vertebrate nucleoporin gene.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 142 (5), 1195-1207 (1998).</li><li>Chen, H., Chen, X., Zheng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nuclear+lamina+regulates+germline+stem+cell+niche+organization+via+modulation+of+EGFR+signaling.">The nuclear lamina regulates germline stem cell niche organization via modulation of EGFR signaling.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 13 (1), 73-86 (2013).</li><li>Fawcett, D. W., Chemes, H. 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G., Cenci, G., Gatti, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Immunostaining of Drosophila testes. 2011 (10), 1273-1275 (2011).</li><li>Bonaccorsi, S., Giansanti, M. G., Cenci, G., Gatti, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Paraformaldehyde fixation of Drosophila testes. 2012 (1), 102-104 (2012).</li><li>White-Cooper, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spermatogenesis:+analysis+of+meiosis+and+morphogenesis.">Spermatogenesis: analysis of meiosis and morphogenesis.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 247, 45-75 (2004).</li><li>Kibanov, M. V., Kotov, A. A., Olenina, L. 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This protocol provides a method for successful immunolabeling of whole-mount adult Drosophila testes. As reported in other procedures young males must be used (we even shortened the age to less than 20 hours after eclosion) to minimize the presence of developing sperm, which risks obstructing the spermatocytes. The dissection should be rapid and the antibody dilution must be adjusted to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio21,22,23...

Drosophila testes are a valuable model for the study of nuclear architecture. In mitotic spermatogonial cells, the nuclear volume is largely occupied by chromatin. These cells undergo four rounds of division, producing a cyst of 16 primary spermatocytes. Over the next several days, the spermatocytes pass through 6 developmental stages (S1-S6), greatly increasing in volume, approximatively 20-fold1,2. They also change their nuclear morphology. The outline of the nucleus, revealed by the lamin Dm0, becomes irregular and shows deep invaginations1,3. This is accompanied by extensive gene expression changes and modifications in chromatin organization1,4,5,6,7. The interphase chromosomes are well-defined in stage S4-S5, forming three distinct masses corresponding to the 2 major bivalent autosomes and the X-Y pair docked with the nucleolus.
Mad1 was originally isolated as a key component of the mitotic checkpoint (reviewed in8). In interphase, it is described as located primarily at the nuclear envelope but also in the nucleoplasm9,10,11. In Drosophila testis, we reported that Mad1 is prominent in the nucleoplasm, intimately associated with the two major autosomal chromatin masses and to a lesser extent with the XY chromatin. We defined this chromatin-associated structure as MINT (Mad1-containing IntraNuclear Territory)12. Four other proteins were associated with MINTs in spermatocytes: the nucleoporin Mtor/Tpr, the SUMO peptidase Ulp1, the mitotic checkpoint protein Mad2 and a subunit of a Polycomb-like complex Raf212.
To complete the description of MINTs, we needed to use antibodies and were confronted with the technical problems generally encountered with immunostaining in testis: a poor permeability resulting in a significant non-uniformity of staining in the depth of the testis, particularly in the large spermatocytes. Squashed preparations increased antibody access but led to compressed images, restricting the 3D analyses, and preventing measurement of quantitative fluorescence, including colocalization. The problem of antibody penetration could also be addressed by permeabilizing agents such as 0.3% Na deoxycholate13, but this procedure did not in our hands yield reproducible results. Because we performed many co-labeling experiments, we looked to improve the permeabilization protocol. The combination of 1% NP40 plus heptane resulted in more reproducibility, particularly in studying the large spermatocytes.
This protocol performs fixation and immunostaining of testes in suspension, improving the sample quality as well as enhancing reproducibility, and rendering it suitable for confocal microscopy. We used the protocol to better define the spatial relationships of certain nuclear envelope proteins with the nucleoplasmic structures of large spermatocytes. This method will permit better investigations of the changes that accompany spermatocyte development, for example the dynamic structural changes of the nucleus including chromatin, nucleoplasm and the nuclear pores.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Drosophila srains</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:505px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">ketelGFP y; ketelGFP/y+CyO</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td>Gift from A. Debec (Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Paris, France)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Mad1-GFP</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td>J Cell Sci. 2011 May 15;124(Pt 10):1664-71.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Mtor RNAi&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">VDRC</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">ID 110218</td>
			<td>Vienna Drosophila RNAi Center</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Materials</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Thermo</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>Stock solution must be prepared in H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Dumont # 5 Fine Forseps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MBP Wide Bore Pipette Tips</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>11917744</td>
			<td>Wide aperture tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo Scientific&#160;0.2 mL Individual Tube</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Thermo</td>
			<td>AB-0620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2 ml micro centrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>T3531-200EA&#160;</td>
			<td>Siliconized 2ml tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Citifluor AF1</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Citifluor</td>
			<td>AF1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dakopen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Z377821-1EA&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Goat Serum (NGS)</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>NS02L-1ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde 4%</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">P6148-500G&#160;</td>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (4%) dissolved in PBS 1X&#160;; aliquot by 600 ml&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS 1X</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Thermo</td>
			<td>14190094</td>
			<td>DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.1% (0.2 or 0.3%) PBS-T&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PBS 1X&#160; containing 0.1% (0.2 % or 0.3%) Triton X-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100, for molecular biology,&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GFP booster</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Chromotek</td>
			<td>gba488</td>
			<td>1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Mtor</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:505px;">1/40 gift from J. Johansen, Iowa State University</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rat anti-Nup62</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:505px;">1/200 gift from H. Ohkura (University of Edinburgh, UK</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Guinea-pig anti-Ulp1</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td>1/200 gift from C. P. Verrijzer, Erasmus University, Rotterdam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Rabbit anti-Raf2</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td>1/200 gift from C. P. Verrijzer, Erasmus University, Rotterdam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DyLight conjugated series&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Thermo</td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td>1/500 Donkey anti-(guinea-pig, mouse,&#160; rabbit or rat) as second antibodies</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immunostaining of whole-mount drosophila testes for 3d confocal analysis of large spermatocytes

Drosophila testes are a powerful model system for studying biological processes including stem cell biology, nuclear architecture, meiosis and sperm development. However, immunolabeling of the whole Drosophila testis is often associated with significant non-uniformity of staining due to antibody penetration. Squashed preparations only partially overcome the problem since it decreases the 3D quality of the analyses. Herein, we describe a whole-mount protocol using NP40 and heptane during fixation together with immunolabeling in liquid media. It preserves the volume suitable for confocal microscopy together with reproducible and reliable labeling. We show different examples of 3D reconstitution of spermatocyte nuclei from confocal sections. The intra- and inter-testes reproducibility allows 3D quantification and comparison of fluorescence between single cells from different genotypes. We used different components of the intranuclear MINT structure (Mad1-containing Intra Nuclear Territory) as well as two components associated with the nuclear pore complex to illustrate this protocol and its applications on the largest cells of the testis, the S4-S5 spermatocytes.

The main obstacle to obtaining adequate staining of Drosophila testes is the limited penetrability of antibodies, which has been partially resolved by using squashed preparations but at the cost of inducing a restriction of the 3D analyses (for example 3D representation or measure of colocalization). The procedure permits uniform labeling and preserves the volume of all the cells of the testis. Here we have focused the illustration of the method on the 3D representation of S4-S5 spermatocytes, as they are the largest cel...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunostaining of Whole-Mount Drosophila Testes for 3D Confocal Analysis of Large Spermatocytes at JoVE.com

Immunostaining of Whole-Mount Drosophila Testes for 3D Confocal Analysis of Large Spermatocytes

We present here an improved protocol for the whole-mount preparation and immunostaining of Drosophila testes, suitable for confocal microscopy and also allowing reproducible and reliable labeling. We illustrate this protocol by 3D representation and quantification of colocalization experiments on the large S4-S5 spermatocytes.

Immunostaining of Whole-Mount Drosophila Testes for 3D Confocal Analysis of Large Spermatocytes

Drosophila testes are a powerful model system for studying biological processes including stem cell biology, nuclear architecture, meiosis and sperm ...

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