Name: wheelcon: a wheel control-based gaming platform for studying human sensorimotor control
Uploaded: 2020-08-15T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about WheelCon: A Wheel Control-Based Gaming Platform for Studying Human Sensorimotor Control at JoVE.com

We thank Mr. Zhengyang Wang for reshaping the scripts, shooting and editing the video, and Mr. Ziyuan Ye for editing the video. This study got support from CIT Endowment &#38; National Science Foundation (to JCD),&#160;Boswell fellowship (to QL) and High-level University Fund (No. G02386301, G02386401), Guangdong Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund (No. 2019A1515111038).&#160;

The development and application of the protocol were approved by the California Institute of Technology Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the Southern University of Science and Technology IRB. The subject provided informed consent prior to any procedures being performed.
1. System preparation and setup
<ol>
	<li>The recommended basic hardware is a&#160;2 GHz dual-core processor and 4 GB of system memory.</li>
	<li>Build the gaming platform under the Unity platform, while using C# programi...

<ol>
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In this paper, we have presented a free, open-source gaming platform, WheelCon, for studying the effects of delay, quantization, disturbance, and layered feedback loops in human sensorimotor control. We have shown the hardware, the software, and the GUI. The settings of a single sensorimotor control loop with delay and quantization have been implemented, which allows us to measure the effects of delay, quantization, and disturbance in sensorimotor control. The experimental results are well in line with the prediction fro...

The human sensorimotor control system is extremely robust1, although the sensing is distributed, variable, sparse, quantized, noisy and delayed2,3,4; the computing in the central nervous system is slow5,6,7; and the muscle actuation fatigues and saturates8. Many computational theoretical models have been proposed to explain the complicated human sensorimotor control process4,9,10,11,12,13,14, which is a tradeoff process in human reach and response15,16. For example, feedback control theory predicts the optimal control policy12, Bayesian theory models sensorimotor learning17,18,19 and information theory sensorimotor foundation20,21. In contrast to the abundance of theoretical models, experimental platforms capable of manipulating important components of multiple feedback loops lack development. This is in part due to the fact that designing a platform to bridge and test these aspects of sensorimotor control requires a diverse range of expertise, extending from motor control theory, signal processing, and interaction, all the way to computer graphics and programming. Researchers often develop their own custom hardware/software systems to characterize human sensorimotor control performance, which can limit the ability to compare/contrast and integrate datasets across research groups. The development of an easy-to-use and validated system could broaden the quantitative characterization of sensorimotor control.
In this paper, we present the WheelCon platform, a novel, free and open-source platform to design video games for a virtual environment that noninvasively simulates a Fitts&#8217; Law reaching game and a mountain bike task with downing a steep, twisting and bumpy trail. The Fitts&#8217; law for reaching task quantifies the tradeoff between speed and accuracy in which the time required for reaching a target of width at distance scales as22,23. The &#39;mountain-bike task&#39; is a combination of a pursuit and compensatory tracking task, which are two classic components of research on human sensorimotor performance, especially in terms of studying feedback loops.
WheelCon contains the highly demanded basic components presented in each theory: delay, quantization, noise, disturbance, and multiple feedback loops. It is a potential tool for studying the following diverse questions in human sensorimotor control:
&#8226; How the human sensorimotor system deals with the delay and quantization in neural signaling, which is fundamentally constrained by the limited resources (such as the space and metabolic costs) in the brain24,25; &#8226; How neural correlation in the human cortex with sensorimotor control26; &#8226; How humans handle the unpredictable, external disturbances in sensorimotor control27; &#8226; How the hierarchical control loops layered and integrated within human sensorimotor system16,28,29; &#8226; The consequence of the delay and quantization in human visual feedback30 and reflex feedback31 in sensorimotor control; &#8226; The optimal policy and strategy for sensorimotor learning under delay and quantization16,17,24,29.
WheelCon integrates with a steering wheel and can simulate game conditions that manipulate the variables in these questions, such as signaling delay, quantization, noise, and disturbance, while recording the dynamic control policy and system errors. It also allows researchers to study the layered architecture in sensorimotor control. In the example of riding a mountain bike, two control layers are involved in this task: the high-layer plan and the low-layer reflex. For visible disturbances (i.e., the trail), we plan before the disturbance arrives. For disturbances unknown in advance (i.e., small bumps), the control relies on delayed reflexes. Feedback control theory proposes that effective layered architectures can integrate the higher layers&#39; goals, plans, decisions with the lower layers&#39; sensing, reflex, and action24. WheelCon provides experimental tools to induce distinctive disturbances in the plan and reflex layers separately for testing such a layered architecture (Figure 1).
We provide a cheap, easy to use and flexible to program platform, WheelCon that bridges the gap between theoretical and experimental studies on neuroscience. To be specific, it can be used for examining the effects of delay, quantization, disturbance, potentially speed-accuracy tradeoffs. The variables that can be manipulated in control loops are shown in Table 1. It can also be applied for studying decision making and multiplexing ability across different control layers in human sensorimotor control. Moreover, WheelCon is compatible with noninvasive neural recordings, such as electroencephalography (EEG), to measure the neural response during sensorimotor control32,33,34,35, and the non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), to manipulate the neural activity36,37.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Gaming Wheel</td>
			<td>Logitech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Windows 10 OS</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

wheelcon: a wheel control-based gaming platform for studying human sensorimotor control

Feedback control theory has been extensively implemented to theoretically model human sensorimotor control. However, experimental platforms capable of manipulating important components of multiple feedback loops lack development. This paper describes WheelCon, an open-source platform aimed at resolving such insufficiencies. Using only a computer, a standard display, and inexpensive gaming steering wheel equipped with a force feedback motor, WheelCon safely simulates the canonical sensorimotor task of riding a mountain bike down a steep, twisting, bumpy trail. The platform provides flexibility, as will be demonstrated in the demos provided, so that researchers may manipulate the disturbances, delay, and quantization (data rate) in the layered feedback loops, including a high-level advanced plan layer and a low-level delayed reflex layer. In this paper, we illustrate WheelCon&#39;s graphical user interface (GUI), the input and output of existing demos, and how to design new games. In addition, we present the basic feedback model and the experimental results from the demo games, which align well with the model&#39;s prediction. The WheelCon platform can be downloaded at https://github.com/Doyle-Lab/WheelCon. In short, the platform is featured to be cheap, simple to use, and flexible to program for effective sensorimotor neuroscience research and control engineering education.

Modelling Feedback Control
We show a simplified feedback control model shown in Figure 1. The system dynamics is given by:
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/61092/61092equ01.jpg" />
where x(t) is the error at time t, r(t) is the trail disturbance w(t), is the bump disturbance, and u(...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about WheelCon: A Wheel Control-Based Gaming Platform for Studying Human Sensorimotor Control at JoVE.com

WheelCon: A Wheel Control-Based Gaming Platform for Studying Human Sensorimotor Control

WheelCon is a novel, free and open-source platform to design video games that noninvasively simulates mountain biking down a steep, twisting, bumpy trail. It contains components presenting in human sensorimotor control (delay, quantization, noise, disturbance, and multiple feedback loops) and allows researchers to study the layered architecture in sensorimotor control.

Feedback control theory has been extensively implemented to theoretically model human sensorimotor control. However, experimental platforms capable of ...

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Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple genetic organism amenable to  large-scale forward and reverse genetic screens and chemical genetic screens. The C.  ...

A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic ...

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic ...

An In Vitro Model for Studying Tau Aggregation Using Lentiviral-mediated Transduction of Human Neurons

Aberrant aggregation of the protein tau is pathogenically involved in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD). ...

&#181;Tongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo

Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ÂµTongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo

Intravital fluorescence microscopy is a tool used widely to study multicellular dynamics in a live animal. However, it has not been successfully used in ...

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these ...

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

Climbing fiber inputs to Purkinje cells provide instructive signals critical for cerebellum-dependent associative learning. Studying these signals in ...