Name: measurement of 3-dimensional camp distributions in living cells using 4-dimensional (x, y, z, and &lambda;) hyperspectral fret imaging and analysis
Uploaded: 2020-10-27T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of 3-Dimensional cAMP Distributions in Living Cells using 4-Dimensional x, y, z, and Î» Hyperspectral FRET Imaging and Analysis at JoVE.com

저자는 H188 cAMP FRET 바이오 센서와 케니 트린 (사우스 앨라배마 대학)을 제공하는 데 도움이 우리의 사용자 정의 개발 프로그래밍 스크립트를 실행하는 데 걸린 시간을 줄이기 위해 우리에게 제공하는 박사 Kees Jalink (네덜란드 암 연구소 및 고급 현미경 검사법을위한 반 Leeuwenhoek 센터) 인정하고 싶습니다.
저자는 자금 출처를 인정하고 싶습니다: 미국 심장 협회 (16PRE2713004), 국립 과학 재단; (1725937) NIH, S100D020149, S10RR027535, R01HL058506, P01HL0666299).

이 프로토콜은 사우스 앨라배마 대학 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회가 승인 한 절차를 따릅니다.
1. 이미징을 위한 세포, 샘플 및 시약 준비
<ol><li>이전에설명된 바와 같이 쥐 폐 내피 세포(PMVEC)를 분리한다. 참고: 세포는 100mm 세포 배양 접시에 사우스 앨라배마 대학, 모바일, AL에서 세포 배양 코어에 의해 분리되고 배양되었습니다.</li>
	<li>25mm 원형 유리 ?...

<ol>
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FRET 바이오센서의 개발은 단일 세포에서 순환 뉴클레오티드 신호의 측정 및 시각화를 허용하고, 세포 외 신호 이벤트13,22,37,38을시각화하기위한 큰 약속이있다. 그러나 FRET 바이오 센서의 사용은 많은 형광 단백질 계 FRET 리포터의 낮은 신호-잡음 특성 및 FRET 기자의 약한 트랜스퍼션 또는 발현 효율을 ...

순환 아데노신 모노인산염(cAMP)은 세포 분열, 칼슘 유입, 유전자 전사 및 신호 변환을 포함한 주요 세포 및 생리적 과정에 관여하는 두 번째 메신저입니다. 증거의 성장 몸은 신호 특이성을 달성하는 세포를 통해 cAMP 구획의 존재를 제안1,2,3,4,5,6,7. 최근까지, cAMP 구획화는 다른 G-결합 수용체작용제에의해 유도된 뚜렷한 생리적 또는 세포 효과에 기초하여 유추되었다8,9,10,11. 최근에는 FRET 기반 형광 이미징 프로브가 세포12,13,14에서cAMP 신호를 직접 측정 및 관찰하기 위한 새로운접근법을제공하고 있다.
Förster 공명 에너지 전달(FRET)은 분자가15,16에근접할 때 비방사적 방식으로 기증자와 수용자 분자 간에 에너지 전달이 발생하는 물리적 현상이다. FRET 기반 형광 지표의 발달과 함께, 이러한 물리적 현상은 단백질-단백질 상호 작용17,단백질 공동 국소화18,Ca+2 신호19,유전자 발현20,세포 부문21 및 순환 뉴클레오티드 신호화를 연구하기 위해 생물학적 응용 분야에서 사용되었습니다. FRET 기반 cAMP 지표는 일반적으로 cAMP 결합 도메인, 기증자 불소 호및 수용자불소호레(22)로구성됩니다. 예를 들어, 이 방법론에 사용되는 H188 cAMP센서(12)22는 에팍으로부터 얻은 cAMP 결합 도메인으로 구성되며, 청록색(기증자)과 금성(수용자) 형광 사이에 끼어 있다. 기저 조건(언바운드)에서 청록색과 금성은 형광류 사이에 FRET가 발생하는 방향으로 있습니다. 바인딩 도메인에 대한 cAMP의 바인딩시, 청록색과 금성이 떨어져 이동하도록 형성 변화가 발생하여 FRET가 감소합니다.
FRET 기반 이미징 접근 방식은 셀 내에서 cAMP 신호를 조사하고 시각화하기 위한 유망한 도구를 제공합니다. 그러나, 현재 FRET 기반 현미경 이미징 기술은 종종 세포 전 세포 공간 선명도로 FRET를 측정하기에 충분한 신호 강도를 달성하는 데 부분적으로만 성공적입니다. 이는 많은 FRET 기자의 제한된 신호 강도, FRET 효율의 변화를 정확하게 정량화하는 데 필요한 높은 수준의 정밀도, 세포 자동불화(23)및24와같은 혼란스러운 요인의 존재를 포함한 여러 가지 요인에 기인한다. 결과는 종종 약한 SNR에 의해 괴롭히는 FRET 이미지, FRET에 있는 세포 극변경의 시각화를 아주 어렵게 만듭니다. 또한, 공간적으로 국소화된 cAMP 신호에 대한 조사는 거의 2개의 공간 차원에서만 거의 독점적으로 수행되었으며 축 cAMP 분포는거의 25로간주되지 않습니다. 이는 SNR이 cAMP 그라데이션을 세 가지 공간 차원으로 측정하고 시각화하는 기능을 방해했기 때문일 수 있습니다. 낮은 SNR을 가진 FRET 센서를 사용하는 한계를 극복하기 위하여는, 우리는 단하나세포25,26,27에서FRET를 측정하기 위하여 하이퍼 스펙트럼 화상 진찰 및 분석 접근법을 구현했습니다.
하이퍼스펙트럼 이미징 접근법은 NASA가 위성 이미지28,29에존재하는 지상파 물체를 차별화하기 위해 개발되었다. 이러한 기술은 이후 형광 현미경 필드(30)로번역되었으며, 스펙트럼 검출기를 제공하는 여러 상용 공초점 현미경 시스템이 있습니다. 기존의 (비 스펙트럼) 형광 이미징에서, 샘플은 밴드 패스 필터 또는 레이저 라인을 사용하여 흥분하고, 방출은 종종 형광의 피크 방출 파장에 맞게 선택된 제2 밴드 패스 필터를 사용하여 수집된다. 대조적으로, hyperspectral 화상 진찰 접근은 특정 파장 간격에 형광 방출26,31,32 또는 여기33,34의 완전한 스펙트럼 단면도를 샘플링하는 것을 추구합니다. 우리의 이전 연구에서, 우리는 Hyperspectral 화상 진찰 및 분석 접근이 전통적인 필터 기지를 둔 FRET 화상 진찰 기술(26)에비교될 때 세포에 있는 FRET 신호의 향상한 정량화를 제공할 수 있다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 여기서는 4차원(x, y, z 및 λ) 하이퍼스펙트럼 FRET 이미징 및 분석을 수행하여 3개의 공간 차원에서 cAMP 분포를 측정하고 시각화하는 방법론을 제시합니다. 이러한 접근법은 단일세포(25)에서작용제 유도 된 cAMP 공간 그라데이션의 시각화를 허용하였다. 흥미롭게도, 고뇌에 따라, cAMP 그라데이션은 세포에서 명백할 수 있습니다. 여기에 제시된 방법론은 FRET 측정의 정확도를 향상시키기 위해 비 균일한 배경 및 세포 자동 형광의 스펙트럼 미혼을 사용합니다. 이 방법론은 cAMP FRET 바이오 센서를 사용하여 폐 미세 혈관 내피 세포 (PMVEC)에서 입증되지만, 방법론은 대체 FRET 기자 또는 대체 세포주와 함께 사용하기 위해 쉽게 수정 될 수 있습니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Attofluor Cell Chamber</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A7816</td>
			<td>Attofluor contains steel cell chambers and a rubber O-ring. Cell chamber holds the coverslip and O-ring provides a lock in mechanism to hold the buffer in cell chamber with out leakage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP231-100</td>
			<td>Solvent used to prepare stock solution forskolin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DRAQ5 Fluoroscent Probe Solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62252</td>
			<td>Nuclear label</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>Contains nutrients and growth factors for the cells to grow and divide in the culture dishes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F6178</td>
			<td>Growth factor suppliment that is added to culture medium, DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forskolin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F3917</td>
			<td>Adenyly cyclase activator.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H188 Cyclic AMP FRET biosensor</td>
			<td>Netherland Cancer Institute, Dr. K. Jalink</td>
			<td>Gift</td>
			<td>Plasmid encoding Turquoise (donor fluorophore), Venus (acceptor fluorophore), and binding domain obtained from Epac.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>image.net</td>
			<td>Free download</td>
			<td>Another image processing platform used to extact spectral information and image processing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Integrating Sphere</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics</td>
			<td>FOIS-1</td>
			<td>Used to measure illumination intensity of the laser line at different laser intensities (?).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin Mouse Protein, Natural</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>23017-015</td>
			<td>Coverslips are coated with laminin and this helps in cell attachment, growth and motility of the cell.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>L3000-015</td>
			<td>Transfection reagent used to transfect cells with H188 FRET biosensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>R2019a</td>
			<td>Image processing operations (linear unmixing and FRET efficiency calculations) are performed by writing custom programs in MATLAB programming environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon A1R confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td>Nikon A1R</td>
			<td>Spectral image acquisition is performed using confocal microscope.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Elements Software</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td>Software dongle</td>
			<td>used to export and handle nd2 image files (multidimensional image files) that are aquired using Nikon A1R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIST-Traceable Calibration Lamp</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics</td>
			<td>LS-1-CAL-INT</td>
			<td>A lamp with a known spectrum for use as a standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS pH 7.4 (1X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td>coomonly used buffer suring cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells (PMVECs)</td>
			<td>In house - Cell culture core, Univeristy of South Alabama</td>
			<td>Isolated from Rat pulmonary microvasculature</td>
			<td>PMVECs form inner lining of a blood vessel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/ml)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>antibiotics are added to culture medum to prevent contamination of the cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pre-Cleaned Gold Seal Micro Slides</td>
			<td>Clay Adams</td>
			<td>3010</td>
			<td>Microscope slides used for cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Diamond Antifade Mounting Media</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36961</td>
			<td>If samples are fixed using antifade mountant, then the later protects fluoroscent dyes and chromophores from fading.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics</td>
			<td>QE65000</td>
			<td>Used to measure spectral response of the light source (?)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>Digests the protein-protein bond between the cell and cell matrix and helps to disscociate and lift the cells during cell plating.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tyrodes Buffer</td>
			<td>Made in-house</td>
			<td>Made in-house</td>
			<td>Tyrodes buffer is used to make working solutions and to maintain cells in aqueous solution during image acquisition.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 Well Cell Culture Plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3506</td>
			<td>Laminin coated coverslips are placed in 6-well culture dish (one coverlisps/well). Cells along with medium is added into each well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mm Round Microscope Cover Slips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12545102</td>
			<td>Cells were grown on round glass coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60X Ojective</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td>Plan Apo VC 60X/1.2 WI &#8734;/0.15-0.18 WD 0.27</td>
			<td>water immersion and commonly used objective for cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of 3-dimensional camp distributions in living cells using 4-dimensional (x, y, z, and &lambda;) hyperspectral fret imaging and analysis

순환 AMP는 세포 및 생리 활동의 넓은 범위에 관여하는 두 번째 메신저입니다. 몇몇 연구 결과는 cAMP 신호가 구획화되고, 그 구획화가 cAMP 신호 통로 내의 신호 특이성에 기여한다는 것을 건의합니다. F렌스터 공명 에너지 전달(FRET) 기반 바이오 센서의 개발은 세포내 cAMP 신호를 측정하고 시각화하는 능력을 발전시켰습니다. 그러나 이러한 측정은 종종 두 개의 공간 차원으로 제한되어 데이터를 잘못 해석할 수 있습니다. 현재까지, 본질적으로 낮은 신호 대 잡음 비(SNR)를 나타내는 FRET 센서를 사용하는 기술적 한계로 인해 3개의 공간 차원(x, y 및 z)으로 cAMP 신호의 측정이 매우 제한적이었습니다. 또한, 전통적인 필터 기반 이미징 접근법은 스펙트럼 크로스토크, 제한된 신호 강도 및 자동 형광을 포함한 다양한 요인으로 인해 국소화 된 세포 이형 지역에서 cAMP 신호를 정확하게 측정하는 데 효과가 없습니다. 이러한 한계를 극복하고 FRET 기반 바이오 센서를 여러 형광과 함께 사용할 수 있도록 FRET 기반 의 바이오 센서를 여러 형광과 함께 사용할 수 있도록 FRET 효율을 계산하기 위한 스펙트럼 특이성 및 추가 형광 라벨에서 접건 성 자동 형광 및/또는 신호를 반사적으로 분리하는 기능을 제공하는 하이퍼 스펙트럼 FRET 이미징 및 분석 접근 방식을 개발했습니다. 여기서는 하이퍼스펙트럼 FRET 이미징을 구현하기 위한 방법론과 스펙트럼 미혼을 수행하기 위해 샘플링되거나 과샘플링되지 않은 적절한 스펙트럼 라이브러리를 구성할 필요성을 제시합니다. 우리는 폐 미세 혈관 내피 세포 (PMVEC)에서 3 차원 cAMP 분포의 측정을위한이 방법론을 제시하는 동안,이 방법론은 세포 유형의 범위에서 cAMP의 공간 분포를 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

이 프로토콜은 살아있는 세포에 있는 3개의 공간 차원에서 cAMP 그라데이션을 측정하기 위하여 hyperspectral FRET 화상 진찰 및 분석 접근의 사용을 기술합니다. 이러한 결과를 생성하는 데 관련된 몇 가지 주요 단계가 있으며, 데이터를 분석하고 정량화하는 동안 주의 깊게 주의를 기울여야 합니다. 이러한 주요 단계에는 적절한 스펙트럼 라이브러리 구성, 백그라운드 스펙트럼 해제, 셀 테두리 식별을...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of 3-Dimensional cAMP Distributions in Living Cells using 4-Dimensional x, y, z, and Î» Hyperspectral FRET Imaging and Analysis at JoVE.com

Measurement of 3-Dimensional cAMP Distributions in Living Cells using 4-Dimensional x, y, z, and &lambda; Hyperspectral FRET Imaging and Analysis

Fónster 공명 에너지 전송 (FRET) 기반 센서의 내재 된 낮은 신호 대 잡음 비율 (SNR)으로 인해, 특히 세 공간 차원에서 cAMP 신호의 측정이 도전하고있다. 여기서는 3개의 공간 차원에서 cAMP 분포를 측정할 수 있는 하이퍼스펙트럼 FRET 이미징 및 분석 방법론을 설명합니다.

4차원(x, y, z 및 λ) 하이퍼스펙트럼 FRET 이미징 및 분석을 사용하여 살아있는 세포에서 3차원 cAMP 분포 측정

Cyclic AMP is a second messenger that is involved in a wide range of cellular and physiological activities. Several studies suggest that cAMP signals are ...

This protocol is significant as it provides a method for measuring and visualizing FRET or cyclic AMP signals in three spatial dimensions in individual cells. Cyclic AMP distributions may occur axially in addition to laterally and it is important to acquire FRET cyclic AMP image data in three dimensions to sample these distributions. On the day of imaging, warm Tyrodes buffer to 37 degrees Celsius in a water bath and mount a cover slip seated with the transfected cells of interest into a cell chamber.Secure the top of the chamber with a mounting gasket to prevent leaking and use a delicate task wiper to remove any excess medium or adherent cells from the bottom of the cover slip. Add 800 microliters of working buffer and four microliters of five millimolar nuclear label to the cell chamber and gently rock the chamber for five to 10 seconds. Then cover the cell chamber with aluminum foil for a 10 minute incubation at room temperature.To image the cells, select the 60X water immersion objective on a confocal microscope equipped with a spectral detector and add a drop of water to the objective. Place the loaded cell chamber onto the microscope stage and tune the filter knob to select the appropriate filter set. Select the fluorescence widefield mode and use the eyepieces to select a field of view containing cells expressing the FRET cyclic AMP sensor.Open the imaging software, select the confocal mode, and unlock the laser interlock button. Open the A1 settings menu. Check the boxes corresponding to the 405 and 561 nanometer laser lines and set these spectral detections to SD, the resolution to 10, and the channels to 32.Select the start and end wavelength values to set the wavelength range. Open the A1 Settings menu to select the binning skip icon. Select the number 15 box and click OK.Set the laser intensities to eight percent for the 405 nanometer laser and to two percent for the 561 nanometer laser.Set the detector gain to 149 and the pinhole radius to 2.4 Airy disk units. Set the scan speed to 25 spectral frames per second, and select the unidirectional scan direction. Set the count to four and the scan size to 1024 by 1024.To define the z-stack acquisition parameters, click View, Acquisition Control, and ND Acquisition, and enter the file destination and name in the pop window to save the ND file. Click the z-series box and click Live in the A1 Plus Settings window to open a live viewing window. Adjust the focus knob to focus on the cells while looking in the preview window.Adjust the focus knob on the microscope to select the top of the cell and click Top in the ND Acquisition window to set the current position as the top. Adjust the focus knob on the microscope to select the bottom of the cell and click Bottom to set the current position as the bottom. Enter one micrometer for the step size.Select Top Bottom for the z-scan direction and click run to acquire a z-stack. When the z-stack acquisition is complete, use a pipette to gently add the reagent of interest to the chamber without disturbing the cells. After 10 minutes, change the file name and acquire a second z-stack image.After imaging, create new folders with the same file names as the spectral z-stack images and open the spectral image file of interest. Click File, Import/Export, and Export ND Document. In the pop-up window, select the newly created folder, TIFF for the file type, Mono image for each channel, and keep bit depth.Click export to export the individual files to the folder and open the linear spectral unmixing software. Open the Linear Unmixing. m file and click Run.Browse and select the folder containing the exported TIFF file sequence and click OK to open the wavelength and z-slice window. Copy the file name of the first file without the z-slice and channel number from the folder and paste it into the first step of the Enter of the imagename box, enter the number of channels in the Enter the number of wavelength bands box, and the number of z-slices in the Enter the number of Z Slices box and click OK.Then in the pop-up window, browse and select the Wavelength. mat file and click Open.Browse and select the Library. mat file in the new pop-up window and click Open again to initiate the slice unmixing. To calculate the FRET efficiency, open the multiFRRCF.m programming script and enter the number of experimental trials to analyze in the How many folders to reslice box. Click OK.Browse to select the unmixed folders and click OK again. In the new pop-up window, set the scaling factor to 12.4, the threshold to 56, the X, Y, and Z frequency to five, five, and one respectively, and the smoothing algorithm to Gaussian.Then click Run to perform the FRET measurements and reslicing. To map the FRET efficiency to cyclic AMP levels, open the Mapping_FRET.Efficiency_to_cAMP_concentration. m file and click Run.Navigate to and select the first grayscale FRET image and click OK.Then open the FRET cyclic AMP images to inspect the distribution of the cyclic AMP signals in three dimensions. In these images, three-dimensional views of false colored raw hyperspectral image data acquired using confocal microscopy at baseline and 10 minutes after forskolin treatment can be observed. In this analysis, an acceptor fluorophore was completely photo destructed allowing spectral signatures of the donor and acceptor with one-to-one stoichiometry to be obtained.Non-transfected cells labeled with a nuclear dye were utilized to obtain the pure spectrum of the dye fluorophore. Combining the spectra of the donor, acceptor, and nuclear dye fluorophores allows the creation of a three component library. Here, the sources of three background spectral signatures can be observed.Although these signals are distributed non-uniformly within the sample and cannot simply be subtracted out, adding the spectral signatures of these signals to the spectral library and using linear unmixing to separate the signals provides an approach for removing these confounding signals from the donor and acceptor signals prior to calculating their FRET efficiencies. The six component spectral library can then be used to perform linear spectral unmixing for each slice in the axial image. Here, the changes in FRET efficiency and cyclic AMP levels in different XY plane slices can be observed allowing a comparison between the baseline conditions and the conditions 10 minutes after forskolin treatment.This technique could also be used to quantify the FRET efficiency of other reporters in three dimensions in both cells and tissues.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Measurement of 3-Dimensional cAMP Distributions in Living Cells using 4-Dimensional (x, y, z, and &lambda;) Hyperspectral FRET Imaging and Analysis

Pulse-chase Analysis of N-linked Sugar Chains from Glycoproteins in Mammalian Cells

포유 동물 세포에 Glycoproteins의 N - 연결 설탕 체인 펄스 체이스 분석

Attachment of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 precursor oligosaccharide to nascent polypeptides in the ER is a common modification for secretory proteins. Although ...

연구

생물학

Immunocytochemical Analysis of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells using a Self-Made Cytospin Apparatus

자수 성 가한 Cytospin 장치를 사용하여 인간 Pluripotent 줄기 세포의 Immunocytochemical 분석

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that include human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are exciting cell ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

생활의 이미징 셀 모양 변경 Drosophila 태아

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

헤어 재생시 상피 - 중간 엽 시그널링의 빠른 유전 분석

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an ...

Simultaneous pH Measurement in Endocytic and Cytosolic Compartments in Living Cells using Confocal Microscopy

공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 살아있는 세포에서 세포 내 이입과 세포질 구획 동시 pH 측정

Intracellular pH is tightly regulated and differences in pH between the cytoplasm and organelles have been reported1. Regulation of cellular pH is crucial ...

Real-time Imaging of Single Engineered RNA Transcripts in Living Cells Using Ratiometric Bimolecular Beacons

비례 생체 분자 비콘을 사용하여 살아있는 세포의 단일 엔지니어링 RNA 성적 증명서의 실시간 영상

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

성인 마우스 두개골 골수에서 조혈 줄기 및 전구 세포의 생체 내 4 차원 추적에서

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy (FIONA)

Fluorescence Imaging with One-nanometer Accuracy FIONA

하나 나노 미터의 정확도와 형광 이미징 (피오나)

Fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (FIONA) is a simple but useful technique for localizing single fluorophores with nanometer precision in ...

Measurement of Calcium Fluctuations Within the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells Using FRET-based Confocal Imaging

배양 된 평활근 세포의 근질 그물 자리 내 칼슘 변동 FRET 측정을 기반으로 공 촛점 이미지

Maintenance of steady-state calcium (Ca2+) levels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is vital to their overall ...

FRET Imaging in Three-dimensional Hydrogels

3 차원 히드로 겔의 이미지를 FRET

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly ...