Research reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103451 and an internal research grant from the University of Liverpool.

1. Denaturing Ni-NTA chromatography
<ol>
	<li>Preparing buffers 
	NOTE: See Table 1 for details of all buffers.
	<ol>
		<li>Make up 500 mL of 0.5 M NaOH, making sure to add the Milli-Q water first and then adding the NaOH slowly whilst the beaker is on a stirrer. Filter using a 0.22 &#181;m filter.</li>
		<li>Prepare 100 mL of 0.1 M nickel sulphate and filter using a 0.22 &#181;m filter.</li>
		<li>Prepare 50 mL of 2 M imidazole and filter using a 0.22 &#181;m filter.</li>
		<li>Prepare and 0.22 &#181;m filter 1.5 L of denaturing buffer at pH 8.0 consisting of 5.3 mM Tris-HCl, 4.7 mM Tris-base (Tris (hydroxymethyl)methylamine), 13.7 mM NaH2PO4, 86.3 mM Na2HPO4 and 6 M guanidine hydrochloride.</li>
		<li>Prepare and 0.22 &#181;m filter 500 mL of lysis buffer solution of 10 mM imidazole dissolved in denaturing buffer (see 1.1.4) using the 2 M imidazole stock.</li>
		<li>Prepare and 0.22 &#181;m filter 500 mL of wash buffer solution of 10 mM imidazole dissolved in denaturing buffer (see 1.1.4) using the 2 M imidazole stock.</li>
		<li>Prepare and 0.22 &#181;m filter 500 mL of 100 mM EDTA buffer, adjust pH to 8 using 1 M NaOH.</li>
		<li>Prepare and 0.22 &#181;m filter 500 mL of elution buffer made up of 7 mL of 99% glacial acetic acid into 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. 
		NOTE: If using native buffers, adapt according to Table 1.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Lysing cells (denaturing method)
	<ol>
		<li>Add 2 mL of lysis buffer to every 1 g of harvested E. coli cell pellets that contain the over-expressed His-tagged protein. Vortex for several minutes until cells are re-suspended. Leave the samples on a rocker for 30 minutes at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge lysed pellets at 18,000 x g for 30 minutes. Keep 50 &#181;L aside in -20 &#176;C freezer to analyze later on an SDS-PAGE gel.</li>
		<li>Carefully pour off the supernatants making sure that the pellet is not disturbed. Lysates should be a clear, light yellow color. If lysates are cloudy, centrifuge sample again; consider sonication if available to degrade nucleic acid.</li>
		<li>Filter the supernatants through an empty column (without resin but with filter) and collect in an open collection tray. Then transfer into a tube for use in step 1.3. 
		NOTE: If using the native buffers, then after step 1.2.1, treat the samples to 3 cycles of freeze/thaw at -80 &#176;C or process by sonication or French Press to lyse cells.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing vacuum purification setup and equilibrating columns 
	NOTE: See Figure 1 for a set up MCPA with 24 columns.
	<ol>
		<li>Determine how many columns are needed as well as the desired resin type and volume. As a rule of thumb for 100 mL of autoinduction culture (~2 g pellet) expressing His-tagged SH3 domains using T7 based plasmids, use 0.6 mL of Ni-NTA resin per column to yield about 3 mg of protein from about 6 mL of lysate.</li>
		<li>Insert the desired number of 12 mL columns (without resin but with filter) into a pre-assembled MCPA (long-drip plate with punctured sealing mat). The columns should fit snugly in the holes of the sealing mat that have been punctured.</li>
		<li>If less than 24 columns are used, close empty holes with an empty closed column.</li>
		<li>Take an open collection plate and put this plate into the base of the vacuum manifold and close with the top of the manifold.</li>
		<li>Place the assembled MCPA with columns onto top of the vacuum manifold.</li>
		<li>Attach tubing from a vacuum pump system to the inlet/nozzle at the bottom of the vacuum manifold.</li>
		<li>Ensure that the Ni-NTA beads are in a 50% solution with 20% ethanol. Before doing anything with the beads gently shake/mix the bead/ethanol solution to resuspend evenly. Then, using a 5 mL pipette, pipette 1.2 mL of the 50% solution into the columns. Whilst pipetting make sure the beads remain fully mixed.</li>
		<li>After pipetting into all 24 columns, turn on the vacuum pump and run the 20% ethanol through the column and into the collection plate below.</li>
		<li>Turn off the pump once all the 20% ethanol has run through all the columns (Ni-NTA resin can tolerate brief drying if the vacuum is still applied after buffer has passed through the column). Dispose of what is in the open collection plate into a waste box. 
		CAUTION: All waste products from the Ni-NTA beads are hazardous, when handling the beads or disposing of the waste, wear gloves, goggles and other PPE. Furthermore, dispose of all Nickel Sulphate waste in a separate container for individual disposal later. 
		&#8203;NOTE: If resin is new or recently regenerated, the rest of these steps can be ignored, move to the next section.</li>
		<li>Add 3 resin volumes (1.8 mL) of 100 mM EDTA buffer using a 20 mL syringe or a repeater syringe device with a 50 mL syringe. Then switch on the vacuum pump to let the EDTA buffer wash through and switch off the pump once it has washed through. 
		&#8203;NOTE: This wash should remove the nickel blue color but if this is not the case then repeat this step until all columns have lost their blue color. Turn off the pump and pour the contents of the open collection plate into the waste box.</li>
		<li>Add 3 resin volumes (1.8 mL) of 0.5 M NaOH buffer into each column before turning on the pump and running this through each column. Empty collection plate.</li>
		<li>Add 4 resin volumes (2.4 mL) of 100 mM nickel sulphate into each column. Turn on the vacuum pump and run this through the column once again.</li>
		<li>Add 10 resin volumes (~6000 &#181;L) of Milli-Q water and running this through the columns. Turn the pump off and pour off the contents of the collection plate into the waste box.</li>
		<li>Wash the columns twice with 4 resin volumes (2.4 mL) of 10 mM imidazole in wash buffer (denaturing or native) each time to remove any excess nickel and equilibrate. Empty collection plate. 
		&#8203;NOTE: If any columns are running significantly slower, detach column and check air can be pushed through the MCPA using a large syringe. If this is unblocked, use a different column with a fresh filter.</li>
		<li>If multiple different samples/proteins are going to be purified on the MCPA then replace the open collection plate with a 48 x (5 mL/well) collection plate. However, when only running the same protein samples on every column, it is fine to carry on using an open collection plate.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Loading, washing and eluting
	<ol>
		<li>With vacuum off, load lysates into columns (the amount of lysate will vary, typically from 1 to 12 mL or more and may be required to load in several batches). Use a thin plastic stirrer to gently mix the beads and the lysate in the column to maximize binding.</li>
		<li>After gently mixing each column for a few minutes, switch on the vacuum pump and run the lysates through the columns. If multiple protein samples are being run, use a 48 well collection plate and make sure to swap out the collection plate for another 48 well plate after 4 mL has run through as the wells in these plates can only hold 4 mL of solution. Continue running lysate until all the lysates has been run through a column. Freeze collection plates that contain the flowthrough. 
		NOTE: Columns may become &#34;blocked&#34; causing the lysate to flow through the column much slower than it should. This is easily spotted as the neighboring columns will be flowing at a normal rate. If this does occur, it is recommended that the lysate/resin mixture be transferred to a column containing a fresh filter.</li>
		<li>Replace the collection plate with an empty open collection plate and then add 9 resin volumes (5.4 mL) of 10 mM imidazole wash buffer to each column and turn on the vacuum and run the wash through. Repeat this 4-5 times. To avoid overflow, periodically empty waste plate.
		<ol>
			<li>Then replace the collection plate with a clean appropriate plate (open plate for just one protein and 96 well if there are multiple proteins, ensuring that A1 is in the top left corner).</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Using a repeater syringe with a 12.5 mL syringe, pipette ~1 resin volume (0.75 mL) of denaturing elution buffer into each column.</li>
		<li>To avoid protein foaming, turn on the vacuum pump at the lowest setting. Gently lift the MCPA to check nothing is left to drip into the collection plate. 
		&#8203;NOTE: An alternative to eluting with the vacuum or gravity is pushing a 10 mL syringe plunger into the top of the column to gently push the elution buffer through the column. Do this for every column, being careful when removing the syringe plunger not to disturb the beads at the bottom of the column. Once the elution buffer has been pushed through, gently remove the syringe plunger from the last column it was used in and briefly turn on the vacuum pump to remove the last drops from the columns.
		<ol>
			<li>If a 96-well collection plate has been used, then check the collection plate to ensure that what is flowing from each column through the long drip plate is only flowing into one well and nothing is eluting into neighboring wells on the collection plate.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>For the next elution repeat the above 2 steps and collect in a fresh multi-well (different samples) or open collection plate (same samples).</li>
		<li>Optional step, take a 50 &#181;L aliquot of each elution for purity and concentration analysis.</li>
		<li>Add 2 mL of 20% ethanol to each column and run this through using the vacuum pump. Then add another 2 mL of 20% ethanol to the columns and use a fresh thin plastic stirrer to mix up the 20% ethanol and the beads before transferring to a 50 mL tube for storage at 4 &#176;C. Clean the columns and check that water flows freely through each column and then clean everything and put away for later use. 
		&#8203;NOTE: Some columns will eventually have their filters blocked and will run too slowly, these columns should be replaced, or filters cleaned. As such, it is recommended to periodically test filters by removing resin and filling the column with water to see if it flows through quickly. Filters can be cleaned by leaving a closed column filled with denaturing elution buffer and shaking overnight.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Ion Exchange - Single protein purification
<ol>
	<li>Preparing the buffers 
	NOTE: See Table 1 for details of all buffers
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a 2 L low salt buffer: 10 mM Tris pH 8.1 (5 mM Tris Acid, 5 mM Tris Base). Filter solution using a 0.22 &#181;m filter.</li>
		<li>Prepare a 0.5 L high salt buffer: 10 mM Tris pH 8.1, 4 M NaCl. Measure 116.9 g of NaCl and make up to 0.5 L with the 10 mM Tris pH 8.1 from above. Filter solution using a 0.22 &#181;m filter.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Making salt concentration series: 0-1 M NaCl. 
	NOTE: The range of salt concentrations can be adjusted for every protein.
	<ol>
		<li>Setup 24 x 50 mL labeled centrifuge tubes in a rack</li>
		<li>Using the buffers made above, prepare 24 x 14 mL NaCl dilutions ranging from 0-1000 &#181;M. Start by adding the required volumes of 4 M NaCl 10 mM Tris. This could be done by increments of 25 mM or 50 mM depending on protein.</li>
		<li>Then add the required volumes of 10 mM Tris to each tube. Invert each tube several times to mix.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing samples
	<ol>
		<li>Obtain the samples to be purified by Ion exchange. Optionally, take a 50 &#181;L aliquot for analysis later. 
		NOTE: Samples should always be kept cold; these may be lysates, or maybe post Ni-NTA. Samples from Ni-NTA in denaturing buffers require dialyzing or buffer exchange in 10 mM Tris buffer. Samples from Ni-NTA in native buffers could be diluted with 10 mM Tris buffer to reduce the salt concentration so that the protein can bind to IEX resin.</li>
		<li>Spin samples at 18,000 x g for 10 minutes.</li>
		<li>Carefully pour off the supernatant into a weigh boat. Avoid disturbing the pellet.</li>
		<li>Take up the supernatant carefully into a 20 mL syringe and attach a 0.22 &#181;m filter.</li>
		<li>Slowly eject the supernatant out through the filter into a fresh 50 mL tube.</li>
		<li>If dilution is required, dilute supernatant with 10 mM Tris buffer made above (In this experiment the supernatant was diluted 1 in 2). Store at 4 &#176;C in the meantime.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing the vacuum purification setup and equilibration setup 
	NOTE: In this protocol, only one column is used for IEX purification of one sample. For multiple purifications, see next section.
	<ol>
		<li>Determine the desired resin type and volume. As a rule of thumb for up to 20 mg of partially pure His-tagged SH3 domains, use 0.4 mL of Q-sepharose fast flow resin per column (see step 2.4.8).</li>
		<li>Insert 24 open empty columns (empty without filter at bottom) into a pre-assembled MCPA. The columns should fit snugly in the holes of the sealing mat that have been punctured.</li>
		<li>Place a 10 mL syringe plunger into every empty column except the first position, where the purification will start.</li>
		<li>Push the bottom of an open column (with filter) through a 5 mL syringe plunger rubber gasket (that has been pierced) to form a rubber ring at the end of the column. This rubber ring will ensure a good seal when this column is inserted into each empty column above. For now, insert this column into the first empty column on the MCPA.</li>
		<li>Take an open collection plate and put this plate into the base of the vacuum manifold and close with the top of the manifold.</li>
		<li>Place the assembled MCPA (with columns) onto top of the vacuum manifold.</li>
		<li>Attach tubing from a vacuum pump system to the inlet/nozzle at the bottom of the vacuum.</li>
		<li>Cut a blue pipette tip ~ 2 cm from the bottom and use to take up 800 &#181;L of Q-sepharose beads (or any other ion exchange resin), ensuring that the 50/50 bead-ethanol solution is mixed to avoid layering. Pipette 800 &#181;L into the one open column (with filter) in the first position and once the beads settle to the bottom of the columns switch on the vacuum enough to run through the 20% ethanol.</li>
		<li>Wash the column containing sepharose beads with 2 x 2 mL of 10 mM Tris. Turn the vacuum off just before the Tris buffer runs through to prevent the resin drying out. Run off can be discarded. 
		NOTE: If resin has been used previously, regenerate by washing in 5 resin volumes of 4 M NaCl and then 5 resin volumes of 10 mM Tris before step 2.4.9.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Loading, washing and eluting
	<ol>
		<li>Transfer all sample to be purified (see section 3) to the Q sepharose column in the first position, use a small plastic loop to stir sample and beads for around ~2 minutes before switching on the vacuum pump. 
		&#8203;NOTE: In cases of excess supernatant (&#62;12 mL), beware of overfilling the column. Let the sample run through then add more, mixing before letting run through again.</li>
		<li>Store/Freeze the flowthrough for analysis later.</li>
		<li>Place another open collection plate into the vacuum manifold and then wash each sepharose column with 2 x 2 mL of 10 mM Tris and store.</li>
		<li>Insert a 96 well collection plate, making sure A1 is in the top left corner.</li>
		<li>To collect the first elution fraction, remove the syringe plunger from the next column along, move the Q sepharose column into this position and put the syringe plunger in the previous position. Then pipette 1 mL of the first salt concentration into the Q sepharose column. Turn on the pump and collect the elution. Turn off the pump just as the liquid lines near the beads to avoids drying out the beads.</li>
		<li>To collect the next elution fraction, remove the syringe plunger from the next column along, move the Q sepharose column into this position and put the syringe plunger in the previous position.</li>
		<li>Add 1 mL of the next salt concentration to the column and repeat the process until all concentrations have been used and 24 elutions have been collected in 24 separate wells. Check no liquid has entered any neighboring wells.</li>
		<li>Wash the column with 2 mL of 4 M NaCl 10 mM Tris. Let this run through.</li>
		<li>Wash with 2 mL of 20% ethanol. Let ethanol run until it is just above the beads and seal column for storage.</li>
		<li>Store 96 well collection plate and analyze by UV spectroscopy and SDS PAGE.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Ion Exchange - Simultaneous purifications of 24 different proteins
NOTE: See steps 2.1-2.3 for details on making buffers, a series of salt concentrations and preparing samples
<ol>
	<li>Preparing the purification setup 
	NOTE: How the purification system is set up is very much dependent upon how many proteins being purified and how many salt conditions will be used. To purify 12 samples up to the maximum of 24 samples simultaneously, a collection plate for every salt concentration used to elute is required. For less than 12 samples, it is possible to move the chromatography columns a few positions within the same MCPA before changing collection plates. In this case, there is no need to place the columns in empty columns and they can be directly attached to the MCPA sealing mat. The protocol below is for 24 simultaneous ion exchange purifications.
	<ol>
		<li>Place the assembled MCPA directly attached to 24 empty columns with filters onto top of the vacuum manifold that contains an open collection plate and prepare and wash 24 ion exchange columns as in single purification method above. For this purification, it is convenient to use an Eppendorf repeater or syringe to rapidly pipette into columns.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Loading, washing and eluting
	<ol>
		<li>Place a 48-well collection plate into the base of the vacuum manifold before fitting the MCPA (with the washed purification columns attached). Ensure A1 is in the top left corner.</li>
		<li>Pipette each protein sample (up to 5 mL at a time) into their corresponding column. Stir each column using a thin plastic loop (one loop for every column to avoid contamination) for approximately 2 minutes. Then switch on the vacuum pump and let the supernatant flow through. 
		NOTE: In cases of excess supernatant, beware of overfilling the columns. Let the sample run through its column then add more, mixing before letting run through again.</li>
		<li>Store/Freeze the 48-well collection plate for later analysis as this contains the flowthrough for every protein.</li>
		<li>Place another 48-well collection plate into the vacuum manifold and then wash each sepharose column with 2 x 2 mL of 10 mM Tris.</li>
		<li>Insert the first 96-well collection plate into the manifold, ensuring that A1 is in the top left corner and then pipette 1 mL of the first salt concentration into each column and then turn on the vacuum pump to run this through the columns. Remove the collection plate, cover with parafilm and store in at 4 &#176;C for analysis.</li>
		<li>Repeat step for each successive salt concentration used to elute. Make sure that a new collection plate is used for every elution and that each collection plate is labelled and stored.</li>
		<li>Wash each column with 2 mL of 10 mM Tris, 4 M NaCl.</li>
		<li>Wash each column with 2 mL of 20% ethanol. Let ethanol run until it is just above the beads and seal columns for storage.</li>
		<li>Store 96 well collection plates and analyze by UV spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Zhang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+Automated+Mid-Scale+Parallel+Protein+Purification+System+for+Antibody+Purification+and+Affinity+Chromatography.">Development of an Automated Mid-Scale Parallel Protein Purification System for Antibody Purification and Affinity Chromatography.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. , 128 (2016).</li><li>Renaud, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biophysics+in+Drug+Discovery:+Impact,+Challenges+and+Opportunities.+Nature+Reviews.">Biophysics in Drug Discovery: Impact, Challenges and Opportunities. Nature Reviews.</a> Drug Discovery. 15 (10), (2016).</li><li>Kim, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+Protein+Purification+and+Quality+Assessment+for+Crystallization.">High-throughput Protein Purification and Quality Assessment for Crystallization.</a> Methods (San Diego, Calif). 55 (1), (2011).</li><li>Pan, W., Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+New+Metal+Affinity+NCTR+25+Tag+as+a+Better+Alternative+to+the+His-tag+for+the+Expression+of+Recombinant+Fused+Proteins.">A New Metal Affinity NCTR 25 Tag as a Better Alternative to the His-tag for the Expression of Recombinant Fused Proteins.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. , 164 (2019).</li><li>Locatelli-Hoops, S., Sheen, F. C., Zoubak, L., Gawrisch, K., Yeliseev, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+HaloTag+Technology+to+Expression+and+Purification+of+Cannabinoid+Receptor+CB2.">Application of HaloTag Technology to Expression and Purification of Cannabinoid Receptor CB2.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. 89 (1), 62-72 (2013).</li><li>Pina, A. S., Lowe, C. R., Roque, A. C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+and+Opportunities+in+the+Purification+of+Recombinant+Tagged+Proteins.">Challenges and Opportunities in the Purification of Recombinant Tagged Proteins.</a> Biotechnology Advances. 32 (2), (2014).</li><li>Gaberc-Porekar, V., Menart, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perspectives+of+Immobilized-Metal+Affinity+Chromatography.">Perspectives of Immobilized-Metal Affinity Chromatography.</a> Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods. 49 (1-3), (2001).</li><li>Anderson, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Process+of+Structure-Based+Drug+Design.">The Process of Structure-Based Drug Design.</a> Chemistry &amp; Biology. 10 (9), (2003).</li><li>Cummin, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+High-Throughput+Purification+Method+for+Hit+Identification+in+Protein+Screening.">A Simple High-Throughput Purification Method for Hit Identification in Protein Screening.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 339 (1), (2008).</li><li>Dominguez, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Multi-Column+Plate+Adapter+Provides+an+Economical+and+Versatile+High-Throughput+Protein+Purification+System.">A Multi-Column Plate Adapter Provides an Economical and Versatile High-Throughput Protein Purification System.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. , 152 (2018).</li><li>Bolanos-Garcia, V. M., Davies, O. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+Analysis+and+Classification+of+Native+Proteins+From+E.+Coli+Commonly+Co-Purified+by+Immobilised+Metal+Affinity+Chromatography.">Structural Analysis and Classification of Native Proteins From E. Coli Commonly Co-Purified by Immobilised Metal Affinity Chromatography.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1760 (9), (2006).</li><li>Ayyar, B. V., Arora, S., Murphy, C., O'Kennedy, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affinity+Chromatography+for+Antibody+Purification.">Affinity Chromatography for Antibody Purification.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). , (1129).</li><li>Jubb, H., Higueruelo, A. P., Winter, A., Blundell, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+Biology+and+Drug+Discovery+for+Protein-Protein+Interactions.">Structural Biology and Drug Discovery for Protein-Protein Interactions.</a> Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 33 (5), (2012).</li><li>Grabowski, M., Niedzialkowska, E., Zimmerman, M. D., Minor, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Impact+of+Structural+Genomics:+the+First+Quindecennial.">The Impact of Structural Genomics: the First Quindecennial.</a> Journal of Structural and Functional Genomics. 17 (1), 1-16 (2016).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The method is robust and simple to use for relatively inexperienced protein biochemists, however there are a few considerations to bear in mind.
Caution about overfilling collection plates
The 48-well collection plate itself only holds 5 mL per well while each 96-well only holds 2 mL. This needs to be kept in mind when adding buffer and running sample through the column as there is the risk of overfilling the wells. In particular, care needs to be t...

Protein purification techniques to achieve milligram quantities of purified proteins are imperative to their characterization and analysis, especially for biophysical methods such as NMR. Protein purification is also central across other areas of study such as drug discovery processes and protein-protein interaction studies; however, achieving such quantities of pure protein can become a bottleneck for these techniques1,2,3. The principal method for protein purification is chromatography, which includes a variety of methods that rely on the individual characteristics of proteins and their tags. In affinity chromatography, proteins have an additional protein or peptide motif that works as a tag that has an affinity for a certain substrate on the chromatography resin4. The most common affinity method is immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) using His-tagged proteins, whereas another popular method is ion exchange chromatography that separates proteins based on their charge. For highest purity, a combination of affinity chromatography and ion exchange is frequently used together, usually requiring expensive lab equipment for high-throughput.
The evolving era of functional proteomics is fueling the demand for high-throughput techniques for purifying not singular proteins for specific analysis but large numbers of proteins simultaneously for comprehensive analysis and genome wide studies5. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is one of the most widely used methods for high-throughput protein purification6,7 yet its automated systems are costly and unaffordable for smaller laboratories8. The more affordable plate-based alternatives that are currently available employ the use of accessible laboratory-based equipment, such as a vacuum. Although these methods are successful in improving the speed of purification, it can only achieve high-throughput purification on a smaller scale, only yielding protein in the microgram range. These limitations mean that the pre-packed 96 well filter plates (e.g., from GE Healthcare now owned by Cytiva) cannot be used before biophysical techniques9. Gravity chromatography is the most cost-efficient method of purification; however, setting up multiple columns is inconvenient and can be prone to error for multiple proteins.
A multi column plate adaptor (MCPA) has been developed and proven to successfully and conveniently run parallel affinity chromatography columns at once to purify His-tagged yeast SH3 domains10. The MCPA offers a cost-efficient high-throughput purification method that does not depend on costly instrumentation. Its flexible design can effectively purify milligrams of protein by multiple affinity chromatography columns under gravity or vacuum manifold. Furthermore, resin type, volume, and other parameters can be adjusted for each individual column for faster optimization. This study demonstrates that ion exchange chromatography by the MCPA can be used in conjunction with affinity chromatography by the MCPA to enhance the purification of the Abp1 SH3 domain. Additionally, up to 24 different proteins can be separated in parallel using these methods.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL/ well collection plate</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>201240-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL/ well collection plate</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>201238-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 mL chromatography columns</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>7311550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well long drip plate</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>200919-100</td>
			<td>Come with 0.25 um filters which are to be removed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plate seal/mat</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>201158-100</td>
			<td>Should be peirceable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>His60 Ni Superflow Resin</td>
			<td>Takara Bio</td>
			<td>635660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HiTrap Q HP anion exchange column</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare (Cytiva)</td>
			<td>17115301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lvis plate reader</td>
			<td>BMG LABTECH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Compatible with FLUOstar Omega plate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Male leur plugs</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-45503-70</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PlatePrep 96 well Vacuum Manifold Starter kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>575650-U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reservoir collection plate</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>201244-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The Repeater Plus</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>2226020</td>
			<td>With 5 mL and 50 mL syringes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VACUSAFE vacuum</td>
			<td>INTEGRA</td>
			<td>158 320</td>
			<td>The vacusafe vacuum has a vacuum range from 300 mBar to 600 mBar and a 4 L waste collection bottle</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an economical and versatile high-throughput protein purification system using a multi-column plate adapter

Protein purification is imperative to the study of protein structure and function and is usually used in combination with biophysical techniques. It is also a key component in the development of new therapeutics. The evolving era of functional proteomics is fueling the demand for high-throughput protein purification and improved techniques to facilitate this. It was hypothesized that a multi column plate adaptor (MCPA) can interface multiple chromatography columns of different resins with multi-well plates for parallel purification. This method offers an economical and versatile method of protein purification that can be used under gravity or vacuum, rivaling the speed of an automated system. The MCPA can be used to recover milligram yields of protein by an affordable and time efficient method for subsequent characterization and analysis. The MCPA has been used for high-throughput affinity purification of SH3 domains. Ion exchange has also been demonstrated via the MCPA to purify protein post Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, indicating how this system can be adapted to other purification types. Due to its setup with multiple columns, individual customization of parameters can be made in the same purification, unachievable by the current plate-based methods.

As an example, the MCPA has successfully purified 14 AbpSH3 mutants in denaturing conditions via Ni-NTA (Figure 2A). A small contaminant ~ 25 kDa can be seen, however the protein is still largely pure. This contaminant is believed to be YodA, a common co-purified protein found in E. coli11.&#160;Figure 2B shows the purification of 11 different SH3 domains under native conditions. The small contaminant seen in denaturing ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Economical and Versatile High-Throughput Protein Purification System Using a Multi-Column Plate Adapter at JoVE.com

An Economical and Versatile High-Throughput Protein Purification System Using a Multi-Column Plate Adapter

A multi-column plate adapter allows chromatography columns to be interfaced with multi-well collection plates for parallel affinity or ion exchange purification providing an economical high throughput protein purification method. It can be used under gravity or vacuum yielding milligram quantities of protein via affordable instrumentation.

Protein purification is imperative to the study of protein structure and function and is usually used in combination with biophysical techniques. It is ...

an-economical-versatile-high-throughput-protein-purification-system

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

4.1K Views.  University of Liverpool. A multi-column plate adapter allows chromatography columns to be interfaced with multi-well collection plates for parallel affinity or ion exchange purification providing an economical high throughput protein purification method. It can be used under gravity or vacuum yielding milligram quantities of protein via affordable instrumentation.

Video: An Economical and Versatile High-Throughput Protein Purification System Using a Multi-Column Plate Adapter

Method for Identifying Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Protein-protein Interaction Between HCN1 and TRIP8b

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are expressed ubiquitously throughout the brain, where they function to regulate the excitability of neurons. The subcellular distribution of these channels in pyramidal neurons of hippocampal area CA1 is regulated by tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b interacting protein (TRIP8b), an auxiliary subunit. Genetic knockout of HCN pore forming subunits or TRIP8b, both lead to an increase in antidepressant-like behavior, suggesting that limiting the function of HCN channels may be useful as a treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Despite significant therapeutic interest, HCN channels are also expressed in the heart, where they regulate rhythmicity. To circumvent off-target issues associated with blocking cardiac HCN channels, our lab has recently proposed targeting the protein-protein interaction between HCN and TRIP8b in order to specifically disrupt HCN channel function in the brain. TRIP8b binds to HCN pore forming subunits at two distinct interaction sites, although here the focus is on the interaction between the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains of TRIP8b and the C terminal tail of HCN1. In this protocol, an expanded description of a method for purifying TRIP8b and executing a high throughput screen to identify small molecule inhibitors of the interaction between HCN and TRIP8b, is described. The method for high throughput screening utilizes a Fluorescence Polarization (FP) -based assay to monitor the binding of a large TRIP8b fragment to a fluorophore-tagged eleven amino acid peptide corresponding to the HCN1 C terminal tail. This method allows &#39;hit&#39; compounds to be identified based on the change in the polarization of emitted light. Validation assays are then performed to ensure that &#39;hit&#39; compounds are not artifactual.

The interaction between HCN channels and their auxiliary subunit has been identified as a therapeutic target in Major Depressive Disorder. Here, a fluorescence polarization-based method for identifying small molecule inhibitors of this protein-protein interaction, is presented.

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are expressed ubiquitously throughout the brain, where they function to regulate the ...

A Protein Preparation Method for the High-throughput Identification of Proteins Interacting with a Nuclear Cofactor Using LC-MS/MS Analysis

Transcriptional coregulators are vital to the efficient transcriptional regulation of nuclear chromatin structure. Coregulators play a variety of roles in regulating transcription. These include the direct interaction with transcription factors, the covalent modification of histones and other proteins, and the occasional chromatin conformation alteration. Accordingly, establishing relatively quick methods for identifying proteins that interact within this network is crucial to enhancing our understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms. LC-MS/MS-mediated protein binding partner identification is a validated technique used to analyze protein-protein interactions. By immunoprecipitating a previously-identified member of a protein complex with an antibody (occasionally with an antibody for a tagged protein), it is possible to identify its unknown protein interactions via mass spectrometry analysis. Here, we present a method of protein preparation for the LC-MS/MS-mediated high-throughput identification of protein interactions involving nuclear cofactors and their binding partners. This method allows for a better understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of the targeted nuclear factors.

We have established a method for the purification of coregulatory interaction proteins using the LC-MS/MS system.

Transcriptional coregulators are vital to the efficient transcriptional regulation of nuclear chromatin structure. Coregulators play a variety of roles in ...

High Throughput, Absolute Determination of the Content of a Selected Protein at Tissue Levels Using Quantitative Dot Blot Analysis (QDB)

Lacking a convenient, quantitative, high throughput immunoblot method for absolute determination of the content of a specific protein at cellular and tissue level significantly hampers the progress in proteomic research. Results derived from currently available immunoblot techniques are also relative, preventing any efforts to combine independent studies with a large-scale analysis of protein samples. In this study, we demonstrate the process of quantitative dot blot analysis (QDB) to achieve absolute quantification in a high throughput format. Using a commercially available protein standard, we are able to determine the absolute content of capping actin protein, gelsolin-like (CAPG) in protein samples prepared from three different mouse tissues (kidney, spleen, and prostate) together with a detailed explanation of the experimental details. We propose the QDB analysis as a convenient, quantitative, high throughput immunoblot method of absolute quantification of individual proteins at the cellular and tissue level. This method will substantially aid biomarker validation and pathway verification in various areas of biological and biomedical research.

High Throughput, Absolute Determination of the Content of a Selected Protein at Tissue Levels Using Quantitative Dot Blot Analysis QDB

Here we demonstrate a detailed process of quantitative dot blot analysis (QDB) by determining the absolute content of a targeted protein, capping actin protein, gelsolin-like (CAPG), in three different mouse tissues. We demonstrate a high throughput, convenient, quantitative immunoblot technique for biomarker validation at the cellular and tissue level.

Lacking a convenient, quantitative, high throughput immunoblot method for absolute determination of the content of a specific protein at cellular and ...

Identification of Novel CK2 Kinase Substrates Using a Versatile Biochemical Approach

The study of kinase-substrate relationships is essential to gain a complete understanding of the functions of these enzymes and their downstream targets in both physiological and pathological states. CK2 is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase with a growing list of hundreds of substrates involved in multiple cellular processes. Due to its pleiotropic properties, identifying and characterizing a comprehensive set of CK2 substrates has been particularly challenging and remains a hurdle in the study of this important enzyme. To address this challenge, we have devised a versatile experimental strategy that enables the targeted enrichment and identification of putative CK2 substrates. This protocol takes advantage of the unique dual co-substrate specificity of CK2 allowing for specific thiophosphorylation of its substrates in a cell or tissue lysate. These substrate proteins are subsequently alkylated, immunoprecipitated, and identified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We have previously used this approach to successfully identify CK2 substrates from Drosophila ovaries and here we extend the application of this protocol to human glioblastoma cells, illustrating the adaptability of this method to investigate the biological roles of this kinase in various model organisms and experimental systems.

The objective of this protocol is to label, enrich, and identify substrates of protein kinase CK2 from a complex biological sample such as a cell lysate or tissue homogenate. This method leverages unique aspects of CK2 biology for this purpose.

The study of kinase-substrate relationships is essential to gain a complete understanding of the functions of these enzymes and their downstream targets ...

A "Dual-Addition" Calcium Fluorescence Assay for the High-Throughput Screening of Recombinant G Protein-Coupled Receptors

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest superfamily of receptors and are the targets of numerous human drugs. High-throughput screening (HTS) of random small molecule libraries against GPCRs is used by the pharmaceutical industry for target-specific drug discovery. In this study, an HTS was employed to identify novel small-molecule ligands of invertebrate-specific neuropeptide GPCRs as probes for physiological studies of vectors of deadly human and veterinary pathogens.
The invertebrate-specific kinin receptor was chosen as a target because it regulates many important physiological processes in invertebrates, including diuresis, feeding, and digestion. Furthermore, the pharmacology of many invertebrate GPCRs is poorly characterized or not characterized at all; therefore, the differential pharmacology of these groups of receptors with respect to the related GPCRs in other metazoans, especially humans, adds knowledge to the structure-activity relationships of GPCRs as a superfamily. An HTS assay was developed for cells in 384-well plates for the discovery of ligands of the kinin receptor from the cattle fever tick, or southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus. The tick kinin receptor was stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells.
The kinin receptor, when activated by endogenous kinin neuropeptides or other small molecule agonists, triggers Ca2+ release from calcium stores into the cytoplasm. This calcium fluorescence assay combined with a &#34;dual-addition&#34; approach can detect functional agonist and antagonist &#34;hit&#34; molecules in the same assay plate. Each assay was conducted using drug plates carrying an array of 320 random small molecules. A reliable Z&#39; factor of 0.7 was obtained, and three agonist and two antagonist hit molecules were identified when the HTS was at a 2 &#181;M final concentration. The calcium fluorescence assay reported here can be adapted to screen other GPCRs that activate the Ca2+ signaling cascade.

In this work, a high-throughput, intracellular calcium fluorescence assay for 384-well plates to screen small molecule libraries on recombinant G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is described. The target, the kinin receptor from the cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is expressed in CHO-K1 cells. This assay identifies agonists and antagonists using the same cells in one "dual-addition" assay.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest superfamily of receptors and are the targets of numerous human drugs. High-throughput screening ...

Optimization of Flow Cytometric Sorting Parameters for High-Throughput Isolation and Purification of Small Extracellular Vesicles

Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) can be released from all cell types and carry protein, DNA, and RNA. Signaling molecules serve as indicators of the physiological and pathological state of a cell. However, there is no standard method for sEV isolation, which prevents downstream biomarker identification and drug intervention studies. In this article, we provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and purification of 50-200 nm sEV by a flow cell sorter. For this, a 50 &#181;m nozzle and 80 psi sheath fluid pressure were selected to obtain a good sorting rate and stable side stream. Standard sized polystyrene microspheres were used to locate populations of 100, 200, and 300 nm particles. With additional optimization of the voltage, gain, and forward scatter (FSC) triggering threshold, the sEV signal could be separated from the background noise. These optimizations provide a panel of critical sort settings that enables one to obtain a representative population of sEV using FSC vs. side scatter (SSC) only. The flow cytometry-based isolation method not only allows for high-throughput analysis but also allows for synchronous classification or proteome analysis of sEV based on the biomarker expression, opening numerous downstream research applications.

This protocol provides a rapid and size-specific isolation method for small extracellular vesicles by optimizing the size of the air spray nozzle, sheath fluid pressure, sample flow pressure, voltage, gain, and triggering threshold parameters.

Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) can be released from all cell types and carry protein, DNA, and RNA. Signaling molecules serve as indicators of the ...

High-Throughput Protein Crystallization via Microdialysis

Understanding the structure-function relationships of macromolecules, such as proteins, at the molecular level is vital for biomedicine and modern drug discovery. To date, X-ray crystallography remains the most successful method for solving three-dimensional protein structures at atomic resolution. With recent advances in serial crystallography, either using X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) or synchrotron light sources, protein crystallography has progressed to the next frontier, where the ability to acquire time-resolved data provides important mechanistic insights into the behavior of biological molecules at room temperature. This protocol describes a straightforward high-throughput (HTP) workflow for screening crystallization conditions through the use of a 96-well dialysis plate. These plates follow the Society for Biomolecular Screening (SBS) standard and can be easily set up using any standard crystallization laboratory. Once optimal conditions are identified, large quantities of crystals (hundreds of microcrystals) can be produced using the dialyzer. To validate the robustness and versatility of this approach, four different proteins were crystallized, including two membrane proteins.

High-Throughput Protein Crystallization via Microdialysis

The presented protocol describes a straightforward approach for screening protein crystallization conditions and crystal growth using a 96-well high-throughput dialysis plate. The use of dialyzer tubes for the large-scale growth of microcrystals is also demonstrated for serial crystallography and MicroED applications.

Understanding the structure-function relationships of macromolecules, such as proteins, at the molecular level is vital for biomedicine and modern drug ...

High-Throughput Screening for Protein Crystallization

High-Throughput Screening to Obtain Crystal Hits for Protein Crystallography

X-ray crystallography is the most commonly employed technique to discern macromolecular structures, but the crucial step of crystallizing a protein into an ordered lattice amenable to diffraction remains challenging. The crystallization of biomolecules is largely experimentally defined, and this process can be labor-intensive and prohibitive to researchers at resource-limited institutions. At the National High-Throughput Crystallization (HTX) Center, highly reproducible methods have been implemented to facilitate crystal growth, including an automated high-throughput 1,536-well microbatch-under-oil plate setup designed to sample a wide breadth of crystallization parameters. Plates are monitored using state-of-the-art imaging modalities over the course of 6 weeks to provide insight into crystal growth, as well as to accurately distinguish valuable crystal hits. Furthermore, the implementation of a trained artificial intelligence scoring algorithm for identifying crystal hits, coupled with an open-source, user-friendly interface for viewing experimental images, streamlines the process of analyzing crystal growth images. Here, the key procedures and instrumentation are described for the preparation of the cocktails and crystallization plates, imaging the plates, and identifying hits in a way that ensures reproducibility and increases the likelihood of successful crystallization.

Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Screening to Obtain Crystal Hits for Protein Crystallography  

This protocol details high-throughput crystallization screening, ranging from the 1,536 microassay plate preparation to the end of a 6 week experimental time window. Details are included about the sample setup, the imaging obtained, and how users can perform analyses using an artificial intelligence-enabled graphical user interface to quickly and efficiently identify macromolecular crystallization conditions.

X-ray crystallography is the most commonly employed technique to discern macromolecular structures, but the crucial step of crystallizing a protein into ...

Strategies for Expressing and Purifying Solute Carrier Transporters

High-Throughput Expression and Purification of Human Solute Carriers for Structural and Biochemical Studies

Solute carriers (SLCs) are membrane transporters that import and export a range of endogenous and exogenous substrates, including ions, nutrients, metabolites, neurotransmitters, and pharmaceuticals. Despite having emerged as attractive therapeutic targets and markers of disease, this group of proteins is still relatively underdrugged by current pharmaceuticals. Drug discovery projects for these transporters are impeded by limited structural, functional, and physiological knowledge, ultimately due to the difficulties in the expression and purification of this class of membrane-embedded proteins. Here, we demonstrate methods to obtain high-purity, milligram quantities of human SLC transporter proteins using&#160;codon-optimized gene sequences. In conjunction with a systematic exploration of construct design and high-throughput expression, these protocols ensure the preservation of the structural integrity and biochemical activity of the target proteins. We also highlight critical steps in the eukaryotic cell expression, affinity purification, and size-exclusion chromatography of these proteins. Ultimately, this workflow yields pure, functionally active, and stable protein preparations suitable for high-resolution structure determination, transport studies, small-molecule engagement assays, and high-throughput in vitro screening.

Author Spotlight: Expression and Purification of Human Solute Carrier Transporters Using Codon-Optimized Genes 

Structural and biochemical studies of human membrane transporters require milligram quantities of stable, intact, and homogeneous protein. Here we describe scalable methods to screen, express, and purify human solute carrier transporters using codon-optimized genes.

Solute carriers (SLCs) are membrane transporters that import and export a range of endogenous and exogenous substrates, including ions, nutrients, ...

Optimizing FPLC for Efficient Purification of His-Tagged FEN1 Protein

Affinity Purification of a 6X-His-Tagged Protein using a Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography System

Functional characterization of proteins requires them to be expressed and purified in substantial amounts with high purity to perform biochemical assays. The Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) system allows high-resolution separation of complex protein mixtures. By adjusting various parameters in FPLC, such as selecting the appropriate purification matrix, regulating the protein sample's temperature, and managing the sample's flow rate onto the matrix and the elution rate, it is possible to ensure the protein's stability and functionality. In this protocol, we will demonstrate the versatility of the FPLC system to purify 6X-His-tagged flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) protein, produced in bacterial cultures. To improve protein purification efficiency, we will focus on multiple considerations, including proper column packing and preparation, sample injection using a sample loop, flow rate of sample application to the column, and sample elution parameters. Finally, the chromatogram will be analyzed to identify fractions containing high yields of protein and considerations for proper recombinant protein long-term storage. Optimizing protein purification methods is crucial for improving the precision and reliability of protein analysis.

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Affinity Chromatography for His-Tagged FEN1 Protein

This article provides a procedure for the affinity purification of a human recombinant protein, flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), which has been labeled with a 6X-histidine tag. The protocol involves the utilization of two distinct immobilized metal ion columns for the purification of the tagged protein.

Functional characterization of proteins requires them to be expressed and purified in substantial amounts with high purity to perform biochemical assays. ...