Name: establishment of a rat model of superior sagittal-sinus occlusion via a thread-embolism method
Uploaded: 2021-07-04T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Rat Model of Superior Sagittal-Sinus Occlusion via a Thread-Embolism Method at JoVE.com

This study was supported by grant Scientific Research Foundation for the High-level Talents, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (X2019002-talents).

Procedures involving animal subjects have been approved by the Medical Norms and Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University and are in accordance with the China legislation on the use and care of laboratory animals.
1. Preparation of the thread plug, SD rats, and experimental equipment
<ol>
	<li>Use a nylon thread with a diameter of 0.28 mm as the main body of the thread plug. 
	NOTE: The softness and hardness of the nylon thread should be moderate.</li>
	<li>Cover one end of the ny...

<ol>
	<li>Bousser, M. G., Ferro, J. 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In this study, a new type of CVST model was successfully established by inserting a self-made thread plug into the SSS of SD rats. Additionally, laser-speckle blood-flow imaging and small-animal MRI were combined to monitor changes in blood flow on the brain surface of SD rats before and after the embolization in order to standardize ischemic timing and location.
In 1989, Longa et al. made a reversible MCA occlusion model by retrogradely inserting a self-made nylon suture into the external car...

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare disease of the cerebral venous system that accounts for only 0.5-1.0% of all causes of stroke but has a relatively high occurrence rate in children and young adults1. During autopsy, CVST was found to be the cause of 10% of cerebrovascular disease deaths2. Thrombosis can occur in any part of the intracranial venous system. The superior sagittal sinus (SSS) is one of the most commonly affected areas in CVST and can involve multiple blood vessels. Owing to stenosis or occlusion of the venous sinuses, intracranial venous return is blocked, which is often accompanied by increased intracranial pressure3. The clinical manifestations of CVST are complex and vary over time; although there is a lack of specificity of symptoms, the most common symptoms include headache (77.2%), seizures (42.7%), and neurological deficits (39.9%). In severe cases, coma and even death may occur4,5. In recent years, due to the overall improvement of medical and health standards and public health awareness, the proportion of related risk factors has changed, the proportion of trauma and infection has decreased, and the proportion of CVST caused by pregnancy, puerperium, oral contraceptives, and other reasons has gradually increased5.
At present, the pathogenesis of CVST is still not well understood. To explore CVST in depth, further pathophysiological research is needed. However, most of these research methods are invasive and therefore difficult to implement clinically. Owing to many limitations of clinical research, animal models have irreplaceable advantages in terms of basic and translational research.
The cause of CVST is complex, as its initial onset is often unrecognized and the location of thrombus formation is highly variable. Fortunately, animal models can achieve better control of these factors. In the past few decades, a variety of CVST animal models have been established, and each model has its own disadvantages. According to different production methods, they can be roughly divided into the following categories: the simple SSS-ligation model6,7; the SSS internal-injection-accelerator model8; the ferric-chloride-induced SSS thrombosis model9; the photochemical-induced SSS thrombosis model10; and the self-made embolism-occlusion SSS model11. However, most of these models are unable to circumvent invasive damage to the animal's cerebral cortex and are not able to accurately control the ischemic time and location. In some models, the thrombus will recanalize spontaneously; in other models, the SSS becomes permanently occluded. In addition, complicated operations and/or serious injuries may affect subsequent pathophysiological findings in these models.
In the present study, a thread plug was inserted into the SSS of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to successfully establish a CVST model that minimized damage, enabled precise controllability, and yielded good stability. Additionally, small-animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and laser-speckle blood-flow imaging were combined to verify the model's effectiveness. We evaluated changes in cerebral blood flow before and after establishment of our model, as well as evaluated the stability of our model, laying a foundation for further studies exploring the occurrence, development, and related pathophysiological mechanisms of CVST.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Becton,Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>301940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>brain stereotaxic instrument</td>
			<td>Shenzhen RWD Life Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>68025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Wuhan SIM Opto-technology Co.</td>
			<td>SIM BFI-HR PRO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high-speed skull drill</td>
			<td>Shenzhen RWD Life Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>78046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser-speckle blood-flow imaging system</td>
			<td>Wuhan SIM Opto-technology Co.</td>
			<td>SIM BFI-HR PRO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needle holder</td>
			<td>Shenzhen RWD Life Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>F31022-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needle thread</td>
			<td>Shenzhen RWD Life Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>F33303-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scissors</td>
			<td>Shenzhen RWD Life Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>S13029-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silica gel</td>
			<td>Heraeus Kulzer</td>
			<td>302785</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>small animal anesthesia machine</td>
			<td>Shenzhen RWD Life Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>R540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>small-animal MRI</td>
			<td>Bruker Medical GmbH</td>
			<td>Biospec 94/30 USR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tweezers</td>
			<td>Shenzhen RWD Life Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>F11029-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vascular forceps</td>
			<td>Shenzhen RWD Life Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>F22003-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of a rat model of superior sagittal-sinus occlusion via a thread-embolism method

The mechanisms contributing to the natural onset of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) are mostly unknown, and a variety of uncontrollable factors are involved in the course of the disease, resulting in great limitations in clinical research. Therefore, the establishment of stable CVST animal models that can standardize a variety of uncontrollable confounding factors have helped to circumvent shortcomings in clinical research. In recent decades, a variety of CVST animal models have been constructed, but the results based on these models have been inconsistent and incomplete. Hence, in order to further explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of CVST, it is necessary to establish a novel and highly compatible animal model, which has important practical value and scientific significance for the diagnosis and treatment of CVST. In the present study, a novel Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis was established via a thread-embolization method, and the stability and reliability of the model were verified. Additionally, we evaluated changes in cerebral venous blood flow in rats after the formation of CVST. Collectively, the SD-rat SSS-thrombosis model represents a novel CVST animal model that is easily established, minimizes trauma, yields good stability, and allows for accurately controlling ischemic timing and location.

To establish the SD-rat SSS-thrombosis model via the suture method, the suture should be prepared in advance (Figure 1A), and the equipment required for the experiment (Figure 1B) should be prepared. Due to the delicate nature of the operation, the preparation of the model needs to be completed under a dissecting microscope. The main steps are shown in Figure 2. To facilitate the description of the specific details of the blood-flow...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Rat Model of Superior Sagittal-Sinus Occlusion via a Thread-Embolism Method at JoVE.com

Establishment of a Rat Model of Superior Sagittal-Sinus Occlusion via a Thread-Embolism Method

Here, we establish a novel Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis via a thread-embolization method, and the stability and reliability of the model were verified.

The mechanisms contributing to the natural onset of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) are mostly unknown, and a variety of uncontrollable factors ...

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