Name: ion-exchange membranes for the fabrication of reverse electrodialysis device
Uploaded: 2021-07-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. NRF-2017R1A2A2A05001329). The authors of the manuscript are grateful to the Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

1. Experimental requirement
<ol>
	<li>Purchase ion-exchange ionomer polymer, E-550 sulfonated-PEEK polymer fiber to prepare CEM and FAA-3 to prepare AEM. Ensure that all ionomer polymers are stored in a clean, dry, and dust-free environment before use.</li>
	<li>Use high purity (&#62;99%) solvents, including N-Methyl-2- pyrrolidone with molecular weight 99.13 g mol-1 and N, N-Dimethylacetamide with molecular weight 87.12, for preparing homogeneous ionomer solution. Ensure all analytical grade chemicals and s...

<ol>
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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+developments+and+future+perspectives+of+reverse+electrodialysis+technology:+A+review.">Recent developments and future perspectives of reverse electrodialysis technology: A review.</a> Desalination. 425, 156-174 (2018).</li><li>Yip, N. Y., Brogioli, D., Hamelers, H. V. 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G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+ion+exchange+membranes+and+system+performance+in+reverse+electrodialysis+for+power+generation:+A+review.">Potential ion exchange membranes and system performance in reverse electrodialysis for power generation: A review.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 486, 71-88 (2015).</li><li>Choi, S. -. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+fuel+crossover+in+open+electrochemical+cells+by+tuning+the+water+nanochannel+for+power+generation.">Controlling fuel crossover in open electrochemical cells by tuning the water nanochannel for power generation.</a> ACS Sustainable Chemistry &amp; Engineering. 8, 8613-8623 (2020).</li><li>Shah, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+single-wall+carbon+nanotube+for+reducing+fouling+in+perfluorinated+membrane-based+reverse+electrodialysis.">Modified single-wall carbon nanotube for reducing fouling in perfluorinated membrane-based reverse electrodialysis.</a> International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 45, 30703-30719 (2020).</li><li>Kwon, K., Han, J., Park, B. H., Shin, Y., Kim, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brine+recovery+using+reverse+electrodialysis+in+membrane-based+desalination+processes.">Brine recovery using reverse electrodialysis in membrane-based desalination processes.</a> Desalination. 362, 1-10 (2015).</li><li>Kwon, K., Park, B. H., Kim, D. H., Kim, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parametric+study+of+reverse+electrodialysis+using+ammonium+bicarbonate+solution+for+low-grade+waste+heat+recovery.">Parametric study of reverse electrodialysis using ammonium bicarbonate solution for low-grade waste heat recovery.</a> Energy Conversion and Management. 103, 104-110 (2015).</li><li>Hatzell, M. C., Ivanov, I., Cusick, R. D., Zhu, X., Logan, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+hydrogen+production+and+electrical+power+generation+for+energy+capture+in+closed-loop+ammonium+bicarbonate+reverse+electrodialysis+systems.">Comparison of hydrogen production and electrical power generation for energy capture in closed-loop ammonium bicarbonate reverse electrodialysis systems.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 16, 1632-1638 (2014).</li><li>Zhu, X. P., He, W. H., Logan, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+pumping+energy+by+using+different+flow+rates+of+high+and+low+concentration+solutions+in+reverse+electrodialysis+cells.">Reducing pumping energy by using different flow rates of high and low concentration solutions in reverse electrodialysis cells.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 486, 215-221 (2015).</li><li>Vermaas, D. A., Saakes, M., Nijmeijer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doubled+power+density+from+salinity+gradients+at+reduced+intermembrane+distance.">Doubled power density from salinity gradients at reduced intermembrane distance.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 45, 7089-7095 (2011).</li><li>Veerman, J., Saakes, M., Metz, S. J., Harmsen, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+electrodialysis:+Performance+of+a+stack+with+50+cells+on+the+mixing+of+sea+and+river+water.">Reverse electrodialysis: Performance of a stack with 50 cells on the mixing of sea and river water.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 327, 136-144 (2009).</li><li>Veerman, J., Saakes, M., Metz, S. J., Harmsen, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+power+from+sea+and+river+water+by+reverse+electrodialysis:+a+first+step+from+the+laboratory+to+a+real+power+plant.">Electrical power from sea and river water by reverse electrodialysis: a first step from the laboratory to a real power plant.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 44, 9207-9212 (2010).</li><li>Batchelor, C. K., Batchelor, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. , (2000).</li><li>Schock, G., Miquel, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+transfer+and+pressure+loss+in+spiral+wound+modules.">Mass transfer and pressure loss in spiral wound modules.</a> Desalination. 64, 339-352 (1987).</li><li>Da Costa, A. R., Fane, A. G., Wiley, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spacer+characterization+and+pressure+drop+modelling+in+spacer-filled+channels+for+ultrafiltration.">Spacer characterization and pressure drop modelling in spacer-filled channels for ultrafiltration.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 87, 79-98 (1994).</li><li>Vermaas, D. A., Veerman, J., Saakes, M., Nijmeijer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+multivalent+ions+on+renewable+energy+generation+in+reverse+electrodialysis.">Influence of multivalent ions on renewable energy generation in reverse electrodialysis.</a> Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 7, 1434-1445 (2014).</li><li>Vermaas, D. A., Saakes, M., Nijmeijer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+mixing+in+the+diffusive+boundary+layer+for+energy+generation+in+reverse+electrodialysis.">Enhanced mixing in the diffusive boundary layer for energy generation in reverse electrodialysis.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 453, 312-319 (2014).</li><li>Moreno, J., Grasman, S., van Engelen, R., Nijmeijer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upscaling+reverse+electrodialysis.">Upscaling reverse electrodialysis.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 52, 10856-10863 (2018).</li><li>Sarkar, S., SenGupta, A. K., Prakash, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+donnan+membrane+principle:+opportunities+for+sustainable+engineered+processes+and+materials.">The donnan membrane principle: opportunities for sustainable engineered processes and materials.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 44, 1161-1166 (2010).</li><li>Kim, H. -. 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The RED&#39;s working principle is mainly dominated by the membrane&#39;s physicochemical properties, which is a crucial part of the RED system, as illustrated in Figure 3. Here, we describe the fundamental characteristics of the membrane for delivering a high-performance RED system. Membrane&#39;s specific ion permeability makes it pass one type of ions through their polymer nanochannel. As the name suggests, CEM can pass cation from one side to another and restricts anion, whereas AEM can ...

Energy harvesting from natural resources is an economical method that is environmentally friendly, thereby making our planet green and clean. Several processes have been proposed until now to extract energy, but reverse electrodialysis (RED) has an enormous potential to overcome the energy crisis issue1. Power production from Reverse electrodialysis is a technological breakthrough for the decarbonization of global energy. As the name suggests, RED is a reverse process, where the alternate cell compartment is filled with the high-concentrated salt solution and low-concentrated salt solution2. The chemical potential generated by the salt concentration difference across the ion-exchange membranes, collected from the electrodes at the compartment end.
Since the year 2000, many research articles have been published, providing insight into the RED theoretically and experimentally3,4. Systematic studies on the operation conditions and reliability studies under stress conditions improved the stack architecture and enhanced the overall cell performance. Several research groups have diverted their attention toward RED&#39;s hybrid application, such as RED with desalination process5, RED with solar power6, RED with reverse osmosis (RO) process5, RED with the microbial fuel cell7, and RED with the radiative cooling process8. As mentioned earlier, there is a lot of scope in implementing RED&#39;s hybrid application to solve the energy and clean water problem.
Several methods have been adopted to enhance the RED cell&#39;s performance and the membrane&#39;s ion-exchange capacity. Tailoring the cation-exchange membranes with different types of ions using sulfonic acid group (-SO3H), phosphonic acid group (-PO3H2), and carboxylic acid group (-COOH) is one of the effective ways to alter the physicochemical properties of the membrane. Anion-exchange membranes are tailored with ammonium groups (<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/62309/62209eq1.jpg" />)9. The high ionic conductivity of AEM and CEM without deteriorating the membrane&#39;s mechanical strength is the essential parameter for selecting an appropriate membrane for device application. The robust membrane under stress conditions provides mechanical stability to the membrane and enhances the device&#39;s durability. Here, a unique combination of high-performance free-standing sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) as cation-exchange membranes with FAA-3 as anion-exchange membranes are used in the RED application. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of the experimental procedure.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/62309/62309fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Procedure chart. The flow chart presents the procedure adopted for the preparation of ion-exchange membrane followed by the process for measurement of reverse electrodialysis. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/62309/62309fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AEM based membrane</td>
			<td>Fumion</td>
			<td>P1810-194</td>
			<td>Ionomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CEM based membrane</td>
			<td>Fumion</td>
			<td>E550</td>
			<td>Ionomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital torque wrench</td>
			<td>Torqueworld</td>
			<td>WP2-030-09000251</td>
			<td>wrench</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labview software</td>
			<td>Natiaonal Instrument</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laptop</td>
			<td>LG</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>PC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td>Lab Companion</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>MS-17BB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N, N-Dimethylacetamide</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>271012</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Methyl-2- pyrrolidone</td>
			<td>Daejung</td>
			<td>872-50-4</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>EMS tech Inc</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>EMP 2000W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>P3289</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>244023</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Gauge</td>
			<td>Swagelok</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Guage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse electrodialysis setup</td>
			<td>fabricated in lab</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RO system pure water</td>
			<td>KOTITI</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary evaporator</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>YEFO-KTPM</td>
			<td>Induction motor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>S9888</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>1310-73-2</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Source meter</td>
			<td>Keithley</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>2410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spacer</td>
			<td>Nitex, SEFAR</td>
			<td>06-250/34</td>
			<td>Spacer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td>Daejung</td>
			<td>7664-93-9</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube</td>
			<td>Masterflex tube</td>
			<td>96410-25</td>
			<td>Rubber tube</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ion-exchange membranes for the fabrication of reverse electrodialysis device

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an effective way to generate power by mixing two different salt concentrations in water using cation-exchange membranes (CEM) and anion-exchange membranes (AEM). The RED stack is composed of an alternating arrangement of the cation-exchange membrane and anion-exchange membrane. The RED device acts as a potential candidate for fulfilling the universal demand for future energy crises. Here, in this article, we demonstrate a procedure to fabricate a reverse electrodialysis device using laboratory-scale CEM and AEM for power production. The active area of the ion-exchange membrane is 49 cm2. In this article, we provide a step-by-step procedure for synthesizing the membrane, followed by the stack&#39;s assembly and power measurement. The measurement conditions and net power output calculation have also been explained. Furthermore, we describe the fundamental parameters that are taken into consideration for obtaining a reliable outcome. We also provide a theoretical parameter that affects the overall cell performance relating to the membrane and the feed solution. In short, this experiment describes how to assemble and measure RED cells on the same platform. It also contains the working principle and calculation used for estimating the net power output of the RED stack using CEM and AEM membranes.

Net power output 
RED cell generally generates electrical energy from the salinity gradient of the salt solution, i.e., ions&#39; movement in the opposite direction through the membrane. To assemble the RED stack correctly, one needs to align all the layers, including electrodes, gaskets, membranes, and spacers in the stack carefully, as demonstrated in the schematic diagram in Figure 4 and Figure 5. If the stack is not perfectly aligned, t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device at JoVE.com

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device

We demonstrate the fabrication of a reverse electrodialysis device using a cation-exchange membrane (CEM) and anion-exchange membrane (AEM) for power generation.

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an effective way to generate power by mixing two different salt concentrations in water using cation-exchange membranes ...

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