Name: positron emission tomography-based dose painting radiation therapy in a glioblastoma rat model using the small animal radiation research platform
Uploaded: 2022-03-24T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform at JoVE.com

作者要感谢Lux Luka基金会对这项工作的支持。

该研究得到了当地动物实验伦理委员会的批准（ECD 18/21）。麻醉监测是通过使用传感器获取动物的呼吸频率来进行的。
1. F98国标大鼠细胞模型
<ol><li>使用Dulbecco的改良鹰培养基在单层中培养F98 GB细胞，补充10%小牛血清，1%青霉素，1%链霉素和1%L-谷氨酰胺，并将它们置于CO2 培养箱（5%CO 2 和37°C）中。</li>
	<li>将胶质瘤细胞接种到雌性Fischer F344大鼠的大脑中（体?...

<ol>
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M., Verhaegen, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+image-guided+radiotherapy:+Status,+considerations+and+potential+for+translational+impact.">Small animal image-guided radiotherapy: Status, considerations and potential for translational impact.</a> The British Journal of Radiology. 88 (1045), 20140634 (2015).</li><li>Nasr, A., Habash, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dosimetric+analytic+comparison+of+inverse+and+forward+planned+IMRT+techniques+in+the+treatment+of+head+and+neck+cancer.">Dosimetric analytic comparison of inverse and forward planned IMRT techniques in the treatment of head and neck cancer.</a> Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute. 26 (3), 119-125 (2014).</li><li>Matinfar, M., Iyer, S., Ford, E., Wong, J., Kazanzides, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image+guided+complex+dose+delivery+for+small+animal+radiotherapy.">Image guided complex dose delivery for small animal radiotherapy.</a> IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro. , 1243-1246 (2009).</li><li>Matinfar, M., Iordachita, I., Wong, J., Kazanzides, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+delivery+of+complex+radiation+volumes+for+small+animal+research.">Robotic delivery of complex radiation volumes for small animal research.</a> IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. , 2056-2061 (2010).</li><li>Balvert, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+for+inverse+planning+of+beam-on+times+for+3D+small+animal+radiotherapy+using+interactive+multi-objective+optimisation.">A framework for inverse planning of beam-on times for 3D small animal radiotherapy using interactive multi-objective optimisation.</a> Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology. 60 (14), 5681-5698 (2015).</li><li>Cho, N. B., Wong, J., Kazanzides, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose+Painting+with+a+Variable+Collimator+for+the+Small+Animal+Radiation+Research+Platform+(SARRP).">Dose Painting with a Variable Collimator for the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP).</a> The Midas Journal. , 1-8 (2014).</li><li>Bolcaen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MRI-guided+3D+conformal+arc+micro-irradiation+of+a+F98+glioblastoma+rat+model+using+the+Small+Animal+Radiation+Research+Platform+(SARRP).">MRI-guided 3D conformal arc micro-irradiation of a F98 glioblastoma rat model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP).</a> Journal of Neuro-oncology. 120 (2), 257-266 (2014).</li><li>Bolcaen, J., Descamps, B., Boterberg, T., Vanhove, C., Goethals, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PET+and+MRI+guided+irradiation+of+a+glioblastoma+rat+model+using+a+micro-irradiator.">PET and MRI guided irradiation of a glioblastoma rat model using a micro-irradiator.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (130), e56601 (2017).</li><li>Verhoeven, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technical+feasibility+of+[18F]FET+and+[18F]FAZA+PET+guided+radiotherapy+in+a+F98+glioblastoma+rat+model.">Technical feasibility of [18F]FET and [18F]FAZA PET guided radiotherapy in a F98 glioblastoma rat model.</a> Radiation Oncology. 14 (1), 89 (2019).</li><li>Hutterer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FET+PET:+a+valuable+diagnostic+tool+in+neuro-oncology,+but+not+all+that+glitters+is+glioma.">FET PET: a valuable diagnostic tool in neuro-oncology, but not all that glitters is glioma.</a> Neuro-oncology. 15 (3), 341-351 (2013).</li><li>Stockhammer, F., Plotkin, M., Amthauer, H., Landeghem, F. K. 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先前描述了一种大鼠GB模型，用于模拟临床上胶质母细胞瘤患者的化疗放射治疗20。与临床方法类似，CT和MRI在治疗计划过程中相结合，以获得更精确的照射。当动物从一个成像系统移动到另一个成像系统时，使用多模态床来最小化（头部）运动。随后，将PET成像添加到治疗计划过程中，并且可以成功实施基于PET的亚容量提升21，22。在?...

胶质母细胞瘤（GB）是一种恶性且非常具有侵袭性的原发性脑肿瘤。GB 是一种实体异质性肿瘤，通常以浸润性边界、核异型性和坏死为特征1。血脑屏障的存在以及大脑作为免疫特权位点的地位使得发现化疗和免疫治疗的新靶点成为一项艰巨的任务2，3，4。值得注意的是，自 2005 年引入 Stupp 方案以来，GB 患者的治疗几乎没有变化，该方案将外照射放射治疗 （RT） 与伴随的替莫唑胺相结合，通常随后是替莫唑胺佐胺佐胺5。通常，在 Stupp 方案之前进行最大程度的手术切除。因此，替代治疗方法至关重要。
目前针对胶质母细胞瘤患者的放射治疗将均匀的辐射剂量输送到定义的肿瘤体积。在放射肿瘤学中，胶质母细胞瘤与剂量增加存在重要的剂量反应相关性，由于对正常大脑的毒性增加，似乎上限在60 Gy左右6，7。然而，肿瘤可能非常（放射生物学上）异质性，具有氧水平梯度和/或细胞密度差异很大。代谢成像技术，如PET，可以可视化这些生物学特征，并可用于定制剂量处方。这种方法称为剂量绘画RT。这个术语是由Ling等人在2000年引入的。作者将剂量绘画RT定义为在辐射传播和散射的约束下产生"精细的共形剂量分布"8。
有两种类型的剂量绘画RT，按轮廓进行剂量绘画（DPBC），根据该剂量将剂量规定为一组嵌套的子体积，以及剂量绘画按数字（DPBN），其中剂量在体素水平上规定。可以从功能图像中提取DPBN RT的剂量分布。每个体素中的剂量由图像中相应体素的强度I确定，具有下限和上限，以确保一方面将足够的剂量输送到肿瘤的每个部分。另一方面，剂量不超过上限，以保护处于危险中的器官并避免毒性。最直接的方法是在最小剂量Dmin和最大剂量Dmax之间进行线性插值（见等式1），在目标体积内的最小强度Imax和最大强度之间按比例变化9，10
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/62560/62560eq01.jpg">等式 1
由于对DPBN RT的质量保证存在一些怀疑，因此应通过临床前和临床研究来验证剂量的沉积10。然而，只能从临床试验中获得有限的数据，并且假设可以通过缩小到实验动物来获得更多的见解11，12。因此，利用精确的图像引导辐射研究平台进行临床前研究，允许与一些非常具体的技术（如放射自显影）相结合，适用于检查开放问题，并为个性化医疗和新型治疗策略铺平道路，例如剂量绘画RT13，14。但是，必须谨慎解释临床前数据，并且必须考虑这些临床前设置的缺点14。
微辐照系统，如小动物辐射研究平台（SARRP），配备了与临床对应物类似的技术。它们包括车载锥形束CT（CBCT）成像，临床前治疗计划系统（PCTPS），并提供亚毫米级精度。临床剂量计算通过逆向治疗计划进行，从所需的剂量分布开始，通过迭代算法确定光束。临床前照射器通常使用前瞻性规划。在前瞻性规划中，选择所需的光束量和角度，然后PCTPS计算剂量分布。计划的优化通过人工迭代执行，这是劳动密集型的15。
2009年后，新的发展使得在这些研究平台上实施逆向规划成为可能16，17，18。为了增加与临床方法的相似性，开发了一种电动可变矩形准直器（MVC）作为多叶准直器的临床前对应物。Cho等人发表了一种利用可变准直器的二维剂量绘画方法。该研究小组在微辐照器上实施了三维（3D）逆治疗计划方案，并确定了目标体积的最小和最大剂量以及风险器官的最大剂量。这些技术主要 在计算机中进行了评估，其临床前应用需要探索。
本文提出了一项计算机研究，以比较使用小动物辐射研究平台在GB大鼠模型20，21，22中[18F]-氟乙基-L-酪氨酸（[18F]FET）PET剂量涂装的两种方法。这两种方法是（1）使用预定义的光束尺寸进行亚体积增强和（2）使用电动可变准直器进行剂量涂漆，其中颌骨尺寸根据肿瘤体积中的PET示踪剂摄取进行修改。[18楼]FET是一种PET示踪剂，通常用于神经肿瘤学，因为它具有检测脑肿瘤的能力23。[18楼]FET是一种人造氨基酸，内化到肿瘤细胞中，但未掺入细胞蛋白中。[18楼]FET摄取与细胞增殖速率、肿瘤细胞密度和血管生成相对应24。由于这是这些作者研究所中最常用的肿瘤脑PET示踪剂，因此选择这种放射性示踪剂来评估新的工作流程。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F98 Glioblastoma Cell Line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2397</td>
			<td>https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/products/all/CRL-2397</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbeco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22320-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flasks</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>178883</td>
			<td>75 cm&#178;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10270106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25030-032</td>
			<td>200 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilline-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140-148</td>
			<td>10,000 U/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14040-224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25300-062</td>
			<td>0.05%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GB Rat Model</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ball-shaped burr</td>
			<td>Foredom</td>
			<td>A-228</td>
			<td>1.8 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone Wax</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>1029754</td>
			<td>https://www.aesculapusa.com/en/healthcare-professionals/or-solutions/or-solutions-cranial-closure/hemostatic-bone-wax.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethilon</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>662G/662H</td>
			<td>FS-2, 4-0, 3/8, 19 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fischer F344/Ico crl Rats</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin Syringe Microfine</td>
			<td>Beckton-Dickinson</td>
			<td>320924</td>
			<td>1 mL, 29 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR Lamp</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>HP3616/01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meloxicam (Metacam)</td>
			<td>Boehringer Ingelheim</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>2 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromotor rotary tool</td>
			<td>Foredom</td>
			<td>K.1090-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropump system</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.</td>
			<td>53312</td>
			<td>Stoelting Stereotaxic Injector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotactic frame</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.</td>
			<td>51600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylocaine (1%, with adrenaline 1:200,000)</td>
			<td>Aspen</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>1%, with adrenaline 1:200,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylocaine gel (2%)</td>
			<td>Aspen</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>2%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal Irradiation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-irradiator</td>
			<td>X-Strahl</td>
			<td>SARRP</td>
			<td>Version 4.2.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>X-Strahl</td>
			<td>Muriplan</td>
			<td>Preclinical treatment planning system (PCTPC), version 2.2.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Animal PET</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>[18F]FET</td>
			<td>Inhouse made</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>PET tracer; along with Prohance: MRI/PET agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-PET</td>
			<td>Molecubes</td>
			<td>Beta-Cube</td>
			<td>https://www.molecubes.com/b-cube/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Animal MRI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-MRI</td>
			<td>Bruker Biospin</td>
			<td>Pharmascan 70/16</td>
			<td>https://www.bruker.com/products/mr/preclinical-mri/pharmascan.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 G Needle for IV injection</td>
			<td>Beckton-Dickinson</td>
			<td>305128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE 10 Tubing</td>
			<td>Instech Laboratories Inc</td>
			<td>BTPE-10</td>
			<td>BTPE-10, polyethylene tubing 0.011 x 0.024 in (0.28 x 60 mm), non sterile, 30 m (98 ft) spool, Instech laboratories, Inc Plymouth meeting PA USA- (800) 443-4227- http://www.instechlabs.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prohance contrast agent</td>
			<td>Bracco Imaging</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>279.3 mg/mL, gadolinium-contrast agent (along with [18F]FET: MRI/PET agent)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tx/Rx Rat Brain - Mouse Whole Body Volumecoil</td>
			<td>Bruker Biospin</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>40 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water-based Heating Unit</td>
			<td>Bruker Biospin</td>
			<td>MT0125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Consumables</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Zoetis</td>
			<td>B506</td>
			<td>Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin Syringe Microfine</td>
			<td>Beckton-Dickinson</td>
			<td>320924</td>
			<td>1 mL, 29 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Version R2019b</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMOD</td>
			<td>PMOD technologies LLC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preclinical and molecular imaging software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

positron emission tomography-based dose painting radiation therapy in a glioblastoma rat model using the small animal radiation research platform

先前已建立了一种大鼠胶质母细胞瘤模型，以模拟临床中人类胶质母细胞瘤的化学放射治疗。与临床治疗类似，在治疗计划过程中结合计算机断层扫描（CT）和磁共振成像（MRI）。随后添加了正电子发射断层扫描（PET）成像，以使用微辐照系统实现亚体积增大。然而，使用微照射系统组合三种成像方式（CT、MRI 和 PET）被证明是劳动密集型的，因为在临床前环境中必须按顺序完成多模式成像、治疗计划和剂量递送。这也会导致工作流更容易出现人为错误。因此，实施了一种用户友好的算法，以进一步优化基于临床前多模态成像的放射治疗计划。该软件工具用于通过使用计算机研究设计来评估微辐照剂量绘画放射治疗 的 准确性和效率。剂量涂装放射治疗的新方法在准确性，时间效率以及用户内部和用户间变异性方面优于先前描述的方法。这也是朝着在微型辐照器上实施逆向治疗计划迈出的重要一步，与临床系统相比，前瞻性计划仍然普遍使用。

在胶质母细胞瘤大鼠模型中使用SARRP模拟人类治疗策略的PET和MRI引导照射的可行性之前已经描述过20，21，22。虽然将动物固定在内部制作的多模式床上，但可以创建一个可接受的放射治疗计划，结合三种成像方式：PET，MRI和CT。在这些方法中，使用外部软件包（参见 材料表）手动使用刚体变换来共同注册图像。对?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform at JoVE.com

Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform

在这里，我们提出了一种方案，使用内部开发的算法在大鼠胶质母细胞瘤模型中执行基于临床前正电子发射断层扫描的放射治疗，以优化准确性和效率。

使用小动物辐射研究平台在胶质母细胞瘤大鼠模型中基于正电子发射断层扫描的剂量绘画放射治疗

A rat glioblastoma model to mimic chemo-radiation treatment of human glioblastoma in the clinic was previously established. Similar to the clinical ...

该协议描述了使用内部开发的算法在大鼠胶质母细胞瘤模型中基于PET的临床前放疗的优化工作流程。优化的方法有利于自动化，并且与以前开发的工作流程相比，耗时更少。麻醉一只含有7至8毫米直径肿瘤的F98胶质母细胞瘤大鼠后，在PET采集前一小时注射10至12兆贝克勒氟-18 FET溶解在200微升盐水中的侧尾静脉。让动物恢复意识，而示踪剂分布在全身。同时，固定充满MRI PET试剂的毛细管，以便于共同注册。然后再次麻醉动物并将其放在多模态床上。使用钩环紧固件固定动物，以在成像和微辐照期间保持固定位置，然后在多模态成像和治疗期间用气泡包裹动物以保持其体温。注射PET示踪剂一小时后，进行PET扫描。使用最大似然期望最大化算法的30次迭代，将PET扫描重建为0.4毫米体素大小的3D体积。接下来，将MRI造影剂注射到尾静脉中，然后将仍然固定在MRI扫描仪的动物支架中的多模态床上的大鼠。执行定位器扫描，然后执行对比度增强的 T1 加权旋转回波序列。然后将仍固定在多模态床上的动物放在固定在微辐照器上的四轴机器人定位台上的塑料支架上。执行高分辨率治疗计划锥形束 CT，需要在 360 度范围内总共进行 360 次投影。重建CT图像，各向同性体素尺寸为0.275毫米。对于图像协同配准，请将三个图像模态放入一个文件夹中，然后将转换后的图像导入 MATLAB。接下来，运行剂量绘画共配准 MATLAB 脚本，该脚本将 DICOM 图像转换为 NIfTI 格式，使用一毫米全宽半最大高斯滤镜过滤 PET 图像，裁剪 PET 图像并将图像中心彼此靠近，并使用统计参数映射执行实际的刚体共配准。在进行治疗计划之前，评估自动共同注册的结果。要应用方法一，请运行剂量绘制辐射规划 MATLAB 脚本，并将三种不同的成像模式加载到 MATLAB 应用程序中。接下来，在T1加权MRI扫描的横向，矢状面和额视图的对比度增强周围放置一个宽大的边界框。保存边界框的位置，然后完成该框。使用阈值确定对比度增强的音量。如果选择了多个区域，则仅选择最大体积，其中心被视为第一个为放射治疗提供规定剂量的同位中心。将先前确定的 MRI 对比度增强在每个方向上扩展 10 个像素。如果检测到多个区域，则仅保留最大的PET体积，其中心被认为是第二个等中心，以提供规定的放射治疗剂量。对于第一个等距中心，使用三个非共面弧在卧床位置为零，负45度和负90度，分别为120度，120度和60度，提供2， 000厘米的规定剂量。使用 10 x 10 毫米的固定准直器尺寸。但是，对于较小的肿瘤，请使用适当的尺寸，例如五×五毫米。对于第二个等距中心，使用三个非共面弧在卧床位置零，负45度和负90度提供800厘格雷的规定剂量，龙门架旋转分别为120，120和60度。使用一毫米的固定准直器尺寸。计算动物体内的剂量分布和光束传递参数。要应用方法二，请如前所述将三种不同的成像模式加载到 MATLAB 应用程序中，然后在氟-18 FET PET 图像的横向、矢状和正面视图的对比度增强周围放置一个宽大的边界框，并保存边界框的位置。定型边界框后，使用适当的 MATLAB 脚本确定等中心中的 V50、V60、V70、V80 和 V90，以及引导电动可变准直器所需的每个光束的钳口尺寸。要为V50提供分布在16个光束上的2， 000厘格雷和为V60至V90提供分布在40个光束上的800厘米的剂量，请选择MATLAB脚本生成的输出文件并将56个光束导入治疗计划软件。在验证所有56个光束都已正确导入后，计算动物体内的剂量分布和光束传递参数。两种基于PET的剂量绘画放射治疗方法均应用于三种不同的病例。病例 1 具有球形均质 PET 摄取，而病例 2 和 3 具有环形摄取，其中 PET 摄取减少很可能是坏死组织。方法二的剂量体积直方图比方法一的剂量体积直方图系统地更接近理想剂量分布。在用方法一治疗时，在病例2和3中，大量的肿瘤体积接受的照射不足。方法一的D90和D50值远低于方法二。理想情况下，Q 体积直方图在 Q 值等于 1 时急剧下降。方法二的剂量分布总是比方法一更接近剂量目标。此外，方法二的整体Q因子优于方法一。这种方法是朝着逆向规划迈出的关键一步，逆向规划通常用于临床常规，并进一步缩小了临床前放射研究与临床之间的差距。

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Advanced Animal Model of Colorectal Metastasis in Liver: Imaging Techniques and Properties of Metastatic Clones

肝大肠癌转移的高级动物模型：成像技术和转移性克隆性质

Patients with a limited number of hepatic metastases and slow rates of progression can be successfully treated with local treatment approaches1,2. ...

科研

癌症研究

PET and MRI Guided Irradiation of a Glioblastoma Rat Model Using a Micro-irradiator

PET 与 MRI 引导下微器对大鼠胶质瘤模型的照射

For decades, small animal radiation research was mostly performed using fairly crude experimental setups applying simple single-beam techniques without ...

An In Vivo Murine Sciatic Nerve Model of Perineural Invasion

An In Vivo Murine Sciatic Nerve Model of Perineural Invasion

神经入侵的体内小鼠坐骨神经模型

Cancer cells invade nerves through a process termed perineural invasion (PNI), in which cancer cells proliferate and migrate in the nerve ...

The Clinical Application of Tumor Treating Fields Therapy in Glioblastoma

肿瘤治疗胶质母细胞瘤的临床应用

Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal form of brain cancer, with a median survival of 15 months after diagnosis and a 5 year survival rate of only 5% ...

Studying Normal Tissue Radiation Effects using Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels

研究使用细胞外基体水凝胶的正常组织辐射效应

Radiation is a therapy for patients with triple negative breast cancer. The effect of radiation on the extracellular matrix (ECM) of healthy breast tissue ...

Cell Cycle-specific Measurement of &#947;H2AX and Apoptosis After Genotoxic Stress by Flow Cytometry

Cell Cycle-specific Measurement of ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â³H2AX and Apoptosis After Genotoxic Stress by Flow Cytometry

细胞周期特异性测量βH2AX和细胞凋亡后热源毒性应力通过流细胞测定

The presented method or slightly modified versions have been devised to study specific treatment responses and side effects of various anti-cancer ...

Management of Respiratory Motion Artefacts in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography using an Amplitude-Based Optimal Respiratory Gating Algorithm

Management of Respiratory Motion Artefacts in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography using an Amplitude-Based Optimal Respiratory Gating Algorithm

使用基于振幅的最佳呼吸门控算法对 18个F-氟二氧氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层扫描中的呼吸运动人工制品进行管理

Positron emission tomography (PET) combined with X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an important molecular imaging platform that is required for accurate ...

Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model

研究使用正交乳腺癌模型的三阴性乳腺癌

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options. When compared to patients with less ...

A 3D Spheroid Model for Glioblastoma

胶质母细胞瘤的3D球形模型

Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures do not mimic in vivo tumor growth satisfactorily. Therefore, three-dimensional (3D) culture spheroid models were ...

Machine Learning Algorithms for Early Detection of Bone Metastases in an Experimental Rat Model

实验鼠模型中骨代谢的早期检测机器学习算法

Machine learning (ML) algorithms permit the integration of different features into a model to perform classification or regression tasks with an accuracy ...