Name: conformable wearable electrodes: from fabrication to electrophysiological assessment
Uploaded: 2022-07-22T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了法国国家研究机构通过ANR JCJC OrgTex项目（ANR-17-CE19-0010）的支持。它还获得了欧盟地平线2020研究和创新计划的资助，该计划根据第813863号的Marie Sklodowska-Curie赠款协议。E.I.要感谢普罗旺斯微电子中心的CMP洁净室工作人员在项目开发过程中的技术支持。

注意：涉及人类受试者的实验不涉及收集与个人健康状况相关的可识别私人信息，此处仅用于技术演示。对三个不同受试者的数据进行了平均。电生理学记录是从先前发表的数据6，21中提取的。
1. 喷墨印刷PEDOT：PSS电极制造
注：以下方案已用于在商用柔性基材（纹身纸6和纺织品21?...

<ol>
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本文描述了一种制造可穿戴电极的简单且可扩展的过程，并演示了一种记录电生理生物信号的方法。它使用了三个可穿戴基材的例子，如纹身，纺织品和薄膜。它介绍了如何在这些基板上构建传感器，并在应用之前表征其性能。为了制造电极，我们采用了PEDOT：PSS，这是一种导电聚合物，由于其与绿色加工的相容性具有成本效益，多功能加工性，生物相容性，柔软性和可持续性，因此从金属基导?...

通过皮肤接触电极进行无创生物电势记录，提供有关人体在健身和医疗保健中的生理状态的大量数据1。新型可穿戴生物监测设备已经从电子学的最新技术进步发展到将集成控制和通信组件缩小到便携式尺寸。智能监测设备每天遍布市场，提供多种监测功能，最终目标是提供足够的生理内容以实现医疗诊断2。因此，与人体的安全、可靠和强大的接口在开发合法的医疗保健可穿戴技术方面提出了关键挑战。纹身和纺织电极最近作为可靠和稳定的接口出现，被认为是用于可穿戴生物传感的创新，舒适的设备3，4，5。
纹身传感器是干燥和薄的界面，由于其厚度低（〜1μm），可确保无粘合剂，适形的皮肤接触。它们基于由分层结构组成的市售纹身纸套件，其允许在皮肤上释放超薄聚合物层6。分层结构还允许在传感器的制造过程中轻松处理薄聚合物层并将其转移到皮肤。最终电极是完全顺应的，佩戴者几乎无法察觉。纺织传感器是用电活性材料7从织物功能化中获得的电子设备。它们主要集成或简单地缝制在衣服上，以确保用户的舒适性，因为它们的柔软性，透气性以及与服装的明显亲和力。近十年来，纺织品和纹身电极已在表面电生理记录3，8，9中进行了评估，在耐磨性和信号质量记录中都显示出良好的结果，并在短期和长期评估中报告了高信噪比（SNR）。它们还被认为是可穿戴生化汗液分析1，10的潜在平台。
对纹身，纺织品以及一般而言，柔性薄膜技术（例如，由聚对二甲苯或不同弹性体等塑料箔制成的薄膜技术）的兴趣日益浓厚，这主要是通过与低成本和可扩展的制造方法的兼容性来促进的。丝网印刷、喷墨印刷、直接图案化、浸渍涂布、印章转移等已成功用于生产此类电子接口11。其中，喷墨打印是最先进的数字和快速原型制作技术。它主要应用于在环境条件下和各种基材上以非接触式添加剂方式对导电油墨进行图案化12.虽然已经通过贵金属油墨图案化13制造了多个可穿戴传感器，但金属薄膜在机械应力作用下会变脆并开裂。不同的研究小组采用了不同的策略来赋予金属与皮肤机械相容的特性。这些策略包括减少薄膜厚度和使用蛇纹石设计或褶皱和预拉伸基板14，15，16。柔软且本质上具有柔韧性的导电材料，如导电聚合物，在柔性生物电子器件中得到了应用。它们的聚合物柔韧性与电导率和离子导电性相结合。PEDOT：PSS是生物电子学中最常用的导电聚合物。它的特点是柔软性，生物相容性，可持续性和印刷加工性17，这使其与生物医学设备的广泛生产相容。
设备，例如连接到采集系统的平面电极，允许在健康监测中记录生物电势。人体生物电势是由电原细胞产生的电信号，通过身体传播到皮肤表面。根据电极的放置位置，可以获取与大脑电活动（EEG），肌肉（EMG），心脏（ECG）和皮肤电导率（例如，生物阻抗或电活动，EDA）相关的数据。然后评估数据的质量，以评估电极在临床应用中的可用性。高SNR定义了它们的性能18，这通常与最先进的Ag / AgCl电极记录进行比较。虽然Ag/AgCl电极也具有高SNR，但它们缺乏长期可操作性和适时的耐磨性。高质量的生物信号记录提供了与特定器官功能相关的人类健康状况的见解。因此，舒适的纹身或纺织品界面的这些好处表明了它们对长期应用的前景，这些应用可以实现现实生活中的移动健康监测，并为远程医疗的发展铺平道路19。
本文报告了如何在健康生物监测中制造和评估纹身和纺织电极。制造完成后，必须对新型电极进行表征。通常，采用电化学阻抗谱（EIS）来研究电极相对于目标界面（例如，皮肤）的传递函数的电性能。EIS用于比较多个电极的阻抗特性，并在不同条件下进行测试（例如，改变电极设计或研究长期响应）。本文展示了通过简单的设置记录表面生物信号，并报告了一种用户友好的方法来记录适用于任何需要验证皮肤生物电位记录的新型制造电极的不同类型的生物信号。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosignalplux - Plux wireless device for electrophysiological recordings</td>
			<td>PLUX Wireless Biosignals S.A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EEG, ECG, EMG, EDA sensors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Covidien Kendal Disposable electrodes, medical grade disposable electrodes (Pregelled, 24 mm)</td>
			<td>Covidien / Kendal (formally Tyco) ARBO electrodes</td>
			<td>H124SG</td>
			<td>Commercial Ag/AgCl electrodes for electrophysiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimatix inkjet printer</td>
			<td>Fujifilm</td>
			<td>DMP 2800</td>
			<td>Inkjet printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Cutter</td>
			<td>Universal Laser Systems</td>
			<td>VLS 3.50, 50 W</td>
			<td>Laser cutter to cut the glue sheet for tattoo electrodes fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NOVA</td>
			<td>Metrohm Autolab</td>
			<td>NOVA 2.1</td>
			<td>Electrochemistry software to control Autolab instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OpenSignals</td>
			<td>2020 PLUX wireless biosignals, S.A.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software suite for real-time biosignals visualisation, capable of direct interaction with PLUX devices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEDOT:PSS inkjet printable ink</td>
			<td>Heraeus Deutschland GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td>CLEVIOS Pjet 700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene naphthalene (PEN) foil</td>
			<td>&#160;Goodfellow</td>
			<td>thickness 1.3 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Used for tattoo electrodes interconnection fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyimide tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>Kapton tape by 3 M, thickness 50 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Used for tattoo electrodes interconnection fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potentiostat</td>
			<td>Metrohm Autolab</td>
			<td>Autolab potentiostat B.V.</td>
			<td>Used for EIS measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silhouette temporary tattoo paper kit</td>
			<td>Silhouette Americ, Inc, US</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Substrate for tattoo-based electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wowen textile 100% cotton and commercially available pantyhose</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Substrate for textile-based electrodes</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

conformable wearable electrodes: from fabrication to electrophysiological assessment

可穿戴电子设备正在成为监测身体信号的关键参与者，这些信号在身体活动跟踪过程中主要发生变化。考虑到物联网时代的兴起对远程医疗和个性化护理的兴趣日益浓厚，可穿戴传感器已将其应用领域扩展到医疗保健领域。为了确保临床相关数据的收集，这些设备需要与人体建立兼容的接口，以提供高信号质量的记录和长期操作。为此，本文提出了一种轻松制造适形薄纹身和软纺织品传感器的方法，用于在广泛的表面电生理记录中作为可穿戴有机电子设备应用。 
这些传感器是通过经济高效且可扩展的皮肤电极图案化工艺开发的，使用聚（3，4-乙二氧基噻吩）-聚（苯乙烯磺酸盐）（PEDOT：PSS），生物电子学中最受欢迎的导电聚合物，在现成的可穿戴基板上。本文介绍了通过阻抗谱表征电极的关键步骤，以研究它们与皮肤耦合时在信号转导中的表现。需要比较研究来定位新型传感器的性能与临床黄金标准的关系。为了验证制造的传感器的性能，该协议展示了如何在实验室环境中通过用户友好的便携式电子设置从不同配置执行各种生物信号记录。该方法论文将允许多项实验计划，以推进用于人体健康监测的可穿戴传感器的当前技术水平。

本文展示了通过喷墨打印制造舒适的皮肤接触电极以及表征它们并进行电生理学记录的方法。我们报告了PEDOT：PSS喷墨打印直接在不同基材上的制造步骤，例如织物（图1A），PEN（图1B）和纹身纸（图1C，D）以供参考。方案步骤1.2.1中提出的设计。和步骤 1.3.1.5。定义一个 1 cm2 的圆形感应区域，将电极与主要在?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment at JoVE.com

Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

最近的两项技术 - 纹身和纺织品 - 已经在皮肤感应方面显示出有希望的结果。在这里，我们介绍了用于皮肤电生理传感的纹身和纺织电极的制造和评估方法。这些由导电聚合物制成的电子接口在舒适性和灵敏度方面优于现有标准。

适形可穿戴电极：从制造到电生理评估

Wearable electronic devices are becoming key players in monitoring the body signals predominantly altered during physical activity tracking. Considering ...

可穿戴电子设备是当今人体信号监测的关键参与者。需要开发适形的皮肤接口，以提供高信号分辨率和皮肤传感器的长期运行。在这里，我们将介绍如何轻松制造，表征和使用触觉和软纺织电极作为可穿戴有机电子传感器。为了验证我们制造的传感器的性能，我们应用便携式电子系统来记录来自人体的各种电生理信号。我们提出了多种配置，以简单地在实验室中记录各种生理信号。以下方案已被用于在商业柔性基材上制造电极，例如纹身纸和纺织品。商业纹身纸套件也与胶片一起提供。纹身纸具有分层结构，包括支撑纸片，水溶性聚乙烯醇层，可释放聚氨酯膜和最顶层的PVA层。要制造可穿戴传感器，请从切割感兴趣的子集开始。将子集放在打印机板上，用胶带粘住其边框以保持其平坦。然后，在过滤打印机墨盒后，用PWSs商用墨水填充打印机墨盒。这是导电聚合物的精确分散。然后在基材上打印您的设计。对于纹身纸和纺织品，它们具有较高的表面能，在打印参数中设置地址间距在15或20微米左右。之后，电极在烘箱中以110摄氏度干燥15分钟，完成溶剂蒸发。最终印刷的传感器在纹身纸，织物，PET和可拉伸纺织品上应如下所示。要制造到位置系统的外部连接器，请切割一块矩形的超薄基板，例如PEN。在其上打印一个矩形设计，带有三个PWS层。将超薄互连层压到两个电极上。在纹身纸胶片上切一个洞。将这一切都与纹身PWSs电极的信号传感部分对齐。在 PEN 互连的自由端上添加一块聚合物胶带。要转移纹身电极，请取下胶水衬垫。将纹身放在皮肤的所需部分。蘸湿背部支撑纸，使纹身保持在适当位置。一旦背面支撑纸被浸泡，滑动它以将其取出，只留下可转移超薄薄膜的电极端在皮肤上。然后，将扁平笔触点插入外部采集单元。要使用电化学阻抗谱表征制备的电极，请进行人体测量。首先，确保志愿者舒适地坐着，手臂放在桌子上休息。然后将一个电极放在皮肤上，并将其连接到工作感应对的电位启动。然后将另一个电极与第一个电极分开三厘米，并将其连接到对电极上。最后，将第三个电极放在肘部并将其连接到参比电极电缆上。然后从潜在的开始开始测量。在计数器和工作电极之间施加电流，并测量基准电压源和传感对之间的电位变化。请注意，在每个频率下计算的输出阻抗由两个贡献组成。皮肤阻抗，和皮肤电极接触阻抗。以下部分描述了每个感兴趣的生物信号的阶梯放置。使用市售C-左电极和C-右电极进行电视觉物品监测的一个例子。对于心电图，请调整具有三个电极的配置，其中一个用作接地。对于大脑电活动，EEG，将电极放在前额和外耳周围。对于电沉积活性测量，EDA，将两个电极放在左手的顶部。然后在受试者休息或进行体育锻炼时进行录制。为了表征电极的性能，我们报告了纺织电极的代表性阻抗。纺织电极的阻抗略高于CI烧结右标准电极， 但阻抗相当.阻抗模型的形状表明，在纺织电极的情况下，电阻行为略高。然而，标准CI烧结右转显示出典型的电阻容量行为。通过将电极放置在不同身体部位的皮肤上，我们可以访问多个生物信号。脑电图示踪取代了活动神经元群体的电活动记录。脑电波的基本组之一是8到13赫兹之间的阿尔法。阿尔法波反映了大脑在放松时的状态，可以通过要求受试者闭上眼睛来诱导。灰色的垂直虚线标志着录音中志愿者被要求睁开眼睛的时刻。心电图示踪显示心脏心房和心室的极化和极化，由 P 波、IQRS 波群和 T 波组成的特征模式表示。R峰值显示最高振幅，用于通过考虑两个连续波峰之间的时间来计算心率。我们记录了肌电图追踪，同时志愿者逐渐增加了R肌的力量。增强的肌肉活动通过电压峰值的幅度增加来量化。在肌电图示踪中，在10至千赫兹的频率范围内，振幅从几微伏到几微伏的尖峰反映了由运动单元动作电位驱动的高活动肌肉。EDA 跟踪通常由补品和模糊组件组成。强直分量反映皮肤电导水平并对应于背景信号。模糊分量反映了受试者对特定刺激的反应，并且可以通过皮肤电导值的变化来检测。这种追踪用于评估人体压力水平和身体水合作用。通过我们的方案，我们获得了柔软舒适的皮肤传感器，以在通常柔软的细胞直上绘制导电油墨的图案。印刷是一种局部和可扩展的技术，从传统的微电子制造工艺中脱颖而出。该方法描述了如何获取从弱神经活动到高功率肌肉收缩的电信号。该信号允许进入用户体内的生理状态。作为一个角色，我们提出了无缝语言设备在各种医疗应用中的可行性的第一步，这些应用已经从健身转向医疗保健监控。

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

循环压力为生物反应器的设计体外主动脉心脏瓣膜的研究

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

科研

生物工程

Microfluidic Chip Fabrication and Method to Detect Influenza

微流控芯片的制备及方法检测甲型流感

Fast  and effective diagnostics play an important role in controlling infectious  disease by enabling effective patient management and treatment. Here, we ...

Aplysia Ganglia Preparation for Electrophysiological and Molecular Analyses of Single Neurons

Aplysia Ganglia Preparation for Electrophysiological and Molecular Analyses of Single Neurons

阿普利西亚 单一神经元电生理学和分子分析的甘利亚制备

A major challenge in neurobiology is to understand the molecular underpinnings of neural circuitry that govern a specific behavior. Once the specific ...

Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography

聚合物微针阵列制造用光刻

This manuscript describes the fabrication of polymeric microneedle (MN) arrays by photolithography. It involves a simple mold-free process by using a ...

Fabrication and Validation of an Organ-on-chip System with Integrated Electrodes to Directly Quantify Transendothelial Electrical Resistance

用集成电极直接量化 Transendothelial 电阻的 Organ-on-chip 系统的制作与验证

Organs-on-chips, in vitro models involving the culture of (human) tissues inside microfluidic devices, are rapidly emerging and promise to provide useful ...

Fabrication of Decellularized Cartilage-derived Matrix Scaffolds

脱碳软骨衍生基质支架的制备

Osteochondral defects lack sufficient intrinsic repair capacity to regenerate functionally sound bone and cartilage tissue. To this extent, cartilage ...

Single-Cell Optical Action Potential Measurement in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

人类诱导多能干细胞衍生心肌细胞中的单细胞光学作用潜在测量

Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte electrophysiology are extremely complex, labor intensive, and typically ...

Fibroblast Derived Human Engineered Connective Tissue for Screening Applications

成纤维细胞衍生的人类工程结缔组织用于筛查应用

Fibroblasts are phenotypically highly dynamic cells, which quickly transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts in response to biochemical and biomechanical ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Layer-By-Layer Janus Base Nano-Matrix to Promote Cartilage Regeneration

促进软骨再生的逐层Janus碱基纳米基质的制备和表征

Various biomaterial scaffolds have been developed to guide cell adhesion and proliferation in hopes to promote specific functions for in vitro and in vivo ...

Setup of Consumer Wearable Devices for Exposure and Health Monitoring in Population Studies

在人口研究中设置用于暴露和健康监测的消费者可穿戴设备

Wearable sensors, which are often embedded in commercial smartwatches, allow for continuous and non-invasive health measurements and exposure assessments ...