Name: performing in vivo and ex vivo electrical impedance myography in rodents
Uploaded: 2022-06-08T13:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Performing In Vivo and Ex Vivo Electrical Impedance Myography in Rodents at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了查理基金和NIH R01NS055099的支持。

此处描述的所有方法均已获得贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心机构动物护理和使用委员会的批准，协议编号为（031-2019; 025-2019）。穿戴适当的个人防护装备来处理动物，并遵守IACUC关于所有动物工作的指导方针。
1. 体内 表面EIM
<ol><li>将动物放入麻醉盒中以诱导麻醉。 注意：对于大鼠，使用1.5%-3.5%异氟烷和2O 2 L·min-1，对于小鼠，使用2%异氟烷和1 O<sub...

<ol>
	<li>Rutkove, S. B., Sanchez, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+impedance+methods+in+neuromuscular+assessment:+An+overview.">Electrical impedance methods in neuromuscular assessment: An overview.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 9 (10), 034405 (2019).</li><li>Rutkove, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+impedance+myography:+Background,+Current+State,+and+Future+Directions.">Electrical impedance myography: Background, Current State, and Future Directions.</a> Muscle &amp; Nerve. 40, 936-946 (2009).</li><li>Sanchez, B., Rutkove, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Present+uses,+future+applications,+and+technical+underpinnings+of+electrical+impedance+myography.">Present uses, future applications, and technical underpinnings of electrical impedance myography.</a> Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 17 (11), 86 (2017).</li><li>Garmirian, L. P., Chin, A. B., Rutkove, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discriminating+neurogenic+from+myopathic+disease+via+measurement+of+muscle+anisotropy.">Discriminating neurogenic from myopathic disease via measurement of muscle anisotropy.</a> Muscle &amp; Nerve. 39 (1), 16-24 (2009).</li><li>Rutkove, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+electrical+anisotropy+is+an+unrecognized+feature+of+dystrophic+muscle+that+may+serve+as+a+convenient+index+of+disease+status.">Loss of electrical anisotropy is an unrecognized feature of dystrophic muscle that may serve as a convenient index of disease status.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 127 (12), 3546-3551 (2016).</li><li>Wang, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+alterations+in+the+electrical+impedance+of+muscle+after+experimental+nerve+injury+via+finite-element+analysis.">Assessment of alterations in the electrical impedance of muscle after experimental nerve injury via finite-element analysis.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 58 (6), 1585-1591 (2011).</li><li>Katirji, B., Ruff, R. L., Kaminski, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Neuromuscular Disorders in Clinical Practice. , (2014).</li><li>Rutkove, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+impedance+myography+for+assessment+of+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy.">Electrical impedance myography for assessment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a> Annals of Neurology. 81 (5), 622-632 (2017).</li><li>Semple, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+electrical+impedance+myography+as+a+biomarker+of+muscle+deconditioning+in+rats+exposed+to+micro-+and+partial-gravity+analogs.">Using electrical impedance myography as a biomarker of muscle deconditioning in rats exposed to micro- and partial-gravity analogs.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 11, 557796 (2020).</li><li>Kortman, H. G. J., Wilder, S. C., Geisbush, T. R., Narayanaswami, P., Rutkove, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-+and+gender-associated+differences+in+electrical+impedance+values+of+skeletal+muscle.">Age- and gender-associated differences in electrical impedance values of skeletal muscle.</a> Physiological Measurement. 34 (12), 1611-1622 (2013).</li><li>Clark, B. C., Rutkove, S., Lupton, E. C., Padilla, C. J., Arnold, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+utility+of+electrical+impedance+myography+in+evaluating+age-related+skeletal+muscle+function+deficits.">Potential utility of electrical impedance myography in evaluating age-related skeletal muscle function deficits.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 12, 666964 (2021).</li><li>Kapur, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+myofiber+size+with+electrical+impedance+myography:+A+study+in+immature+mice.">Predicting myofiber size with electrical impedance myography: A study in immature mice.</a> Muscle and Nerve. 58 (1), 106-113 (2018).</li><li>Kapur, K., Nagy, J. A., Taylor, R. S., Sanchez, B., Rutkove, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+myofiber+size+with+electrical+impedance+myography:+a+study+in+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis+mice.">Estimating myofiber size with electrical impedance myography: a study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice.</a> Muscle and Nerve. 58 (5), 713-717 (2018).</li><li>Mortreux, M., Semple, C., Riveros, D., Nagy, J. A., Rutkove, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+impedance+myography+for+the+detection+of+muscle+inflammation+induced+by+&#955;-carrageenan.">Electrical impedance myography for the detection of muscle inflammation induced by &#955;-carrageenan.</a> PLoS ONE. 14 (10), 0223265 (2019).</li><li>Pandeya, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+myofiber+cross-sectional+area+and+triglyceride+content+with+electrical+impedance+myography:+A+study+in+db/db+mice.">Predicting myofiber cross-sectional area and triglyceride content with electrical impedance myography: A study in db/db mice.</a> Muscle and Nerve. 63 (1), 127-140 (2021).</li><li>Pandeya, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+myofiber+cross-sectional+area+and+connective+tissue+deposition+with+electrical+impedance+myography:+A+study+in+D2-mdx+mice.">Estimating myofiber cross-sectional area and connective tissue deposition with electrical impedance myography: A study in D2-mdx mice.</a> Muscle &amp; Nerve. 63 (6), 941-950 (2021).</li><li>St&#229;lberg, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standards+for+quantification+of+EMG+and+neurography.">Standards for quantification of EMG and neurography.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 130 (9), 1688-1729 (2019).</li><li>Theodorou, D. J., Theodorou, S. J., Kakitsubata, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+muscle+disease:+Patterns+of+MRI+appearances.">Skeletal muscle disease: Patterns of MRI appearances.</a> British Journal of Radiology. 85 (1020), 1298-1308 (2012).</li><li>Simon, N. G., Noto, Y., Zaidman, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+muscle+imaging+in+neuromuscular+disease.">Skeletal muscle imaging in neuromuscular disease.</a> Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 33, 1-10 (2016).</li><li>Kwon, H., Rutkove, S. B., Sanchez, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recording+characteristics+of+electrical+impedance+myography+needle+electrodes.">Recording characteristics of electrical impedance myography needle electrodes.</a> Physiological Measurement. 38 (9), 1748-1765 (2017).</li><li>Kwon, H., Di Cristina, J. F., Rutkove, S. B., Sanchez, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recording+characteristics+of+electrical+impedance-electromyography+needle+electrodes.">Recording characteristics of electrical impedance-electromyography needle electrodes.</a> Physiological Measurement. 39 (5), 055005 (2018).</li><li>Rutkove, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+spinal+muscular+atrophy+with+electrical+impedance+myography.">Characterizing spinal muscular atrophy with electrical impedance myography.</a> Muscle and Nerve. 42 (6), 915-921 (2010).</li><li>Schwartz, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+electrical+impedance+myography+measurements+by+using+a+multifrequency+ratio:+A+study+in+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy.">Optimizing electrical impedance myography measurements by using a multifrequency ratio: A study in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 126 (1), 202-208 (2015).</li><li>Li, J., Pacheck, A., Sanchez, B., Rutkove, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+and+modeled+multifrequency+electrical+impedance+myography+parameters+and+their+relationship+to+force+production+in+the+ALS+SOD1G93A+mouse.">Single and modeled multifrequency electrical impedance myography parameters and their relationship to force production in the ALS SOD1G93A mouse.</a> Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration. 17 (5-6), 397-403 (2016).</li><li>Hu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antisense+oligonucleotide+and+adjuvant+exercise+therapy+reverse+fatigue+in+old+mice+with+myotonic+dystrophy.">Antisense oligonucleotide and adjuvant exercise therapy reverse fatigue in old mice with myotonic dystrophy.</a> Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids. 23, 393-405 (2021).</li><li>Sanchez, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+assessment+of+muscle+injury+in+healthy+and+dystrophic+animals+with+electrical+impedance+myography.">Non-invasive assessment of muscle injury in healthy and dystrophic animals with electrical impedance myography.</a> Muscle &amp; Nerve. 56 (6), 85-94 (2017).</li><li>Sanchez, B., Li, J., Bragos, R., Rutkove, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+the+intracellular+structure+of+slow-+versus+fast-twitch+muscle+fibers+through+evaluation+of+the+dielectric+properties+of+tissue.">Differentiation of the intracellular structure of slow- versus fast-twitch muscle fibers through evaluation of the dielectric properties of tissue.</a> Physics in Medicine and Biology. 59 (10), 2369-2380 (2014).</li><li>Shefner, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+ALS+progression+with+a+dedicated+electrical+impedance+myography+system.">Assessing ALS progression with a dedicated electrical impedance myography system.</a> Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis &amp; Frontotemporal Degeneration. 19 (7-8), 555-561 (2018).</li><li>Lungu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+muscle+asymmetries+in+cervical+dystonia+with+electrical+impedance:+a+preliminary+assessment.">Quantifying muscle asymmetries in cervical dystonia with electrical impedance: a preliminary assessment.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 122 (5), 1027-1031 (2011).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+impedance+myography+for+assessing+paraspinal+muscles+of+patients+with+low+back+pain.">Electrical impedance myography for assessing paraspinal muscles of patients with low back pain.</a> Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance. 10 (1), 103-109 (2019).</li><li>Leitner, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+impedance+myography+for+reducing+sample+size+in+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy+trials.">Electrical impedance myography for reducing sample size in Duchenne muscular dystrophy trials.</a> Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 7 (1), 4-14 (2020).</li><li>Rutkove, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+ALS+clinical+trials+through+frequent+at-home+self-assessment:+a+proof+of+concept+study.">Improved ALS clinical trials through frequent at-home self-assessment: a proof of concept study.</a> Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 7 (7), 1148-1157 (2020).</li></ol>

本文提供了在 啮 齿动物体内和 体外进行EIM的基本方法。为了获得可靠的测量结果，执行一系列步骤至关重要。首先，需要正确识别感兴趣的肌肉，因为每块肌肉对疾病、治疗和病理都有不同的反应。必须注意，在一块肌肉（例如腓肠肌）上获得的数据不会提供与另一块肌肉（例如胫骨前肌）相同的信息。其次，需要仔细选择最佳的电极阵列来进行阻抗测量。虽然每种阵列类型都有?...

电阻抗肌图（EIM）提供了一种评估肌肉状况的强大方法，有可能诊断神经肌肉疾病，跟踪疾病进展和评估对治疗的反应1，2，3。它可以类似地应用于动物疾病模型和人类，允许从临床前到临床研究的相对无缝转换。使用四个线性放置的电极可以轻松获得EIM测量，其中两个外部电极在频率范围内（通常在1 kHz和大约2 MHz之间）施加无痛的弱电流，两个内部电极记录产生的电压1。从这些电压中，可以获得组织的阻抗特性，包括电阻（R），这是电流通过组织的难度的量度，以及组织的电抗（X）或“可充电性”，与组织的电荷存储能力（电容）有关。根据电抗和电阻，相位角（θ）通过以下公式<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/63513/63513eq01.jpg" style="margin: auto;">计算：，提供单个求和阻抗测量。这种测量可以使用任何多频生物阻抗设备获得。由于肌纤维本质上是长圆柱体，肌肉组织也是高度各向异性的，电流更容易沿着纤维流动而不是穿过它们4，5.因此，EIM通常在两个方向上进行：阵列沿着纤维放置，使电流平行于它们，并穿过肌肉，使电流垂直于它们流动。此外，在离体测量中，在阻抗测量池中测量已知体积的组织时，可以得出肌肉的固有电特性（即电导率和相对介电常数）6。
术语“神经肌肉疾病”定义了导致结构肌肉改变和功能障碍的各种原发性和继发性疾病。这包括肌萎缩侧索硬化症和各种形式的肌肉萎缩症，以及与衰老（例如肌肉减少症）、废用性萎缩（例如由于长时间卧床或微重力）甚至损伤相关的简单变化7。虽然病因很多，可能起源于运动神经元、神经、神经肌肉接头或肌肉本身，但EIM可用于检测由于许多这些过程引起的肌肉早期变化，并跟踪治疗的进展或反应。例如，在杜氏肌营养不良症 （DMD） 患者中，EIM 已被证明可以检测疾病进展和对皮质类固醇的反应8。最近的工作还表明，EIM对不同的废弃状态很敏感，包括部分重力9，就像在月球或火星上经历的那样，以及老化的影响10，11。最后，通过将预测和机器学习算法应用于每次测量获得的数据集（多频率和方向依赖性数据），可以推断组织的组织学方面，包括肌纤维大小12，13、炎症变化和水肿 14，以及结缔组织和脂肪含量15，16。
其他几种非侵入性或微创方法也用于评估人类和动物的肌肉健康，包括针状肌电图17 和成像技术，如磁共振成像，计算机断层扫描和超声18，19。然而，与这些技术相比，EIM显示出明显的优势。例如，肌电图仅记录肌纤维膜的主动电特性，而不记录被动特性，因此无法提供对肌肉组成或结构的真实评估。在某种程度上，成像方法与EIM的关系更密切，因为它们也提供了有关组织结构和组成的信息。但从某种意义上说，它们提供了太多的数据，需要详细的图像分割和专家分析，而不仅仅是提供定量输出。此外，鉴于其复杂性，成像技术也受到所用硬件和软件细节的极大影响，理想情况下需要使用相同的系统，以便可以比较数据集。相比之下，EIM更简单的事实意味着它受这些技术问题的影响较小，并且不需要任何形式的图像处理或专家分析。
以下协议演示了如何使用非侵入性（表面阵列）和微创（皮下针阵列）技术以及在新鲜切除的肌肉上进行体外 EIM，在大鼠和小鼠中进行体内 EIM。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printer</td>
			<td>Formlabs Inc.</td>
			<td>Form 2 Desktop</td>
			<td>3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printer</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Creality 3D Technology Co. LTD</td>
			<td>Creality Ender 3 V2</td>
			<td>3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3M Micropore surgical tape</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>19-027761 and 19-061655</td>
			<td>models 1530-0 and 1530-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3M TRANSPORE surgical tape</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>18-999-380 and 18-999-381</td>
			<td>models 1527-0 and 1527-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connector header vertical 10 POS 1 mm spacing</td>
			<td>Digi-Key (Sullins connector solution)</td>
			<td>S9214-ND (SMH100-LPSE-S10-ST-BK)</td>
			<td>Plastic spacer 1 mm holes for the rat in vivo array displayed in Figure 2A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton-tipped applicators</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>22-363-172</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental Wax</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>NC9377103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Depilatory agent</td>
			<td>NAIR</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>hair remover lotion with softening baby oil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #7b Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 11270-20</td>
			<td>Used for dissection, Style: #7b, Tip Shape: Curved, Tips: Standard, Tip Dimensions: 0.17 mm x 0.1 mm, Alloy/Material: Inox, Length: 11 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic Digital Caliper</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-648-17</td>
			<td>Used to measure out the dimensions of the Gastrocnemius muscle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy adhesive dual cartridge 4 min work life</td>
			<td>Devcon</td>
			<td>series 14265, model 2217</td>
			<td>Glue used in the rat in vivo array displayed in Figure 2A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ex vivo dielectric impedance cell</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Dielectric cells were 3D printed in the Rutkove laboratory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 11051-10</td>
			<td>Used for muscle to place and adjust, Length: 10 cm, Tip Shape: Curved, Tips: Serrated, Tip Width: 0.8 mm, Tip Dimensions: 0.8 mm x 0.7 mm, Alloy/Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hair clipper</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Wahl professional animal BravMini+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Impedance Animal Device</td>
			<td>Myolex</td>
			<td>EIM1103</td>
			<td>mView system - investigational electrical impedance myography device for use in animal research</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In vivo needle arrays</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Custom arrays using 27 G subdermal needles from Ambu. The construction was finalized using a 3D printer in the Rutkove laboratory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In vivo surface array</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>The in vivo surface array was printed and assembled in the Rutkove laboratory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary Supplies</td>
			<td>07-893-8441 (NDC: 46066-755-04)</td>
			<td>Pivetal - 250 mL bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-woven gauze</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>22-028-559</td>
			<td>2 x 2 inch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene Weighing Dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S67090A</td>
			<td>Dimensions (L x W x H): 88.9 mm x 88.9 mm x 25.4 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor Blades</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td>Used to cut muscle to right dimensions, Single-edge carbon steel blades</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Student Fine Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 91460-11</td>
			<td>Used for dissection, Tips: Sharp-Sharp, Alloy/Material: Student Stainless Steel, Serrated: No, Tip Shape: Straight, Cutting Edge: 20 mm, Length: 11.5 cm, Feature: Student Quality</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Subdermal needles 27 G Neuroline</td>
			<td>Ambu</td>
			<td>745 12-50/24</td>
			<td>Needles used in the rat in vivo array displayed in Figure 2A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scissors - Sharp</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 14002-13</td>
			<td>Used to cut skin, Tips: Sharp-Sharp, Alloy/Material: Stainless Steel, Serrated: No, Tip Shape: Straight, Cutting Edge: 42 mm, Length: 13 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TECA ELITE monopolar needle electrodes</td>
			<td>Natus</td>
			<td>902-DMG50-S</td>
			<td>0.46 mm diameter (26 G). Blue hub</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teknova 0.9% saline solution</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S5815</td>
			<td>1000 mL sterile</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

performing in vivo and ex vivo electrical impedance myography in rodents

电阻抗肌图（EIM）是一种方便的技术，可用于临床前和临床研究，以评估肌肉组织的健康和疾病。EIM是通过在一系列频率（即从1 kHz到10 MHz）上向感兴趣的肌肉施加低强度，定向聚焦的电流并记录产生的电压来获得的。由此，可以获得几个标准阻抗分量，包括电抗、电阻和相位。当对切除的肌肉进行 离体 测量时，还可以计算组织的固有被动电特性，即电导率和相对介电常数。EIM已被广泛用于动物和人类，以诊断和跟踪各种疾病的肌肉改变，与简单的废用性萎缩有关，或作为治疗干预的措施。在临床上，EIM提供了跟踪疾病随时间发展并评估治疗干预影响的潜力，从而提供了缩短临床试验持续时间和减少样本量要求的机会。由于EIM可以在活体动物模型和人类中进行无创或微创，因此具有作为新型转化工具的潜力，可实现临床前和临床开发。本文提供了有关如何在小鼠和大鼠中进行 体内 和 离体 EIM测量的分步说明，包括使该技术适应特定条件的方法，例如用于幼崽或肥胖动物。

EIM可以在许多条件下获得，包括表面体内阵列（图1），针状体内阵列（图2A-F）和离体介电电池（图2G，H）。
EIM根据测量的阻抗值提供肌肉状况的近乎即时的快照。测量结果可快速采集，并生成简单的输出数据文件，无需任何特殊软件（<strong class="xfi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Performing In Vivo and Ex Vivo Electrical Impedance Myography in Rodents at JoVE.com

Performing In Vivo and Ex Vivo Electrical Impedance Myography in Rodents

本文详细介绍了如何对啮齿动物腓肠肌进行 体内 （使用表面和针状电极阵列）和 离体 （使用介电电池）电阻抗肌图。它将在小鼠和大鼠中演示该技术，并详细说明可用的修改（即肥胖动物，幼崽）。

在啮齿动物中进行体内和离体电阻抗肌图

Electrical impedance myography (EIM) is a convenient technique that can be used in preclinical and clinical studies to assess muscle tissue health and ...

电阻抗肌图是一种用于评估肌肉状况的无创或微创技术。它提供了肌肉健康的定量指标，作为诊断工具或生物标志物。因此，该技术是定量的，快速的，并且不需要详细的图像分析，因此它可以作为治疗研究中疾病状态的方便生物标志物。电阻抗肌图的另一个有用方面是它对大多数类型的骨骼肌病理敏感。异常电阻抗肌图值可揭示潜在的组织学改变。对于表面测量，需要为皮肤做好充分准备。必须熟悉接触阻抗伪影的外观，并在需要时重新测量。首先，在确认在脚趾捏测期间没有反应后，将鼠标放在俯卧位置。将要分析的动物腿以 45 度角放置，膝盖伸展并用医用胶带固定脚。使用理发器修剪覆盖腓肠肌的皮毛，并在动物皮肤上涂抹一层厚厚的脱毛膏一分钟。使用盐水饱和纱布去除脱毛剂，并重复此过程最多三次，直到覆盖腓肠肌的所有皮毛都被去除。将表面阵列连接到电阻抗肌成像设备，让电极放在浸泡在盐溶液中的纱布上。将表面阵列直接放在皮肤上，在纵向定向于肌纤维的腓肠肌上。通过检查软件上所有条形是否显示为绿色且具有 50 kHz 电阻、电抗和相位值的稳定性来检查适当的接触。然后获取电阻抗肌成像测量值。将表面阵列旋转 90 度并将其重新定位在腓肠肌上方的皮肤上以获得横向测量值。将针阵列连接到电阻抗肌成像设备，让电极阵列放在含有盐溶液的称量舟中。然后检查连接性和信号稳定性。将针阵列置于与我的纤维相比的纵向位置，并将其牢固地按入皮肤，直到所有针头穿透皮肤和下面的肌肉，直到阵列上的塑料防护罩。获取数据。轻轻取出阵列并将其重新插入皮肤并以相对于横向第一次测量的 90 度角重新插入肌肉中。然后获取此数据。对于离体电阻抗肌成像，准备离体介电池，向腔室中加入盐溶液，并将细胞连接到电阻抗肌成像装置以获得参考值。将腓肠肌放在一张牙蜡上，并使用尺子中的剃须刀片将其切片，以获得10毫米乘10毫米的大鼠切片。和五毫米乘五毫米的切片，用于从腓肠肌中心的小鼠。用镊子轻轻地将腓肠肌放入双胞中，确保纤维纵向定向并且肌肉完全与金属电极接触。连接辩证单元的顶部，并将两个26号的单极针插入两个孔中。按照手稿中提到的顺序将电阻抗肌成像装置的电线连接到离体细胞。然后获取纵向测量值。打开辩证细胞，并通过旋转90度在横向上重新定向肌肉。重新连接辩证单元的顶部并获得横向测量值。电阻抗肌图可以在许多条件下获得表面体内阵列、针状体内阵列和离体双胞。显示了横向测量中纵向表面E I M的代表性曲线。一些通常与接触问题有关的不规则性可能导致在低频下观察到极值。图中显示了作为电阻函数的电抗以及纵向和横向的电抗。良好的皮肤准备对于表面测量至关重要。不可能有皮毛留下。如果发现接触伪影，则重复去除皮毛，施用盐水并进行测量。电阻抗肌图可以增强对啮齿动物模型中疾病状态和治疗效果的评估，有助于加快识别治疗神经肌肉疾病的有前途的新疗法。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Performing In Vivo and Ex Vivo Electrical Impedance Myography in Rodents

Ex vivo Mechanical Loading of Tendon

体外机械装载肌腱

Injuries to the tendon (e.g., wrist tendonitis, epicondyltis) due to overuse are common in sports activities and the workplace.  Most are associated with ...

科研

生物学

Targeted Expression of GFP in the Hair Follicle Using Ex Vivo Viral Transduction

有针对性的表达绿色荧光蛋白在头发上使用体外病毒转导的卵泡

There are many cell types in the hair follicle, including hair matrix cells which form the hair shaft and stem cells which can initiate the hair shaft ...

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

文化早期鸡胚体外（新文化）的方法

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

在子宫内和前体内的基因表达在小鼠视网膜神经节细胞的电穿孔

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

一个系统<em&gt;体外</em培养的胚胎胰腺

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body,  including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar  levels1. Although in the ...

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

体外评估对离体骨骼肌的收缩，疲劳性和交替“

 
Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, ...

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

代谢谱的实时分析<em&gt;离体</em&gt;鼠标肠隐窝类器官培养

The small intestinal mucosa exhibits a repetitive architecture organized into two fundamental structures: villi, projecting into the intestinal lumen and ...

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines

运动性的时空制图<em&gt;离体</em肠子&gt;准备工作

Multiple approaches have been used to record and evaluate gastrointestinal motility including: recording changes in muscle tension, intraluminal pressure, ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

在c-fos蛋白免疫组织学检测：一个有用​​的工具，中央通路在特定的生理反应所涉及的标记<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;和<em&gt;离体</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

测量的刚度<em&gt;离体</em&gt;鼠标主动脉用原子力显微镜

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...