Name: binocular dynamic visual acuity in eyeglass-corrected myopic patients
Uploaded: 2022-03-29T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (7202229).

The present study enrolled consecutive myopia patients in the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking University Third Hospital. The research protocol was approved by the Peking University Third Hospital Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from each participant.
1. Patient preparation
<ol>
	<li>Use the following initial inclusion criteria to enroll subjects: myopia subjects aged 17-45 years old.</li>
	<li>Use the following exclusion criteria: any history of ocu...

<ol>
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DVA is a promising indicator to assess visual function, which might better reflect actual vision in daily life. Myopic patients could have corrected, normal SVA, but their DVA might be affected. This study demonstrates a method to examine the DVA in myopic subjects with eyeglass correction accurately and analyzes its correlation with optometric parameters, including refraction, accommodation, and the dominant eye. The results indicated that DVA at 40 dps was superior to that at 80 dps. The closer the refraction state is ...

Current visual assessment mainly focuses on static vision, including static visual acuity (SVA), visual field, and contrast sensitivity. In daily life, either the object or the observer is often in motion rather than being stationary. Therefore, SVA may not sufficiently reflect visual function in daily lives, especially when objects are moving at high speeds, such as during sports and driving1. DVA defines the ability to identify the details of moving optotypes1,2, which might reflect real-life situations better and be more sensitive to visual disturbance and improvement3,4. Moreover, as magnocellular (M) ganglion cells located mainly in the peripheral retina primarily transmit high temporal frequency signals, DVA might reflect visual signal transmission differently from SVA5,6. The DVA test (DVAT) can be mainly divided into two types: static- and moving-object DVATs. While the static-object DVAT demonstrates the vestibule-ocular reflex7,8,9,10, the moving-object DVAT is commonly applied in clinical ophthalmology to detect visual acuity in the identification of moving targets3,4.
The prevalence of myopia has rapidly increased in recent decades, especially in Asian countries11. Myopia has an essential impact on static uncorrected distance visual acuity, which could be corrected with various lenses. Eyeglasses are mostly used among myopia patients due to accessibility and convenience. However, eyeglasses, especially high myopia lenses, have obvious peripheral defocus and prism effects that cause unclear and skewed images to be observed through the peripheral region12,13,14,15. For a static optotype, the subject commonly uses the central area of eyeglasses that could obtain a clear vision. However, the moving target could easily move out of the eyeglasses&#39; clearest point. Thus, with eyeglass correction, myopic subjects might have normal SVA and affected DVA. However, no research has been performed to investigate the impact of myopia diopter on DVA in populations with eyeglasses.
This study demonstrates a method to examine DVA in eyeglass-corrected myopia patients and aimed to explore the impact of myopia diopter on moving-object binocular DVA in eyeglass-corrected patients. The research provides a basis for accurately interpreting DVAT in clinical ophthalmology considering the impact of eyeglasses and evidence on the influence of corrected myopia on motion-related activities.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic computer optometry</td>
			<td>TOPCON</td>
			<td>KR8100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corneal topography</td>
			<td>OCULUS</td>
			<td>Pentacam</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynamic visual acuity test design software</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>matlab 2017b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fundus photography</td>
			<td>Optos</td>
			<td>Daytona</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>2017b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noncontact tonometry</td>
			<td>CANON</td>
			<td>TX-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phoropter</td>
			<td>&#160;NIDEK</td>
			<td>RT-5100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scientific statistical software</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td>SPSS 26.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slit lamp</td>
			<td>Koniz</td>
			<td>IM 900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

binocular dynamic visual acuity in eyeglass-corrected myopic patients

Current clinical visual assessment mainly focuses on static vision. However, static vision may not sufficiently reflect real-life visual function as moving optotypes are frequently observed daily. Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) might reflect real-life situations better, especially when objects are moving at high speeds. Myopia impacts static uncorrected distance visual acuity, conveniently corrected with eyeglasses. However, due to peripheral defocus and prism effects, eyeglass correction might affect DVA. The present research demonstrates a standard method to examine eyeglass-corrected DVA in myopia patients, and aimed to explore the influence of eyeglass correction on DVA. 
Initially, standard subjective refraction was performed to provide the eyeglass prescription to correct the refractive error. Then, binocular distance vision-corrected DVA was examined using the object-moving DVA protocol. Software was designed to display the moving optotypes according to the preset velocity and size on a screen. The optotype was the standard logarithmic visual chart letter E and moves from the middle of the left to the right side horizontally during the test. Moving optotypes with randomized opening direction for each size are displayed. The subjects were required to identify the opening direction of the optotype, and the DVA is defined as the minimum optotype that subjects could recognize, calculated according to the algorithm of logarithmic visual acuity.
Then, the method was applied in 181 young myopic subjects with eyeglass-corrected-to-normal static visual acuity. Dominant eye, cycloplegic subjective refraction (sphere and cylinder), accommodation function (negative and positive relative accommodation, binocular cross-cylinder), and binocular DVA at 40 and 80 degrees per second (dps) were examined. The results showed that with increasing age, DVA first increased and then decreased. When myopia was fully corrected with eyeglasses, a worse binocular DVA was associated with more significant myopic refractive error. There was no correlation between the dominant eye, accommodation function, and binocular DVA.

Subject examinations 
For the enrolled subjects, accommodation function, including negative relative accommodation (NRA), accommodation response (binocular cross-cylinder (BCC)), and positive relative accommodation (PRA), were examined in the mentioned order. Binocular DVA at 40 dps and 80 dps was tested with distance visual acuity-corrected eyeglasses based on subjective refraction.
Statistical analysis 
Statistical analysis was performed using scie...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients at JoVE.com

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

The present research demonstrates a method to accurately examine dynamic visual acuity (DVA) in myopic subjects with eyeglass correction. Further analysis indicated that the closer the refraction state to emmetropia, the better the eyeglass-corrected binocular DVA is at both 40 and 80 degrees per second.

Current clinical visual assessment mainly focuses on static vision. However, static vision may not sufficiently reflect real-life visual function as ...

Myopi er et almindeligt problem i oftalmisk klinik, der påvirker synsstyrken. Den nuværende protokol viser en bekvem metode til at undersøge dynamisk synsstyrke hos nærsynede patienter med brillekorrektion. Den nuværende protokol er standard og effektiv til at undersøge dynamisk synsstyrke i nærsynethed forekommer patienter med en kort indlæringskurve, derfor kan den let fremmes i oftalmisk klinik.Den dynamiske synsskarphedstest kan anvendes i forskellige sygdomme og situationer, herunder grå stær og brydningskirurgi. Sammenlignet med statisk synsstyrke kan det afspejle den virkelige visuelle funktion bedre. Til at begynde med skal du udføre automatisk computeroptometri som de primære data for subjektiv brydning og måle elevafstanden.Undersøg det ene øje ad gangen og luk det andet øje. Opnå den maksimale plus til maksimal synsskarphed tåge med plus 0,75 til plus 1,0 diopter linse, der inducerer en synsstyrke på 0,3 til 0,5. Derefter gradvist mindske den positive linse eller øge den negative linse med 0,25 diopter pr. Trin.Brug en Lancaster rød-grøn test til at indstille den nøjagtige sfæriske diopter. Tilføj flere negative og positive linser, hvis patienterne rapporterer, at brevet set mod den røde eller grønne baggrund er tydeligere. Forfin den cylindriske akse ved at placere Jackson-tværcylinderanordningen i aksepositionen, så tommelfingerhjulenes forbindelseslinje er parallel med bygningsaksen.Drej tommelfingerhjulet, og bed motivet om at sammenligne klarheden mellem begge sider. Drej den cylindriske akse mod de røde prikker på tværcylinderen i siden med klarere udsyn. Gentag den binære sammenligning indtil slutpunktet.Forfin den cylindriske kraft ved at dreje Jackson-tværcylinderanordningen, så tommelfingerhjulets forbindelseslinje er 45 grader til bygningsaksen. Drej tommelfingerhjulet, og bed motivet om at sammenligne klarheden mellem begge sider. Tilføj en negativ eller positiv linse, hvis patienten rapporterer bedre placering af tværcylinderens røde eller hvide prikker, der forbinder linjen langs cylinderaksen.Gentag den binære sammenligning indtil slutpunktet. Gentag Lancaster rød-grøn test for at indstille den nøjagtige sfæriske diopter til det andet maksimum plus til maksimal synsstyrke. For kikkertbalance skal du anvende et lodret prisme på seks prismegrader før det ene øje for at adskille kikkertsynet.Balancer klarheden af optotyperne mellem begge øjne. Juster testafstanden i henhold til kravene. Juster sædet, så motivet kan se skærmens midtpunktsniveau.Sørg for, at motivet bærer afstandssynskorrigerede briller kikkert. Test parameterkonfigurationerne ved at indstille opto-typen bevægelseshastighed i den oprindelige opto-typestørrelse. Til prætesten skal du vise fem optotyper med en randomiseret åbningsretning for at guide motivets forståelse af testtilstanden.Start testen i en størrelse tre til fire linjer, der er større end den bedst korrigerede DVA. Vis optotypen med randomiserede åbningsanvisninger. Bed forsøgspersonen om at identificere åbningsretningen for den bevægelige optotype.Præsenter den næste opto-type efter emnets svar. Præsenter otte optotyper for hver størrelse, så hver identificeret optotype får 1/8 af 0,1 logmar synsstyrke. Hvis fem ud af otte optotyper identificeres korrekt, skal du justere optotypen til en størrelse mindre.Gentag ovenstående procedurer, indtil den størrelse, som emnet kan identificere mindre end fem optotyper for, er opnået. Registrer den mindste størrelse, som forsøgspersoner kan genkende ikke mindre end fem ud af otte optotyper, og antallet af optotyper, der er anerkendt for en størrelse mindre. Beregn DVA i henhold til algoritmen for logaritmisk synsstyrke som beskrevet i tekstmanuskriptet.De kumulative resultater viste, at 75% af forsøgspersonerne havde bedre end 0,2 logmar DVA for 40 grader i sekundet og 62% for 80 grader i sekundet DVA. Procentdelen af forsøgspersonerne med bedre end 0,1 logmar 40 grader i sekundet kikkert DVA var 22% Og for 80 grader i sekundet var procentdelen 12%Signifikante resultater blev opnået fra kurveestimering, der passer til en alder DVA på 40 grader i sekundet med en kvadratisk og kubisk kurve, men ikke en lineær model. For 80 grader i sekundet DVA var alle de lineære kvadratiske og kubiske kurver i stand til at passe alders-DVA-spredningsplottet korrekt.Effekten af hver potentiel indflydelsesfaktor for 40 og 80 grader pr. Sekund DVA i enkeltfaktor lineære blandede modeller, og de statistiske resultater blev dokumenteret. Når 40 grader i sekundet DVA blev brugt til at måle variabilitet, var højere monokulær og gennemsnitlig kikkertkugle og sfærisk ækvivalent signifikante negative indflydelsesrige faktorer. Tilsvarende var større monokulær og gennemsnitlig kikkertkugle og sfærisk ækvivalent signifikante negative indflydelsesrige faktorer for 80 grader pr. Sekund DVA.Effekten af faktorer og kovariater for den multifaktor lineære blandede model viste, at en større kikkert betyder sfærisk ækvivalent var en signifikant negativ indflydelsesfaktor 40 og 80 grader pr. Sekund DVA. Ældre alder var en betydelig negativ indflydelsesfaktor for 80 grader pr. Sekund. Det vigtigste er at bede motivet om at fokusere på den bevægelige optotype for at identificere åbningsretningen og præsentere den næste optotype efter motivets svar.

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Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Muskelfunktion opnået med bevægelsestilstand ultralyd og overfladeelektromyografi under core udholdenhedstræning

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...