Name: providing visual biofeedback using brightness mode ultrasound during a golf swing
Uploaded: 2022-08-25T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing at JoVE.com

The present protocol was part of a study approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Central Florida. Informed consent was received from all human participants for the present study. To be included in the study, participants had to be between 18 years and 75 years of age, play golf at least once per month for the past year or once per week for the past 2 months, have played golf for at least 2 years, and have had at least two episodes of low back pain in the past 12 months. The exclusion criteria were...

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Providing ultrasound biofeedback following a rotation-based sports movement such as a golf swing can be used to increase the muscle thickness of the lateral abdominal wall. As shown in the representative results, a single trial of ultrasound biofeedback can lead to short-term increases in oblique muscle activity throughout a golf swing.
Previous research has also used B-mode ultrasound secured with an elastic belt during dynamic tasks20. This was measured while individu...

The muscles of the lateral abdominal wall include the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis. The external obliques perform lateral flexion and contralateral&#160;trunk rotation, while the internal obliques perform ipsilateral&#160;trunk rotation. The transverse abdominis is the deepest layer of the abdominal musculature, and it functions to increase intra-abdominal pressure and increase the segmental stability of the spine1. The proper function of these muscles is important to reduce low back pain risk and improve athletic performance as core stability allows for increased strength and power through the extremities2.
During sports with an emphasis on trunk rotation, such as golf, tennis, baseball, or softball, there is a high demand for the core muscles. For example, during a golf swing, the obliques on the trail side of the body peak at 64% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) when measured using surface electromyography, while the lead obliques peak at 54% MVIC3. Trunk rotation is a key contributor to the distance and accuracy of golf shots4. The stresses of the golf swing and the high demand for core muscle activity may contribute to low back pain, which is the most common injury in golf5. Additionally, in elite golfers with low back pain, the timing of external oblique activity is delayed during the golf swing compared to healthy individuals6. Another study using electromyography found golfers with low back pain have an earlier onset of the erector spinae than golfers without low back pain7, suggesting a focus on anterolateral muscles may be beneficial. Therefore, measuring the extent and timing of abdominal muscle activity during a golf swing is important to improve performance and reduce the risk of low back pain.
Rehabilitative ultrasound is commonly used to assess lateral abdominal wall muscles due to the layered nature of this musculature8,9,10. There is no difference in transverse abdominis activation in college golfers with and without low back pain in the supine position or in a more functional golf swing setup position11. However, transverse abdominis activity is only one component of a golf swing, and rotation may be more important for this population. Previous literature has used an elastic belt and foam block to secure the ultrasound transducer to the abdomen, allowing for ultrasound assessment of the core musculature during dynamic movement such as a single leg squat or gait8. Applying ultrasound during dynamic movements has been shown to have acceptable to excellent reliability12. This technique can be applied to measure thickness changes in the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing or other sport-specific task. While surface electromyography is commonly used to measure the electrical activity of muscles, this is less feasible in the abdominal region. The layered anatomy leads to cross-talk between the muscles and does not allow for a visual representation of the individual muscle layers of the core13. Ultrasound provides an advantage over alternatives like surface electromyography for the core musculature because it allows for a representation of each individual muscle while also giving an image for feedback14.
Since ultrasound provides an image of the muscles of interest in real time, it can also be used as a tool for visual biofeedback. Ultrasound biofeedback has improved the ability to increase the muscle thickness of the transverse abdominis and lumbar multifidus compared to verbal cueing alone15,16. Additionally, in golfers with and without low back pain, real-time ultrasound biofeedback increases transverse abdominis thickness in supine and in the golf-setup position11. Biofeedback training in supine also translates to upright loaded tasks17. More research is needed to determine the required frequency and duration of biofeedback training, as most studies are single-session or short-term training protocols15. Since ultrasound has been applied during functional tasks and there is evidence that golfers can increase deep muscle pre-activation in the setup position, research should next investigate the use of ultrasound biofeedback to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing.
Therefore, this methodology aims to use ultrasound as a feedback mechanism to improve the activation and timing of the abdominal obliques during the golf swing.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Aquasonic 100</td>
			<td>Parker</td>
			<td>BT-025-0037L</td>
			<td>Ultrasound gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GE NextGen Logig e Ultrasound Unit</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>HR48382AR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear Array Probe</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>H48062AB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Velcro straps</td>
			<td>VELCRO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fasteners for the elastic belt used to secure the ultrasound transducer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

providing visual biofeedback using brightness mode ultrasound during a golf swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Non-feedback</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Biofeedback</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swing Duration</td>
			<td>External Oblique Thickness (cm)</td>
			<td>Internal Oblique Thickness (cm)</td>
			<td>Combined Oblique Thickness (cm)</td>
			<td>External Oblique Thickness (cm)</stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing at JoVE.com

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

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