Name: fertility preservation in patients with severe ovarian dysfunction
Uploaded: 2021-03-25T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction at JoVE.com

We thank Tatsuji Ihana, Sachiyo Kurimoto, Kazuko Takahasih, Yuki Yoshizawa, Maho Arashi, Kentaro Fujita, Erina Kudo, Yuka Kurimoto and Mayuko Wakatsuki for supporting the drug-free IVA procedure and Prof. Aaron J.W. Hsueh (Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA) for critical reading and editing of the manuscript. We also thank Rebecca Truman and Gregory Truman for inserting English narration. This study was supported by The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Scientific Research B (19H03801), and Challenging Exploratory Research (18K19624).

Written informed consent was obtained from each POR patient with diminishing ovarian reserve who enrolled in the drug-free IVA treatment. This study was approved by ethical committee of International University of Health and Welfare (No. 17-S-21). Clinical trial was registered under number UMIN000034464 and carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).
1. Ovarian cortex extraction
<ol>
	<li>Remove part of ovarian cortex (10 x 10...

<ol>
	<li>Liang, T., Motan, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mature+Oocyte+Cryopreservation+for+Fertility+Preservation.">Mature Oocyte Cryopreservation for Fertility Preservation.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 951, 155-161 (2016).</li><li>Yoon, T. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+births+after+vitrification+of+oocytes+in+a+stimulated+in+vitro+fertilization-embryo+transfer+program.">Live births after vitrification of oocytes in a stimulated in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program.</a> Fertility and Sterility. 79 (6), 1323-1326 (2003).</li><li>Donnez, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Livebirth+after+orthotopic+transplantation+of+cryopreserved+ovarian+tissue.">Livebirth after orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue.</a> Lancet. 364 (9443), 1405-1410 (2004).</li><li>Meirow, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pregnancy+after+transplantation+of+cryopreserved+ovarian+tissue+in+a+patient+with+ovarian+failure+after+chemotherapy.">Pregnancy after transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in a patient with ovarian failure after chemotherapy.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (3), 318-321 (2005).</li><li>De Vos, M., Devroey, P., Fauser, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+ovarian+insufficiency.">Primary ovarian insufficiency.</a> Lancet. 376 (9744), 911-921 (2010).</li><li>Scott, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follicle-stimulating+hormone+levels+on+cycle+day+3+are+predictive+of+in+vitro+fertilization+outcome.">Follicle-stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3 are predictive of in vitro fertilization outcome.</a> Fertility and Sterility. 51 (4), 651-654 (1989).</li><li>Ferraretti, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ESHRE+consensus+on+the+definition+of+'poor+response'+to+ovarian+stimulation+for+in+vitro+fertilization:+the+Bologna+criteria.">ESHRE consensus on the definition of 'poor response' to ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: the Bologna criteria.</a> Human Reproduction. 26 (7), 1616-1624 (2011).</li><li>Huhtaniemi, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+Molecular+Pathophysiology,+Genetics,+and+Treatment+of+Primary+Ovarian+Insufficiency.">Advances in the Molecular Pathophysiology, Genetics, and Treatment of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency.</a> Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 29 (6), 400-419 (2018).</li><li>M&#281;czekalski, B., Maciejewska-Jeske, M., Podfigurna, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproduction+in+premature+ovarian+insufficiency+patients+-+from+latest+studies+to+therapeutic+approach.">Reproduction in premature ovarian insufficiency patients - from latest studies to therapeutic approach.</a> Prz Menopauzalny. 17 (3), 117-119 (2018).</li><li>Baker, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life+plans+and+family-building+options+for+women+with+primary+ovarian+insufficiency.">Life plans and family-building options for women with primary ovarian insufficiency.</a> Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 29 (4), 362-372 (2011).</li><li>Englert, Y., Govaerts, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oocyte+donation:+particular+technical+and+ethical+aspects.">Oocyte donation: particular technical and ethical aspects.</a> Human Reproduction. 13, 90-97 (1998).</li><li>Englert, Y., Rodesch, C., Laruelle, C., Govoerts, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oocyte+donation:+ethical+aspects+related+to+the+donor.">Oocyte donation: ethical aspects related to the donor.</a> Contraception, Fertilite, Sexualite. 25 (3), 251-257 (1997).</li><li>Storgaard, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obstetric+and+neonatal+complications+in+pregnancies+conceived+after+oocyte+donation:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Obstetric and neonatal complications in pregnancies conceived after oocyte donation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 124 (4), 561-572 (2017).</li><li>Storgaard, M., Malchau, S., Loft, A., Larsen, E., Pinborg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oocyte+donation+is+associated+with+an+increased+risk+of+complications+in+the+pregnant+woman+and+the+fetus.">Oocyte donation is associated with an increased risk of complications in the pregnant woman and the fetus.</a> Ugeskrift for Laeger. 179 (11), (2017).</li><li>Kawamura, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippo+signaling+disruption+and+Akt+stimulation+of+ovarian+follicles+for+infertility+treatment.">Hippo signaling disruption and Akt stimulation of ovarian follicles for infertility treatment.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (43), 17474-17479 (2013).</li><li>Hsueh, A. J., Kawamura, K., Cheng, Y., Fauser, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraovarian+control+of+early+folliculogenesis.">Intraovarian control of early folliculogenesis.</a> Endocrine Reviews. 36 (1), 1-24 (2015).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+dormant+ovarian+follicles+to+generate+mature+eggs.">Activation of dormant ovarian follicles to generate mature eggs.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (22), 10280-10284 (2010).</li><li>Suzuki, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Successful+fertility+preservation+following+ovarian+tissue+vitrification+in+patients+with+primary+ovarian+insufficiency.">Successful fertility preservation following ovarian tissue vitrification in patients with primary ovarian insufficiency.</a> Human Reproduction. 30 (3), 608-615 (2015).</li><li>Tanaka, Y., Hsueh, A. J., Kawamura, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+approaches+of+drug-free+in+activation+and+laparoscopic+ovarian+incision+to+treat+patients+with+ovarian+infertility.">Surgical approaches of drug-free in activation and laparoscopic ovarian incision to treat patients with ovarian infertility.</a> Fertility and Sterility. , (2020).</li><li>Kawamura, K., Ishizuka, B., Hsueh, A. J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-free+in-vitro+activation+of+follicles+for+infertility+treatment+in+poor+ovarian+response+patients+with+decreased+ovarian+reserve.">Drug-free in-vitro activation of follicles for infertility treatment in poor ovarian response patients with decreased ovarian reserve.</a> Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 40 (2), 245-253 (2020).</li><li>Haino, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+Follicular+Localization+in+Human+Ovarian+Cortex+for+Vitrification.">Determination of Follicular Localization in Human Ovarian Cortex for Vitrification.</a> Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology. 7 (1), 46-53 (2018).</li><li>Baird, D. T., Webb, R., Campbell, B. K., Harkness, L. M., Gosden, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+ovarian+function+in+sheep+after+ovariectomy+and+transplantation+of+autografts+stored+at+-196+C.">Long-term ovarian function in sheep after ovariectomy and transplantation of autografts stored at -196 C.</a> Endocrinology. 140 (1), 462-471 (1999).</li><li>Qin, Y., Jiao, X., Simpson, J. L., Chen, Z. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+primary+ovarian+insufficiency:+new+developments+and+opportunities.">Genetics of primary ovarian insufficiency: new developments and opportunities.</a> Human Reproduction Update. 21 (6), 787-808 (2015).</li><li>Domniz, N., Meirow, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Premature+ovarian+insufficiency+and+autoimmune+diseases.">Premature ovarian insufficiency and autoimmune diseases.</a> Best Practice &amp; Research: Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology. 60, 42-55 (2019).</li><li>Laven, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+Ovarian+Insufficiency.">Primary Ovarian Insufficiency.</a> Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 34 (4), 230-234 (2016).</li><li>Grynberg, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fertility+preservation+in+Turner+syndrome.">Fertility preservation in Turner syndrome.</a> Fertility and Sterility. 105 (1), 13-19 (2016).</li><li>Tomao, F., Spinelli, G. P., Panici, P. B., Frati, L., Tomao, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+function,+reproduction+and+strategies+for+fertility+preservation+after+breast+cancer.">Ovarian function, reproduction and strategies for fertility preservation after breast cancer.</a> Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 76 (1), 1-12 (2010).</li><li>Kim, S., Lee, Y., Lee, S., Kim, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+tissue+cryopreservation+and+transplantation+in+patients+with+cancer.">Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation in patients with cancer.</a> Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Science. 61 (4), 431-442 (2018).</li><li>Donnez, J., Dolmans, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+tissue+freezing:+current+status.">Ovarian tissue freezing: current status.</a> Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 27 (3), 222-230 (2015).</li><li>Wu, R. C., Kuo, P. L., Lin, S. J., Liu, C. H., Tzeng, C. 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In this manuscript, we showed a detailed laboratory protocol for drug-free IVA. The drug-free IVA is a new approach of infertility treatment for POR patient with diminishing ovarian reserve to promote secondary follicles growth, resulting in yielding more mature oocytes after ovarian stimulation and increasing in successful pregnancy20. In 15 POR patients with diminishing ovarian reserve, this approach achieved one spontaneous pregnancy, in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer allowed four live bir...

Ovarian function declines progressively during aging and some pathophysiological conditions including karyotype abnormality, autoimmune diseases, chemo- and radiation-therapies, and ovarian surgeries. Fertility preservation is one of the best options for unmarried women with severe ovarian dysfunction to preserve their potential for future pregnancy. For fertility preservation, currently two methods are available mostly in the onco-fertility field. Oocyte cryopreservation is a well-established procedure for fertility preservation and many successful cases have been reported1,2. On the other hand, ovarian tissue cryopreservation was also established for fertility preservation in cancer patients but it is still an experimental strategy3,4. In both methods, multiple numbers of mature oocytes are needed for pregnancy to occur. Generally, patients with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), who become amenorrhea before 40 years of age, and middle-aged women with low ovarian reserve showed poor ovarian response (POR) to ovarian stimulation for yielding mature oocytes5,6,7. Furthermore, young patients with a low number of antral follicles also showed POR to the ovarian stimulation7. These patients have very limited number of retrievable oocytes even after proper ovarian hyperstimulation, thus requiring multiple expensive procedures to ensure a sufficient number of oocytes for pregnancy.
Oocyte donation followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF) with husband&#39;s sperm and embryo transfer (ET) is the only option for these POI and POR patients who have difficulties obtaining their own oocytes8,9,10. However, oocyte donation is complicated by ethical issues as well as autoimmune and pregnancy complications11,12,13,14. To solve these issues, the establishment of infertility treatment using patients&#39; own oocytes is desired. For POI patients, we have developed the in vitro activation (IVA) approach to allow successful follicle growth and the generation of mature oocytes, leading a number of pregnancies and deliveries15. In IVA, we fragmented ovarian cortexes after removal of ovaries under laparoscopic surgery and cultured them for two days to activate follicles by Akt-stimulating drugs and then perform heterotopic grafting back into artificial pouches made beneath the serosa of Fallopian tubes under second laparoscopic surgery15. This procedure promoted growth of primordial, primary and secondary follicles after ovarian cortex fragmentation to promote Hippo signaling disruption16, followed by two days culture with Akt signaling stimulators17.
In contrast to severe POI cases, POR patients with decreased ovarian reserve have multiple secondary follicles. Because Hippo signaling disruption alone is effective in promoting secondary follicle growth16, we recently demonstrated successful pregnancies and deliveries for POR patients using the drug-free IVA procedure involving cortical fragmentation and orthotopic grafting without treatment of the Akt stimulating drugs. Drug-free IVA stimulates early stage of ovarian follicles to develop to the preantral follicle stage after only one surgery and increased the number of retrieved oocytes for IVF-embryo transfer15,18. The drug-free IVA approach has several advantages as compared with our original IVA by 1) avoiding potential follicle loss during culture, 2) minimizing invasiveness and costs of the second surgery, 3) involving only short-term post-surgery bed rest and 4) potential of spontaneous pregnancy due to orthotopic grafting. We recently published a video article showing the surgical procedures of drug-free IVA19 and detailed protocols of ovarian stimulation after the surgery20. Here, we present details of laboratory methods required for drug-free IVA.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4.5 onz specimen container</td>
			<td>FALCON</td>
			<td>354013</td>
			<td>Other products may also be suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60mm dish</td>
			<td>FALCON</td>
			<td>351007</td>
			<td>Other products may also be suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 x 50 cm sterile drape</td>
			<td>HOGY Medical</td>
			<td>SR-823</td>
			<td>Any type of sterile produsts may also be suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable pippete</td>
			<td>FALCON</td>
			<td>357575</td>
			<td>Other products may also be suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine scissors, Curved</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>#14224-G</td>
			<td>Although other products may also be suitable, we strongly recommend use this products</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate</td>
			<td>TOKAI HIT</td>
			<td>TPiE-SP</td>
			<td>Use at operation room to maintain the temperature of dishes containing ovarian tissue before transplantation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Serum Albumin Solution</td>
			<td>Irvine Scientific</td>
			<td>9988</td>
			<td>Medium for handling ovarian tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVA cannule</td>
			<td>KITAZATO</td>
			<td>446030 IVA-6030E</td>
			<td>Specific cannula for tissue autografting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KAI medical Disposable scalpel</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>#5 10-A</td>
			<td>Although other products may also be suitable, we strongly recommend use this products</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro scissors, Curved</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>#503364</td>
			<td>Although other products may also be suitable, we strongly recommend use this products</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modified HTF Medium-HEPES</td>
			<td>Irvine Scientific</td>
			<td>90126</td>
			<td>Medium for handling ovarian tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile gauze</td>
			<td>Osaki Medical</td>
			<td>15004</td>
			<td>Any type of sterile produsts may also be suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swiss Tweezers, Curved Tips</td>
			<td>KAI</td>
			<td>#504505</td>
			<td>Although other products may also be suitable, we strongly recommend use this products</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fertility preservation in patients with severe ovarian dysfunction

Ovarian function progressively declines during aging and in some pathophysiological conditions including karyotype abnormality, autoimmune diseases, chemo- and radiation-therapies, as well as ovarian surgeries. In unmarried women with severe ovarian dysfunction, fertility preservation is important for future pregnancies. Although oocyte cryopreservation is an established method for fertility preservation, these patients could only preserve a limited number of oocytes even after ovarian hyperstimulation, leading to repeated stimulations to ensure sufficient oocytes to guarantee future pregnancy. To solve this issue, we have recently developed a drug-free in vitro activation (IVA) procedure, which enable us to stimulate early stages of ovarian follicles to develop to the preantral follicle stage. These preantral follicles can respond to the unique protocol of gonadotropin stimulation, resulting in increased number of retrieved oocytes per ovarian stimulation for cryopreservation. The drug-free IVA comprised from the surgical approach and ovarian stimulation. We removed a part of cortex from one or both ovaries from patients under laparoscopic surgery. The ovarian cortical tissues were cut into small cubes to disrupt the Hippo signaling pathway and stimulate the development of early stage follicles. These cubes were grafted orthotropically into remaining ovaries as well as beneath the serosa of both Fallopian tubes. We have already published the surgical procedure of the drug-free IVA and the protocol of subsequent ovarian stimulation, but herein we present the details of laboratory methods required for drug-free IVA.

In the first publication of the IVA approach15, we transplanted the ovarian cortical cubes one by one into the grafting sites under laparoscopic surgery (Figure 1A). Because 100-150 ovarian cubes were used, it took 3-4 hours for tissue grafting under laparoscopic surgery. Also, some ovarian cubes were lost before grafting. Because the IVA cannula could transfer 20-30 cubes to a grafting site at one time (Figure 1B), we could shorten the o...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction at JoVE.com

Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction

We present details of laboratory procedures for drug-free in vitro activation (IVA) of ovarian follicles for patients with severe ovarian dysfunction. This method could increase the number of retrievable oocytes per ovarian hyperstimulation and benefit fertility preservation for those patients.

Ovarian function progressively declines during aging and in some pathophysiological conditions including karyotype abnormality, autoimmune diseases, ...

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