Name: rat burn model to study full-thickness cutaneous thermal burn and infection
Uploaded: 2022-08-23T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rat Burn Model to Study Full-Thickness Cutaneous Thermal Burn and Infection at JoVE.com

作者感谢北卡罗来纳大学比较医学系提供和照顾动物。我们感谢病理学服务核心的Lauren Ralph和Mia Evangelista在组织病理学/数字病理学方面的专家技术援助，包括组织切片和成像。这项研究得到了国防部的研究资助（奖励号W81XWH-20-1-0500，GR和TV）。

所有程序均由北卡罗来纳大学机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）批准，并按照其既定指南进行。使用7-9周龄的雄性和雌性Sprague Dawley大鼠（250-300g）进行实验。所有动物均被饲养在12 h：12 h明暗循环中，可随意获取食物 和水。在研究开始之前，请务必与您的机构兽医合作制定镇痛计划。
1.为大鼠准备烧伤
<ol><li>在烧伤前24小时准备动物烧伤。</li>
	<li>在诱?...

<ol>
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P., Han, E., Foster, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+patient+characteristics+and+number+of+procedures+as+well+as+length+of+stay+for+patients+surviving+severe+burn+injuries:+analysis+of+the+American+Burn+Association+National+Burn+Repository.">Relationship between patient characteristics and number of procedures as well as length of stay for patients surviving severe burn injuries: analysis of the American Burn Association National Burn Repository.</a> Journal of Burn Care &amp; Research. 41 (5), 1037-1044 (2020).</li><li>American Burn Association. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burn+incidence+and+treatment+in+the+United+States:+2016.+Burn+Incidence+Fact+Sheet.">Burn incidence and treatment in the United States: 2016. Burn Incidence Fact Sheet.</a> Chicago: American Burn Association. , (2016).</li><li>Willis, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+extracellular+vesicles+released+after+severe+burn+injury+modulate+macrophage+phenotype+and+function.">Plasma extracellular vesicles released after severe burn injury modulate macrophage phenotype and function.</a> Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 111 (1), 33-49 (2022).</li><li>Kartchner, L. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-hit+wonder:+late+after+burn+injury,+granulocytes+can+clear+one+bacterial+infection+but+cannot+control+a+subsequent+infection.">One-hit wonder: late after burn injury, granulocytes can clear one bacterial infection but cannot control a subsequent infection.</a> Burns. 45 (3), 627-640 (2019).</li><li>Abdullahi, A., Amini-Nik, S., Jeschke, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+in+burn+research.">Animal models in burn research.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 71 (17), 3241-3255 (2014).</li><li>Cai, E. 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F., Amer, R. I., Attia, D., Elmazar, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Honey-based+hydrogel:+In+vitro+and+comparative+In+vivo+evaluation+for+burn+wound+healing.">Honey-based hydrogel: In vitro and comparative In vivo evaluation for burn wound healing.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 1-11 (2017).</li><li>Fan, G. -. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Severe+burn+injury+in+a+swine+model+for+clinical+dressing+assessment.">Severe burn injury in a swine model for clinical dressing assessment.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (141), e57942 (2018).</li><li>Davenport, L., Dobson, G., Letson, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+model+for+standardising+and+treating+thermal+injury+in+the+rat.">A new model for standardising and treating thermal injury in the rat.</a> MethodsX. 6, 2021-2027 (2019).</li><li>Kaufman, T., Lusthaus, S., Sagher, U., Wexler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+partial+skin+thickness+burns:+a+reproducible+animal+model+to+study+burn+wound+healing.">Deep partial skin thickness burns: a reproducible animal model to study burn wound healing.</a> Burns. 16 (1), 13-16 (1990).</li><li>Casal, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+supply+to+the+integument+of+the+abdomen+of+the+rat:+a+surgical+perspective.">Blood supply to the integument of the abdomen of the rat: a surgical perspective.</a> Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open. 5 (9), (2017).</li><li>Casal, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+of+free+tissue+transfer:+the+rat+epigastric+free+flap.">A model of free tissue transfer: the rat epigastric free flap.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (119), e55281 (2017).</li><li>Naldaiz-Gastesi, N., Bahri, O. A., Lopez de Munain, A., McCullagh, K. J., Izeta, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+panniculus+carnosus+muscle:+an+evolutionary+enigma+at+the+intersection+of+distinct+research+fields.">The panniculus carnosus muscle: an evolutionary enigma at the intersection of distinct research fields.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 233 (3), 275-288 (2018).</li><li>Weber, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+trauma+in+rats:+similarities+to+humans+and+potential+pitfalls+to+consider.">Modeling trauma in rats: similarities to humans and potential pitfalls to consider.</a> Journal of Translational Medicine. 17 (1), 1-19 (2019).</li><li>Nguyen, J. Q. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+frequency+domain+imaging+of+burn+wounds+in+a+preclinical+model+of+graded+burn+severity.">Spatial frequency domain imaging of burn wounds in a preclinical model of graded burn severity.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 18 (6), 066010 (2013).</li><li>Sobral, C., Gragnani, A., Morgan, J., Ferreira, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+proliferation+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+by+KGF+in+an+experimental+burn+model+using+human+cultured+keratinocytes.">Inhibition of proliferation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by KGF in an experimental burn model using human cultured keratinocytes.</a> Burns. 33 (5), 613-620 (2007).</li><li>Olivera, F., Bevilacqua, L., Anaruma, C., Boldrini Sde, C., Liberti, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+changes+in+distant+muscle+fibers+following+thermal+injury+i+n+Wistar+rats.">Morphological changes in distant muscle fibers following thermal injury i n Wistar rats.</a> Acta Cirurgica Brasileira. 25, 525-528 (2010).</li><li>Davies, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Physiological Responses to Burning Injury. , (1982).</li><li>Neely, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flagellin+treatment+prevents+increased+susceptibility+to+systemic+bacterial+infection+after+injury+by+inhibiting+anti-inflammatory+IL-10++IL-12-neutrophil+polarization.">Flagellin treatment prevents increased susceptibility to systemic bacterial infection after injury by inhibiting anti-inflammatory IL-10+ IL-12-neutrophil polarization.</a> PloS One. 9 (1), e85623 (2014).</li><li>Dunn, J. 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已经提出了几种烧伤模型来研究烧伤的病理生理学8，12，16，17。在本研究中，我们采用大鼠模型开发了一种简单且可重复的方案，以诱导全层烧伤，然后是细菌感染，以模拟患者的感染烧伤创伤。选择大鼠作为动物模型来模拟人类条件是基于成本、易用性、可重复性和数据可靠性的平衡。本文中使用...

烧伤是最具破坏性的创伤形式之一，即使在专门的烧伤中心，死亡率也达到 12%1，2，3。根据最近发表的报告，美国每年有~486，000名烧伤患者需要医疗护理，其中近3，500人死亡1，2，3，4，5，6。烧伤对患者的免疫系统构成重大挑战，并形成明显的开放性伤口，愈合缓慢，使他们容易受到皮肤、肺部和全身性院内机会性细菌的定植。免疫失调与细菌感染相结合与烧伤患者的发病率和死亡率增加有关7。
动物烧伤和感染模型对于研究皮肤损伤和烧伤创伤相关免疫抑制后细菌感染的发病机制至关重要。这些模型能够设计和评估治疗烧伤患者细菌感染的新方法。大鼠和人类具有先前记录的相似的皮肤生理和病理特征8。此外，与较大的动物模型相比，大鼠的体型更小，使它们更容易处理、更实惠、更容易采购和维护。
这些特征使大鼠成为研究烧伤和感染的理想模式动物9。不幸的是，烧伤诱导技术不一致，并且通常描述最少10，11，12，13，14。本协议旨在开发一种简单，具有成本效益和可重复的程序，用于在模拟临床场景的大鼠模型中创建一致的全层烧伤损伤，并可用于评估免疫抑制和细菌感染。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringe</td>
			<td>BD, USA</td>
			<td>309597</td>
			<td>Used to inject the analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.7 mL Microtube</td>
			<td>Olympus, USA</td>
			<td>24-282</td>
			<td>Used to carry morphine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% NBF</td>
			<td>VWR, USA</td>
			<td>16004-115</td>
			<td>Used to fix the skin piece for staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 mL syringe</td>
			<td>BD, USA</td>
			<td>302832</td>
			<td>Used to inject the lactate ringer solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>BP28184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aperio AT2 Digital Pathology&#160; Slide Scanner with ImageScope software</td>
			<td>Aperio, Technologies Inc., Vista, CA, USA</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Scanning of H &#38; E slides and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cetrimide agar plates</td>
			<td>BD, USA</td>
			<td>285420</td>
			<td>Selective media plates for Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper rods</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Used to induce the burn injury</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton tipped applicators</td>
			<td>OMEGA Surgical supply, USA</td>
			<td>4225-IMC</td>
			<td>Used to apply eye ointment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric shaver</td>
			<td>Oster, USA</td>
			<td>Golden A5</td>
			<td>Used to remove the dorsal side hairs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye lube</td>
			<td>Dechra, UK</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>The eye wetting agent to provide long lasting comfort and avoid eye dryness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluff filled underpads</td>
			<td>Medline, USA</td>
			<td>MSC281225</td>
			<td>Used in the burn procedure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forcep</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11027-12</td>
			<td>Used to hold the skin piece</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze sponges</td>
			<td>Oasis, USA</td>
			<td>PK412</td>
			<td>Used to clean the applied nair cream from the dorsal side&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat-resistant gloves</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Used to hold the heated copper rods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematology Analyzer</td>
			<td>IDEXX laboratories, USA</td>
			<td>ProCyte Dx</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Induction chamber</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>vetFlo-0730</td>
			<td>Used to anesthesize the animals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringe</td>
			<td>BD, USA</td>
			<td>329461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Pivetal, USA</td>
			<td>NDC46066-755-04</td>
			<td>Used to anesthesized rats to induce a loss of consciousness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane vaporiser</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactated ringer&#39;s solution</td>
			<td>icumedical, USA</td>
			<td>NDC0990-7953-09</td>
			<td>Used to resuscitate the rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-shaped spreader</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>14-665-230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mannitol Agar</td>
			<td>BD, USA</td>
			<td>211407</td>
			<td>Selective media plates for Staphylococcus aureus growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minicollect tubes (K2EDTA)</td>
			<td>greiner bio-one, USA</td>
			<td>450480</td>
			<td>Used to collect the blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Morphine</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt, UK</td>
			<td>NDC0406-8003-30</td>
			<td>This analgesia was used to induce the inability to feel burn injury pain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Muller Hinton Broth</td>
			<td>BD, USA</td>
			<td>275730</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Muller Hinton II Agar</td>
			<td>BD, USA</td>
			<td>211438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nair hair removal lotion</td>
			<td>Nair, USA</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Used to remove the residual hairs on dorsal side</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle 23 G</td>
			<td>BD, USA</td>
			<td>305193</td>
			<td>Used to inject the lactate ringer solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal saline</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific, USA</td>
			<td>Genesys 30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sprague-Dawley rats, male and female</td>
			<td>Charles River Labs</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>7-9 weeks old for burn induction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scissor</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14501-14</td>
			<td>Used to cut the desired skin piece</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue collection tubes</td>
			<td>Globe Scientific</td>
			<td>220101236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Homogenizer</td>
			<td>Kinematica, Inc, USA</td>
			<td>POLYTRON PT2100</td>
			<td>Used to homogenize the tissue samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Used to induce the burn injury</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weighted heating pad</td>
			<td>Comfytemp, USA</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Used during the procedure to keep rat&#39;s body warm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rat burn model to study full-thickness cutaneous thermal burn and infection

烧伤诱导方法在大鼠模型中的描述不一致。代表临床情况的统一烧伤创面模型对于进行可重复的烧伤研究是必要的。本协议描述了一种简单且可重复的方法，可在大鼠中产生~20%的总体表面积（TBSA）全层烧伤。在这里，将22.89cm2 （直径5.4cm）铜棒在水浴中加热97°C以诱导烧伤。具有高导热性的铜棒能够将热量散发到皮肤组织中的更深处，从而产生全层灼伤。组织学分析显示表皮减毒，真皮和皮下组织的全层厚度存在凝血损伤。此外，该模型代表了在烧伤后住院烧伤患者中观察到的临床情况，例如免疫失调和细菌感染。该模型可以概括革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌的全身性细菌感染。综上所述，本文提出了一种易于学习且稳健的大鼠烧伤模型，该模型模拟了包括免疫失调和细菌感染在内的临床情况，对于开发用于烧伤创面和感染的新型外用抗生素具有相当大的实用性。

这里提出的方案是高度可重复的，并导致大鼠三度全层烧伤。烧伤诱导后烧伤创面呈蜡白色（图2B）。烧伤后72小时烧伤的颜色从白色变为棕色（图2B-E）。
组织学分析证实烧伤后24小时全层烧伤（深度>2.61毫米; 图 3B）。与完整的非烧伤皮肤相比，烧伤动物的皮肤样本在烧伤后24、48和7...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rat Burn Model to Study Full-Thickness Cutaneous Thermal Burn and Infection at JoVE.com

Rat Burn Model to Study Full-Thickness Cutaneous Thermal Burn and Infection

模拟烧伤和感染临床情况的模型对于进一步烧伤研究是必要的。本协议展示了一种与人类相当的简单且可重复的大鼠烧伤感染模型。这有助于研究烧伤后烧伤和感染，以开发新的局部抗生素治疗。

大鼠烧伤模型研究全层皮肤热烧伤和感染

Burn induction methodologies are inconsistently described in rat models. A uniform burn wound model, which represents the clinical scenario, is necessary ...

该烧伤模型能够概括在烧伤住院患者（如免疫失调和细菌感染）后观察到的临床情况。这种诱导大鼠烧伤的方法易于学习，可用于开发和评估用于烧伤创面和感染的新型热带药物。该模型可用于评估伤口愈合以及烧伤部位细菌感染的进展。这种烧伤诱导方法也可用于小鼠和其他动物模型的烧伤诱导和研究烧伤创面的细菌感染。通过将麻醉大鼠以俯卧姿势移动到加热垫上，开始为烧伤做准备。使用棉头涂抹器，在双眼涂抹眼部润滑剂，以防止角膜干燥。用电动剪子从肩胛骨到尾巴根部的大矩形剃掉老鼠的背部区域。使用浸泡在盐水中的组织擦去剃光部位的松散毛发。使用棉头涂抹器将脱毛化妆水涂抹在剃须区域。三分钟后，用湿纱布海绵擦拭该区域两次，以去除化妆水并防止皮肤刺激。关闭异氟醚并取出鼻锥，然后将大鼠放入恢复笼中。在烧伤实验当天，将水浴温度设置为97摄氏度，并在实验前一小时，将420克四根铜棒放入水浴中。一旦大鼠对所有肢体的脚趾捏没有反应，将他以俯卧姿势放在加热垫上，并通过腹膜内或IP根注射每公斤体重20毫克吗啡以进行疼痛管理。接下来，检查水浴温度。设置计时器并戴上耐热手套。从水浴中取出一根加热的铜棒，将其触摸在背部区域七秒钟。立即使用每个烧伤部位的一根杆接一个接一个地涂抹接下来的三次烧伤，并产生大约 20% 的全身表面积全接触烧伤。烧伤后，通过IP途径注射每克体重0.1毫升的乳酸林格氏溶液来复苏动物。完成后，关闭异氟醚。取下鼻锥并将大鼠放在加热垫上。在烧伤和感染当天，将铜绿假单胞菌或金黄色葡萄球菌培养物分别以4， 000倍g离心5分钟。用生理盐水洗涤沉淀，然后使用盐水将沉淀稀释至0.1纳米的600光密度。用800微升盐水稀释200微升细菌悬浮液，并获得所需的2×10细菌接种物至第7菌落形成单位或每毫升CFU。烧伤后15分钟，使用29号针头在烧伤区域附近皮下注射50微升稀释的细菌接种物。将大鼠放在加热垫上进行恢复。15至20分钟后，将回收的动物转移到干净的笼子中。烧伤后立即从颜色和边缘方面评估皮肤损伤的形态学。安乐死后，分析全血细胞计数以确定烧伤诱导对宿主免疫系统的影响。将安乐死大鼠的组织收集在10毫升收集管中。使用组织匀浆器均质化样品，并在生理盐水中连续稀释组织匀浆。板100微升未稀释的匀浆和从西曲胺琼脂平板上感染铜绿假单胞菌的大鼠收集的每个组织样品的所有稀释液。在培养箱中将板在37摄氏度下孵育16至18小时后，计数平板上的细菌菌落。将它们乘以稀释比以获得每毫升计数的 CFU，并将其与组织的重量归一化以计算 CFU 程序组织。这种高度可重复的方案导致大鼠三度全层烧伤。烧伤的颜色在烧伤后24小时至72小时内从白色变为棕色。在组织学分析中，烧伤动物的皮肤样本在烧伤后 24、48 和 72 小时显示所有层均有损伤，而非烧伤皮肤在表皮、真皮和皮下组织层上均有明显区别。在烧伤的皮肤样本中观察到表皮层的破坏以及皮下脂肪和骨骼肌对真皮全层的破坏。在烧伤后 24 小时内，全层烧伤深度超过 2.61 毫米。在细菌清除评估中，在所有烧伤大鼠中观察到细菌恢复。在铜绿假单胞菌PAO1感染期间，感染后24小时从烧伤大鼠皮肤中恢复的细菌数量小于初始接种量1×10至第6CFU。然而，它在感染后48和72小时增加。在金黄色葡萄球菌ATC25923感染中，与初始接种物相比，在皮肤的所有时间点观察到2个log 10增加，表明由于组织中的活跃复制而导致金黄色葡萄球菌感染的建立。皮下组织和肌肉的细菌负荷高于肺和脾脏。数据显示，烧伤的大鼠在接种铜绿假单胞菌后24小时和接种金黄色葡萄球菌后48小时发生全身感染。完全去除大鼠背部的毛发，并保持协议中提到的温度和燃烧诱导时间。铜棒的剩余头发和不同的温度会影响烧伤的质量。可以探索大鼠烧伤模型以评估用于治疗烧伤创面感染和评估不同伤口敷料的新型局部疗法。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dorsal Skin of Hamsters: a Useful Model for the Screening of Antileishmanial Drugs

在仓鼠的背部皮肤：皮肤利什曼病Antileishmanial药物筛选的一个有用的模型

Traditionally, hamsters are experimentally inoculated in the snout or the footpad. However in these sites an ulcer not always occurs, measurement of ...

科研

免疫与感染

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection

Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection

使用<em&gt;大蜡螟</em&gt;作为模式生物来研究<em&gt;嗜肺军团菌</em&gt;感染

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a severe pneumonia named Legionnaires&#39; disease, is an important human pathogen that infects and ...

Humanized Mouse Model to Study Bacterial Infections Targeting the Microvasculature

人源化的小鼠模型来研究细菌感染瞄准微血管

Neisseria meningitidis causes a severe, frequently fatal sepsis when it enters the human blood stream. Infection leads to extensive damage of the blood ...

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Neuropathogenic的非侵入型<em&gt;大肠杆菌</em&gt;感染乳鼠

Investigation of the interactions between animal host and bacterial pathogen is only meaningful if the infection model employed replicates the principal ...

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging

在抗菌蓝光治疗的体内研究的多药耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染烧伤利用生物发光成像

Burn infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has led to ...

Murine Full-thickness Skin Transplantation

鼠全层皮肤移植

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited ...

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

一种研究食细胞诱导免疫应答的 mellonella 口服液模型

The investigation of the immunogenic potential of commensal bacteria on the host immune system is one essential component when studying intestinal ...

Use of the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model to Study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

Use of the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model to Study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

利用无脊椎杆菌作为感染模型研究结核分枝杆菌复合物

Tuberculosis is the leading global cause of infectious disease mortality and roughly a quarter of the world&#8217;s population is believed to be infected ...

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

小鼠脚垫接种模型，研究病毒引起的神经炎反应

This protocol describes a footpad inoculation model used to study the initiation and development of neuroinflammatory responses during alphaherpesvirus ...