Name: detection of abnormal prion protein by immunohistochemistry
Uploaded: 2023-05-05T14:20:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry at JoVE.com

Dit artikel werd gefinancierd door het project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029947 "Chronic wasting disease risk assessment in Portugal" ondersteund door FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) - FEDER -Balcão2020. Ook ontvingen de auteurs van de onderzoekseenheid CECAV financiering van de FCT, in het kader van het project UIDB / CVT / 0772 / 2020.We bedanken Bruce C. Campbell, Research Director (gepensioneerd), Western Regional Research Center, USDA, voor zijn hulp.

De hierin beschreven IHC-procedure is een onderdeel van het onderzoeksproject FAIRJ-CT98-7021, "De oprichting van een Europees netwerk voor de surveillance van TSE's van herkauwers en de standaardisatie en harmonisatie van het proces en de criteria voor de identificatie van verdachte gevallen". Het volgt de diagnostische criteria die zijn gedefinieerd door de Wereldorganisatie voor diergezondheid, WOAH (voorheen het Office International des Épizooties, OIE)1 en het Europees referentielaboratorium...

<ol>
	<li>. WOAH, Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals Online Access. Chapter 3.4.5.-Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Version May 2021) and Chapter 3.8.11. - Scrapie (Version May 2022) Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-manual-online-access/">https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-manual-online-access/</a> (2022)</li><li>Ramos-Vara, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+and+methods+of+immunohistochemistry.">Principles and methods of immunohistochemistry.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1641, 115-128 (2017).</li><li>Krenacs, L., Krenacs, T., Stelkovics, E., Raffeld, M., Oliver, C., Jamur, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat-Induced+antigen+retrieval+for+immunohistochemical+reactions+in+routinely+processed+paraffin+sections.+Immunocytochemical+Methods+and+Protocols.">Heat-Induced antigen retrieval for immunohistochemical reactions in routinely processed paraffin sections. Immunocytochemical Methods and Protocols.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 588, 103-119 (2010).</li><li>Duraiyan, J., Govindarajan, R., Kaliyappan, K., Palanisamy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+immunohistochemistry).">Applications of immunohistochemistry).</a> Journal Pharmacy Bioallied Sciences. 4, 307-309 (2012).</li><li>Orge, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropathology+of+Animal+Prion+Diseases.">Neuropathology of Animal Prion Diseases.</a> Biomolecules. 11 (3), 466 (2021).</li><li>. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. 6th Edition Revised June 2020 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cdc.gov/labs/pdf/SF_19_308133-A_BMBL6_00-BOOK-WEB-final-3.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/labs/pdf/SF_19_308133-A_BMBL6_00-BOOK-WEB-final-3.pdf</a> (2022)</li><li>APHA. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fixation,+tissue+processing,+histology+and+immunohistochemistry+procedures+for+diagnosis+of+animal+TSE+(BSE,+scrapie,+atypical+scrapie,+CWD).+Histo+&amp;+IHC+protocols+for+TSE+diagnosis_Rev_Jan2019.pdf.">Fixation, tissue processing, histology and immunohistochemistry procedures for diagnosis of animal TSE (BSE, scrapie, atypical scrapie, CWD). Histo &amp; IHC protocols for TSE diagnosis_Rev_Jan2019.pdf.</a> TSEglobalNet - International Reference Laboratory for TSE. , (2022).</li><li>Sample requirements for TSE testing and confirmation. Version 1.0. TSE EURL Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.izsplv.it/it/istituto/212-centri-eccellenza/laboratori-internazionali-riferimento/422-eurl_tses.html">https://www.izsplv.it/it/istituto/212-centri-eccellenza/laboratori-internazionali-riferimento/422-eurl_tses.html</a> (2019)</li><li>TSE EU Reference Laboratory Guidelines for the detection of Chronic Wasting Disease in cervids. Version 1.0. TSE EURL Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.izsplv.it/it/istituto/212-centri-eccellenza/laboratori-internazionali-riferimento/422-eurl_tses.html">https://www.izsplv.it/it/istituto/212-centri-eccellenza/laboratori-internazionali-riferimento/422-eurl_tses.html</a> (2019)</li><li>Machado, C. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TSE+Monitoring+in+Wildlife+Epidemiology,+Transmission,+Diagnosis,+Genetics+and+Control.">TSE Monitoring in Wildlife Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, Genetics and Control.</a> Wildlife Population Monitoring. IntechOpen. , (2019).</li><li>APHA. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropathology:+Confirmatory+diagnosis+of+transmissible+spongiform+encephalopathies+(TSEs)+in+cattle+and+small+ruminants.+Confirmatory+(Histo+&amp;+IHC)+diagnostic+criteria+Rev_Jan2019.pdf.">Neuropathology: Confirmatory diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in cattle and small ruminants. Confirmatory (Histo &amp; IHC) diagnostic criteria Rev_Jan2019.pdf.</a> TSEglobalNet - International Reference Laboratory for TSE. , (2019).</li><li>Ryder, S. J., Spencer, Y. I., Bellerby, P. J., March, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+detection+of+PrP+in+the+medulla+oblongata+of+sheep:+The+spectrum+of+staining+in+normal+and+scrapie-affected+sheep.">Immunohistochemical detection of PrP in the medulla oblongata of sheep: The spectrum of staining in normal and scrapie-affected sheep.</a> The Veterinary Record. 148 (1), 7-13 (2001).</li><li>Simmons, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+classical+bovine+spongiform+encephalopathy:+definition+and+progression+of+neural+PrP+immunolabeling+in+relation+to+diagnosis+and+disease+controls.">Experimental classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy: definition and progression of neural PrP immunolabeling in relation to diagnosis and disease controls.</a> Veterinary Pathology. 48 (5), 948-963 (2011).</li><li>Orge, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+H-type+BSE+in+Portugal.">Identification of H-type BSE in Portugal.</a> Prion. 9 (1), 22-28 (2015).</li><li>Orge, L., Simas, J. P., Fernandes, A. C., Ramos, M., Galo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Similarity+of+the+lesion+profile+of+BSE+in+Portuguese+cattle+to+that+described+in+British+cattle.">Similarity of the lesion profile of BSE in Portuguese cattle to that described in British cattle.</a> Veterinary Record. 147 (17), 486-488 (2000).</li><li>Pires, M. A., Travassos, F. S., G&#228;rtner, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atlas+of+veterinary+pathology.">Atlas of veterinary pathology.</a> Biopathology. Lidel VII. 195 (6), 179-180 (2004).</li><li>Pires, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunology+protocols,+didactic+series.">Immunology protocols, didactic series.</a> Applied Sciences. , 357 (2010).</li></ol>

TSE's zijn potentiële zoönotische ziekten. Na het opduiken van BSE in 1986 in het Verenigd Koninkrijk werd Portugal een van de lidstaten van de Europese Unie met een hogere incidentie van deze ziekte14,15. Om deze ziekte onder controle te houden, zijn andere TSE's die zijn opgedoken (klassieke en atypische scrapie, BSE-varianten en momenteel de bewaking van chronische verspillingsziekte bij hertachtigen), bewakingsmechanismen ontwikkeld door het directoraat-gen...

Volgens de prionhypothese is de abnormale isovorm (PrPSc) de primaire of enige component van het infectieuze agens in overdraagbare spongiforme encefalopathieën (TSE's). Bevestiging voor de diagnose van TSE is gebaseerd op immunodetectie van PrPSc door toepassing van immunohistochemie (IHC) protocollen en/of westerse immunoblotmethoden (WB) van encefalonweefsels1.
IHC is een methode waarbij monoklonale of, in sommige gevallen, polyklonale antilichamen (als primaire antilichamen) worden gebruikt als eerste stap in immunostaining van specifiek gerichte antigenen van belang in cellen van een weefselsectie. Elke effectieve primaire antilichaam-antigeenbinding wordt vervolgens gevisualiseerd met behulp van secundaire antilichamen die specifiek zijn voor de primaire antilichamen. Deze secundaire antilichamen worden geconjugeerd aan enzymen, zoals mierikswortelperoxidase (HRP) of alkalische fosfatase (AP). Visualisatie wordt vervolgens bereikt door een substraat aan deze enzymen toe te voegen, waardoor onoplosbare kleurproducten worden geproduceerd die zijn gelokaliseerd in gebieden waar de primaire antilichamen zijn gebonden aan de beoogde antigenen. Verbeterde visualisatie kan worden bereikt door counterstaining, waarbij een kleurstof wordt gebruikt om een contrast te creëren tussen immunogelabeld en niet-immunogelabeld weefsel2.
Met IHC met behulp van formaline-gefixeerde paraffine-ingebedde weefsels (FFPE), kan formalinefixatie de effectiviteit van primaire antilichamen tenietdoen als gevolg van cross-linking door formaldehyde en verwarming en uitdroging tijdens paraffine-inbedding. Deze veranderen de conformatie van eiwitten, vernietigen, denatureren of maskeren de epitopen, waardoor hun detectie wordt verminderd of ingetrokken3. Als zodanig vereist dit antigeen retrieval (AR). De AR-technieken verstoren formaldehyde-gerelateerde chemische groep cross-linking in de antigene moleculen, waardoor de oorspronkelijke antigeen-eiwitconformatie wordt hersteld of ontmaskerd. Dit resulteert in het herstellen van de antilichaam-antigeen (epitoop) affiniteit voor immunolabeling. De uiteindelijke werkzaamheid van AR hangt af van de kwaliteiten van het beoogde antigeen en/of het primaire antilichaam2.
Heat-induced antigen (epitope) retrieval (HIER) is een procedure van AR3 en wordt routinematig gebruikt voor PrPSc IHC-detectie, zoals hierin beschreven. IHC is essentieel voor de diagnose en wordt gebruikt in onderzoekslaboratoria om de weefselverdeling van een pathologie-geassocieerd antigeen te bepalen. Het wordt veel gebruikt bij het diagnosticeren en onderzoeken van kanker, neurowetenschappen en infectieziekten4, onder anderen. Voor TSE's speelt IHC een belangrijke rol in diagnose en onderzoek voor het bevestigen en onderzoeken van PrPSc-distributie in natuurlijke gastheren en experimentele modellen. IHC draagt bij aan prionpathogenesestudies en de analyse van PrP Sc-depositietypen en -patronen, namelijk in neurale weefsels5, om afwijkingen van routinematig beschreven infecties te detecteren en vermeende nieuwe prionstammen te identificeren.
Omdat prionen van boviene spongiforme encefalopathie (BSE) de mens kunnen infecteren, kunnen bepaalde laboratoriumprotocollen die betrokken zijn bij het werk met BSE het gebruik van BSL-3-faciliteiten en -praktijken vereisen6. Deze omvatten het gebruik van een verzegelde secundaire container om potentiële met BSE geïnfecteerde weefselmonsters binnen het instituut en het laboratorium te vervoeren. Het omvat ook het aanwijzen van inperkingsgebieden en prionspecifieke apparatuur voor BSE-onderzoek en -analyse, waar mogelijk. Dit wordt gedaan om besmetting buiten het werkgebied te voorkomen en een besloten ruimte te bieden, omdat decontaminatieprocedures noodzakelijk worden.
Dienovereenkomstig volgt het Laboratorium voor Pathologie van INIAV de aanbevolen bioveiligheidsniveau-3 (BSL-3) faciliteiten en praktijken6 om potentiële prion-geïnfecteerde monsters van weefsels van runderen, kleine herkauwers en hertachtigen in verband met de TSE-surveillance te beheren.
Formaline-gefixeerde en paraffine-ingebedde weefsels opgenomen in TSE diagnostische of onderzoeksprocedures, vooral in het centrale zenuwstelsel, kunnen potentieel besmettelijk zijn. Daarom moeten deze vaste weefsels worden behandeld met mierenzuur om de infectiviteit van prionen, indien aanwezig, voorafgaand aan weefselverwerking te verminderen. Dit wordt uitgevoerd door vaste, bijgesneden weefsels (ongeveer 2-4 mm dikte) in een verwerkingscassette te plaatsen. De cassette wordt vervolgens ondergedompeld in 98% mierenzuur (gedurende 1 uur). Na onderdompeling worden de cassettes met weefsels gedurende 30 minuten in stromend leidingwater gewassen en teruggebracht naar het fixatief voor verdere verwerking. Als weefselsecties niet vóór de verwerking worden behandeld, moeten postmicrotomische weefselsecties gedurende ten minste 5 minuten vóór histologische kleuring in onverdund mierenzuur worden ondergedompeld7. Het IHC-protocol voor PrPSc bevat een routinematige mierenzuur-epitoop-ontmaskeringsstap, die ook dient om prionen7 te inactiveren. Na deze prioninactiveringsstappen kunnen de resulterende vaste weefsels vervolgens worden verwerkt bij BSL-2 met behulp van standaard BSL-2-praktijken.
De minimale weefselbemonsteringsvereiste voor TSE-diagnose bij elk dier dat onder TSE-surveillance valt, is het verzamelen van de hersenstam (op obex-niveau). Bovendien wordt voor het opsporen van atypische BSE en scrapie geadviseerd om ook een deel van het cerebellum te verzamelen 1,8. Voor CWD-diagnose moeten zowel hersenstam (obex) als retrofaryngeale lymfeklieren worden getest, omdat PrP Sc kan worden gedetecteerd in lymfoïde weefsels zonder detecteerbare PrPSc in obex9, beoordeeld door Machado et al.10.
Het obex-gedeelte van de hersenstam omvat diagnostische TSE-doellocaties, namelijk de dorsale vagale kern (DVN), solitaire tractuskern (STN) en spinale tractuskern van de trigeminuszenuw (V). Deze gebieden vertonen consequent bilaterale PrP Sc-accumulatie, zelfs in de vroege stadia van BSE en klassieke scrapie. In klinische gevallen van gevorderde TSE vertonen alle grijze stofgebieden in de hersenstam een wijdverspreide PrPSc-distributie 11.
Voordat de hersenmonsters worden gesegmenteerd en verwerkt, worden ze geëvalueerd (figuur 1) om het niveau van autolyse en de aanwezigheid van weefselschade vast te stellen die mogelijk de geschiktheid van het monster voor IHC-gebaseerde bevestigende diagnose8 in gevaar brengt. Om de integriteit van de voorbereidende protocollen en de analyseresultaten te valideren, worden de positieve en negatieve weefselmonsters van TSE opgenomen als controles in combinatie met de bereiding van weefsels uit testgevallen in elke test.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64560/64560fig01.jpg"> Figuur 1: De PrPSc IHC procedure. Representatie van de stapsgewijze volgorde van de PrPSc IHC-procedure van deparaffinisatie van weefselsecties tot uiteindelijke immunostaining en detectie (FFPE - Formaline-fixed paraffine-embedded; Mab - monoklonaal antilichaam; DAB - 3,3' diaminobenzidine). Deze figuur is gemaakt in BioRender.com. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64560/64560fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Klik hier om een grotere versie van deze figuur te bekijken.</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Labchem</td>
			<td>LB0507-9010</td>
			<td>Undituled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Diluted 90%, 70% and 50% in distilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avidin-biotin complex and peroxidase 
			Vectastain Elite ABC kit Peroxidase</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>PK-6100</td>
			<td>Prepare and gently mix 30 min before use according to kit instructions. Do not mix after standing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotinylated secondary antibody (Horse anti-mouse IgG H+L)&#160;</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>BA-2000-1.5</td>
			<td>Dilute at 1/200 in TBS with 10% horse normal serum. Prepare the volume required depending on the number of sections.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromogen Diaminobenzidine- DAB, substrate kit, Peroxidase&#160;</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>SK-4100</td>
			<td>Prepare before use according to kit instructions. 
			Use 400 &#181;L of solution per section.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DakoCytomation Pascal pressure chamber</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>S2800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ehrlich&#8217;s Hematoxylin:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>115938</td>
			<td>Dissolve 2 g of hematoxylin in 100 mL of absolute ethanol. Add 100 mL of distilled water, 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and 15 g of potassium alum with constant stirring. Add 100 mL of glycerin. The natural oxidation process takes 2 months, before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Labchem</td>
			<td>LB0507-9010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>101830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium alum</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.01047.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerin</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.04091.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endogenous Peroxidase Block solution (3% concentration H2O2):</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>40 mL Hydrogen peroxide (30% w/w) in 360 mL Methanol. 
			Prepare before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide (30% w/w)</td>
			<td>Scharlau</td>
			<td>HI0136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>322415-2L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic acid 98%</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.00264.1000</td>
			<td>Undiluted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome&#160;</td>
			<td>Shandon-AS325</td>
			<td>Microtome&#160;</td>
			<td>Shandon-AS325</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting medium Entellan</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>107960</td>
			<td>Ready- to- use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal serum (20% ) block solution in TBS: 
			Horse normal serum</td>
			<td> 
			Gibco</td>
			<td> 
			16050-122&#160;</td>
			<td>Prepare final volume according to the number of sections in the assay 
			(200 &#181;L of solution per section).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary antibody anti-PrP Mouse MAb 2G11&#160;</td>
			<td>BIORAD</td>
			<td>MCA2460</td>
			<td>PrP 146-R154R171182 
			Ovine including atypical scrapie, cervine, feline. Not suitable for bovine. 
			According to the number of sections in the assay (200 &#181;L of solution per section) and antibody dilution, prepare final volume in TBS supplemented with 10% of normal serum from the species the secondary antibody was raised in (horse normal serum) 
			Usual antibody dilution: MAb 2G11 1/100 but working dilution should be established in every new batch to get the concentration to give the strongest labelling with lowest background. For storage, freeze aliquot volumes of a minimum of 10 &#956;L into sterile microtubes. Defrost and use one aliquot at a time.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary antibody anti-PrP Mouse MAb 12F10&#160;</td>
			<td>Cayman&#160; Chemical Company&#160;</td>
			<td>189710</td>
			<td>PrP142-160 
			Bovine, not suitable for ovine 
			Usual antibody dilution: 1/200 but working dilution should also be established. Prepare as MAb 2G11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shandon CoverplateTM chamber</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>72110017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shandon Sequenza&#174; Immunstaining center&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>73300001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shandon Sequenza&#174; Immunstaining slide rack</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>73310017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solution Citrate Buffer (10 mM pH 6.1):</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2.55 g Tri-sodium citrate dihydrate&#160; and 0.255 g Citric acid in one litre purified water. 
			Adjust pH of working solution to 6.1 using 10 mM citric acid solution (1.05 g citric acid in 500 mL purified water) 
			Prepare on assay day.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tri-sodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>S4641-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C0759</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining jar and basket</td>
			<td>Deltalab&#160;</td>
			<td>19360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>19361</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Plus microscope slides</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>631-0108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Buffered Saline solution (TBS) (50 mM TRIZMA BASE; 0.8% NaCI; pH 7.6):</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10xTBS (stock solution 0.5 M TRIZMA BASE; 8% NaCI; pH 7.6): 
			TRIZMA BASE 60,57 g and NaCl 80 g in 800 mL purified water. Adjust pH of stock solution using Hydrochloric acid 37% and final volume to one litre with purified water (keep 5&#177; 3 &#176;C until 2 months) 
			Dilute TBS stock solution 1/10 on assay day.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZMA BASE</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6066-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>106404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene&#160;</td>
			<td>Panreac Applied Chem ITW reagents</td>
			<td>251769</td>
			<td>Undiluted</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of abnormal prion protein by immunohistochemistry

Abnormale prioneiwitten (PrPSc) zijn de ziekte-geassocieerde isovorm van cellulair prioneiwit en diagnostische markers van overdraagbare spongiforme encefalopathieën (TSE's). Deze neurodegeneratieve ziekten treffen mensen en verschillende diersoorten en omvatten scrapie, zoönotische boviene spongiforme encefalopathie (BSE), chronische verspillingsziekte van hertachtigen (CWD) en de nieuw geïdentificeerde kameel prionziekte (CPD). De diagnose van TSE's is gebaseerd op immunodetectie van PrPSc door toepassing van zowel immunohistochemie (IHC) als westerse immunoblotmethoden (WB) op encefalonweefsels, namelijk de hersenstam (obex-niveau). IHC is een veelgebruikte methode die primaire antilichamen (monoklonaal of polyklonaal) gebruikt tegen antigenen van belang in cellen van een weefselsectie. De antilichaam-antigeenbinding kan worden gevisualiseerd door een kleurreactie die gelokaliseerd blijft in het gebied van het weefsel of de cel waar het antilichaam op gericht was. Als zodanig worden bij prionziekten, net als in andere onderzoeksgebieden, de immunohistochemische technieken niet alleen gebruikt voor diagnostische doeleinden, maar ook in pathogenesestudies. Dergelijke studies omvatten het detecteren van de PrPSc-patronen en -typen van de eerder beschreven patronen om de nieuwe prionstammen te identificeren. Aangezien BSE mensen kan infecteren, wordt aanbevolen dat faciliteiten en/of praktijken van bioveiligheidslaboratoria niveau 3 (BSL-3) worden gebruikt voor het hanteren van monsters van runderen, kleine herkauwers en hertachtigen die in de TSE-bewaking zijn opgenomen. Daarnaast worden containment en prion-dedicated apparatuur aanbevolen, waar mogelijk, om verontreiniging te beperken. De PrPSc IHC-procedure bestaat uit een mierenzuur epitoop-deasking stap die ook fungeert als een prion-inactivatiemaatregel, omdat formaline-gefixeerde en paraffine-ingebedde weefsels die in deze techniek worden gebruikt, besmettelijk blijven. Bij het interpreteren van de resultaten moet ervoor worden gezorgd dat niet-specifieke immunolabeling wordt onderscheiden van doeletikettering. Voor dit doel is het belangrijk om artefacten van immunolabeling te herkennen die zijn verkregen in bekende TSE-negatieve controledieren om die te onderscheiden van specifieke PrP Sc-immunolabelingtypen, die kunnen variëren tussen TSE-stammen, gastheersoorten en prnp-genotype, verder hierin beschreven.

Aangezien niet-specifieke doelimmunolabeling mogelijk is, is het belangrijk om het niveau van niet-specifieke immunolabeling bij bekende TSE-negatieve controledieren vast te stellen. Dit is een belangrijke stap om specifieke PrPSc immunolabeling7 goed te interpreteren (figuur 2). Non-target labeling door anti-PrP-antilichamen is waargenomen als discrete intraneuronale fijnstofkleuring (duidelijker in de hypoglossale kern en accessoire cuneaatkern)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry at JoVE.com

Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry

Immunolabeling van abnormaal prioneiwit met behulp van immunohistochemieprotocollen vereist specifieke monster- en anti-PrP-antilichaamvoorbereidingsmethoden. Het huidige protocol beschrijft de belangrijkste stappen in epitoopontmaskering om te zorgen voor een goede PrP-immunolabeling en om niet-specifieke achtergrondkleuring te minimaliseren. Ook houdt deze benadering rekening met bioveiligheidsmaatregelen bij het uitvoeren van immunohistochemische studies met de prion-geïnfecteerde weefsels.

Detectie van abnormaal prioneiwit door immunohistochemie

Abnormal prion proteins (PrPSc) are the disease-associated isoform of cellular prion protein and diagnostic markers of transmissible spongiform ...

De techniek maakt de bevestigende diagnose van prionziekten mogelijk door de techniek PrP scrapie in weefsels, waarbij de PrP scrapietypes en distributie worden geanalyseerd om de bestraffende afwijking van het bekende PrP scrapie-depositieprofiel te evalueren. De techniek is gestandaardiseerd en maakt gebruik van specifieke antilichamen tegen PrP scrapie, waardoor de visualisatie van de PrP scrapie afzetting in weefsels mogelijk is. De techniek geeft ook informatie over het neuroanatomische gebied en het type cellen.Begin met het plaatsen van de dia's met de weefselsecties in een roestvrijstalen vlekmand. Haal de mand tevoorschijn in een xyleenbad. Verwijder na drie minuten de mand en dompel deze opnieuw onder.Om xyleen te verwijderen en de secties opnieuw te hydrateren, dompelt u de mand onder in een absoluut ethanolbad. Verwijder na drie minuten de mand en dompel deze opnieuw onder. Droog de secties aan de lucht voordat u ze gedurende één minuut in een 90% ethanolbad plaatst.Breng vervolgens de sectie nog een minuut over naar een 70% ethanolbad. Voor elke behandeling met ethanolbad roert u de schuifkorf twee keer voorzichtig en laat u de mand leeglopen voordat u de volgende keer overbrengt. Breng de mand gedurende één minuut over in een 50% ethanolbad.Dompel de weefselsecties voorzichtig onder in 98% mierenzuur bij kamertemperatuur gedurende 30 minuten. Spoel de secties gedurende vijf minuten in leidingwater, gevolgd door twee keer spoelen in gedestilleerd water. Gebruik een roestvrijstalen kleuringscontainer in de drukkamer gevuld met 500 milliliter gedestilleerd water om 10 millimolaire citraatbuffer bij 98 graden Celsius gedurende 20 minuten voor te behandelen.Plaats voor kwaliteitscontroledoeleinden een gedeelte van de zelfklevende autoclaafindicatortape op de mand om de temperatuur en druk te controleren. Zodra het alarm aangeeft dat de apparatuur de programmatijd en -temperatuur heeft bereikt, dompelt u de mand onder met dia's. Start vervolgens het programma op de drukkamer naar Punt 2 instellen en noteer de begin- en einddruk van dit programma.Voor de inactivering van endogene peroxidase dompelt u de schuifkorf met de monstersecties gedurende 30 minuten onder in een bad van 3% waterstofperoxide in methanol. Overbrug de secties onder stromend water gedurende vijf minuten Na het aftappen, dompel je de secties nog eens vijf minuten onder in Tris-gebufferde zoutoplossing. Voor immunodetectie plaatst u elke dia op een in de handel verkrijgbare afdekplaathouder die vooraf is bevochtigd met Tris-gebufferde zoutoplossing met de weefselzijde naar de houder gericht en schuifranden die samenvallen met de twee onderste punten van de houder.Zorg ervoor dat u luchtbellen vermijdt. Houd de schuifhouder tussen duim en wijsvinger. Houd één vinger op de bovenkant van de monsterplaat en de andere op de onderkant van de houder en plaats de montage vervolgens in de galerij van het systeem.Om ervoor te zorgen dat de set goed is gemonteerd, vult u de put tussen de monsterplaat en de houder met Tris-gebufferde zoutoplossing zonder deze te overlopen. Zorg er vanaf dit punt voor dat ongeveer 80 microliter Tris-gebufferde zoutoplossing tussen de houder en de glijbaan moet worden gehouden. Laat de secties niet drogen.Verminder de achtergrondkleuring voorafgaand aan de behandeling met het primaire antilichaam door de diamonsters gedurende 30 minuten vooraf te incuberen met 20% normaal serum van dezelfde soort als de secundaire antilichaamgastheer in Tris-gebufferde zoutoplossing. Breng zonder de secties te wassen 200 microliter van de primaire antilichaamoplossing rechtstreeks in elk putje van de schuifhouderset aan en incubeer gedurende 60 minuten bij kamertemperatuur. Om de secties te wassen, vult u de putten met Tris-gebufferde zoutoplossing en wacht u vijf minuten.Herhaal de was twee keer. Verdun vervolgens het gebiotinyleerde secundaire antilichaam bij een concentratie van 1 tot 200 in Tris-gebufferde zoutoplossing met 10% paardenserum. Herstel het vereiste volume afhankelijk van het aantal te behandelen secties.Breng 200 microliter secundaire antilichaamoplossing aan op elk putje van de diahouderset. Na 30 minuten incubatie bij kamertemperatuur herhaalt u de Tris-gebufferde zoutoplossingwassing. Voor incubatie met avidine-biotinecomplexperoxidase, bereidt u het reagens 30 minuten voor gebruik voor en brengt u 200 microliter van de oplossing aan in elk putje van de schuifplaathouder.Als u klaar bent, incubeer u de platenhouder gedurende 30 minuten bij kamertemperatuur. Het niveau van niet-specifieke immunolabeling bij bekende overdraagbare spongiforme encefalopathieën-negatieve controledieren werd bepaald om de specifieke abnormale prioneiwitten immunolabeling correct te interpreteren. Non-target labeling door anti-PrP-antilichamen werd waargenomen als discrete intraneuronale fijnstofkleuring, onregelmatige fijne lineaire draden van kleuring in de neuropil, diffuse niet-deeltjeslabeling in sommige grijze en witte stofgebieden en diffuse cytoplasmatische labeling van neuronen.De tabel geeft een overzicht van de beschrijving van immunogelabelde abnormale prioneiwittypen waargenomen bij boviene spongiforme encefalopathie, klassieke en atypische scrapie en een chronische verspillende ziekte van hertachtigen voor een positieve diagnose en vastgestelde criteria voor negatieve, niet-overtuigende en ongeschikte resultaten. Alle stappen zijn erg belangrijk. De pH van de oplossingen en de kamertemperatuur zijn belangrijke kenmerken voor het succes van deze techniek.Het ontwikkelen van immunohistochemie om zowel PrP-scrapie als het type cellen te detecteren, kan informatie geven over elke cel die betrokken is bij de primaire pathogenese.

detection-of-abnormal-prion-protein-by-immunohistochemistry

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Lipophilic dye, in situ Hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, and Histology

Going beyond single gene function to cut deeper into gene regulatory networks requires multiple mutations combined in a single animal. Such analysis of two or more genes needs to be complemented with in situ hybridization of other genes, or immunohistochemistry of their proteins, both in whole mounted developing organs or sections for detailed resolution of the cellular and tissue expression alterations. Combining multiple gene alterations requires the use of cre or flipase to conditionally delete genes and avoid embryonic lethality. Required breeding schemes dramatically enhance effort and cost proportional to the number of genes mutated, with an outcome of very few animals with the full repertoire of genetic modifications desired. Amortizing the vast amount of effort and time to obtain these few precious specimens that are carrying multiple mutations necessitates tissue optimization. Moreover, investigating a single animal with multiple techniques makes it easier to correlate gene deletion defects with expression profiles. We have developed a technique to obtain a more thorough analysis of a given animal; with the ability to analyze several different histologically recognizable structures as well as gene and protein expression all from the same specimen in both whole mounted organs and sections. Although mice have been utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique it can be applied to a wide array of animals. To do this we combine lipophilic dye tracing, whole mount in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and histology to extract the maximal possible amount of data.

Combining Lipophilic dye, in situ Hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, and Histology

A combination of different techniques to maximize data collection from mouse tissue is presented.

De combinatie van Lipophilic kleurstof, In situ Hybridisatie, immunohistochemie, en Histologie

Going beyond single gene function to cut deeper into gene regulatory networks requires multiple mutations combined in a single animal.  Such analysis of ...

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. Here we present a visualized experimental and methodological protocol to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia and to infer perivascular oxygen gradients in the mouse cortex. It is based on the non-linear relationship between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) endogenous fluorescence intensity and oxygen partial pressure in the tissue, where observed tissue NADH fluorescence abruptly increases at tissue oxygen levels below 10 mmHg1. We use two-photon excitation at 740 nm which allows for concurrent excitation of intrinsic NADH tissue fluorescence and blood plasma contrasted with Texas-Red dextran. The advantages of this method over existing approaches include the following: it takes advantage of an intrinsic tissue signal and can be performed using standard two-photon in vivo imaging equipment; it permits continuous monitoring in the whole field of view with a depth resolution of ~50 &mu;m. We demonstrate that brain tissue areas furthest from cerebral blood vessels correspond to vulnerable watershed areas which are the first to become functionally hypoxic following a decline in vascular oxygen supply. This method allows one to image microregional cortical oxygenation and is therefore useful for examining the role of inadequate or restricted tissue oxygen supply in neurovascular diseases and stroke.

Here we describe a method to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia in the mouse cortex in vivo. It is based on concurrent two-photon imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and the cortical microcirculation. This method is useful for high resolution analysis of tissue oxygen supply.

Detectie van Microregional Hypoxie in Mouse Cerebral Cortex door twee-foton Imaging van endogene NADH fluorescentie

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. ...

Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its relatively uniform cytoarchitecture is a complex array of parasagittal domains of gene and protein expression. The molecular compartmentalization of the cerebellum is mirrored by the anatomical and functional organization of afferent fibers. To fully appreciate the complexity of cerebellar organization we previously refined a wholemount staining approach for high throughput analysis of patterning defects in the mouse cerebellum. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and practical steps that are useful to successfully reveal protein expression patterns in the adult mouse cerebellum by using wholemount immunostaining. The steps highlighted here demonstrate the utility of this method using the expression of zebrinII/aldolaseC as an example of how the fine topography of the brain can be revealed in its native three-dimensional conformation. Also described are adaptations to the protocol that allow for the visualization of protein expression in afferent projections and large cerebella for comparative studies of molecular topography. To illustrate these applications, data from afferent staining of the rat cerebellum are included.

Neural circuits are topographically organized into functional compartments with specific molecular profiles. Here, we provide the practical and technical steps for revealing global brain topography using a versatile wholemount immunohistochemical staining approach. We demonstrate the utility of the method using the well-understood cytoarchitecture and circuitry of cerebellum.

Wholemount Immunohistochemie voor het openbaren van Complex Brain Topografie

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its ...

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

Dissectie en Immunohistochemie van larven, popstadium en Volwassen<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Netvliezen

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitate, to cysteine residues of substrate proteins through a labile thioester bond [reviewed in1]. Palmitoylation of a substrate protein increases its hydrophobicity, and typically facilitates its trafficking toward cellular membranes. Recent studies have shown palmitoylation to be one of the most common lipid modifications in neurons1, 2, suggesting that palmitate turnover is an important mechanism by which these cells regulate the targeting and trafficking of proteins. The identification and detection of palmitoylated substrates can therefore better our understanding of protein trafficking in neurons.
Detection of protein palmitoylation in the past has been technically hindered due to the lack of a consensus sequence among substrate proteins, and the reliance on metabolic labeling of palmitoyl-proteins with 3H-palmitate, a time-consuming biochemical assay with low sensitivity. Development of the Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE) assay enables more rapid and high sensitivity detection of palmitoylated proteins2-4, and is optimal for measuring the dynamic turnover of palmitate on neuronal proteins. The ABE assay is comprised of three biochemical steps (Figure 1): 1) irreversible blockade of unmodified cysteine thiol groups using N-ethylmaliemide (NEM), 2) specific cleavage and unmasking of the palmitoylated cysteine's thiol group by hydroxylamine (HAM), and 3) selective labeling of the palmitoylated cysteine using a thiol-reactive biotinylation reagent, biotin-BMCC. Purification of the thiol-biotinylated proteins following the ABE steps has differed, depending on the overall goal of the experiment.
Here, we describe a method to purify a palmitoylated protein of interest in primary hippocampal neurons by an initial immunoprecipitation (IP) step using an antibody directed against the protein, followed by the ABE assay and western blotting to directly measure palmitoylation levels of that protein, which is termed the IP-ABE assay. Low-density cultures of embryonic rat hippocampal neurons have been widely used to study the localization, function, and trafficking of neuronal proteins, making them ideally suited for studying neuronal protein palmitoylation using the IP-ABE assay. The IP-ABE assay mainly requires standard IP and western blotting reagents, and is only limited by the availability of antibodies against the target substrate. This assay can easily be adapted for the purification and detection of transfected palmitoylated proteins in heterologous cell cultures, primary neuronal cultures derived from various brain tissues of both mouse and rat, and even primary brain tissue itself.

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange ABE

The reversible addition of palmitate to proteins is an important regulator of intracellular protein trafficking. This is of particular interest in neurons where many synaptic proteins are palmitoylated. We utilize a simple biochemical method to detect palmitoylated proteins in cultured neurons, which can be adapted for multiple cell types and tissues.

Detectie van eiwit palmitoylering in gekweekte hippocampale neuronen door immunoprecipitatie en Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid  modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid,  palmitate, to cysteine residues ...

Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

Discs large (Dlg) is a conserved member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, and serves as a major scaffolding protein at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Drosophila. Previous studies have shown that the postsynaptic distribution of Dlg at the larval NMJ overlaps with that of Hu-li tai shao (Hts), a homologue to the mammalian adducins. In addition, Dlg and Hts are observed to form a complex with each other based on co-immunoprecipitation experiments involving whole adult fly lysates. Due to the nature of these experiments, however, it was unknown whether this complex exists specifically at the NMJ during larval development.
Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) is a recently developed technique used mostly in cell and tissue culture that can detect protein-protein interactions in situ. In this assay, samples are incubated with primary antibodies against the two proteins of interest using standard immunohistochemical procedures. The primary antibodies are then detected with a specially designed pair of oligonucleotide-conjugated secondary antibodies, termed PLA probes, which can be used to generate a signal only when the two probes have bound in close proximity to each other. Thus, proteins that are in a complex can be visualized. Here, it is demonstrated how PLA can be used to detect in situ protein-protein interactions at the Drosophila larval NMJ. The technique is performed on larval body wall muscle preparations to show that a complex between Dlg and Hts does indeed exist at the postsynaptic region of NMJs.

Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

This protocol demonstrates how Proximity Ligation Assay can be used to detect in situ protein-protein interactions at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction. With this technique, Discs large and Hu-li tai shao are shown to form a complex at the postsynaptic region, an association previously identified through co-immunoprecipitation.

Detectie van<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Eiwit-eiwit complexen in de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larvale Neuromusculaire Junction Met behulp van Proximity ligatiebepaling

Discs large (Dlg) is a conserved member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, and serves as a major scaffolding protein at the larval ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Transgenic Mice After Peripheral Inoculation of Alpha-Synuclein Fibrils

To study the prion-like behavior of misfolded alpha-synuclein, mouse models are needed that allow fast and simple transmission of alpha-synuclein prionoids, which cause neuropathology within the central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe that intraglossal or intraperitoneal injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils into bigenic Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice, which overexpress human alpha-synuclein with the A53T mutation from the prion protein promoter and firefly luciferase from the promoter for glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap), is sufficient to induce neuropathologic disease. In comparison to homozygous Tg(M83+/+) mice that develop severe neurologic symptoms beginning at an age of 8 months, heterozygous Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) animals remain free of spontaneous disease until they reach an age of 22 months. Interestingly, injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils via the intraperitoneal route induced neurologic disease with paralysis in four of five Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice with a median incubation time of 229 &#177;17 days. Diseased animals showed severe deposits of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in their brains and spinal cords. Accumulations of alpha-synuclein were sarkosyl-insoluble and colocalized with ubiquitin and p62, and were accompanied by an inflammatory response resulting in astrocytic gliosis and microgliosis. Surprisingly, inoculation of alpha-synuclein fibrils into the tongue was less effective in causing disease with only one of five injected animals showing alpha-synuclein pathology after 285 days. Our findings show that inoculation via the intraglossal route and more so via the intraperitoneal route is suitable to induce neurologic illness with relevant hallmarks of synucleinopathies in Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice. This provides a new model for studying prion-like pathogenesis induced by alpha-synuclein prionoids in greater detail.

Peripheral injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils into the peritoneum or tongue of Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice, which express human alpha-synuclein with the familial A53T mutation and firefly luciferase, can induce neuropathology, including neuroinflammation, in their central nervous system.

Bioluminescentie beeldvorming van ontstekingsprocessen in transgene muizen Na Perifere Enten van alfa-synucleine fibrillen

To study the prion-like behavior of misfolded alpha-synuclein, mouse models are needed that allow fast and simple transmission of alpha-synuclein ...

Monitoring Cell-to-cell Transmission of Prion-like Protein Aggregates in Drosophila Melanogaster

Protein aggregation is a central feature of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Protein aggregates are closely associated with neuropathology in these diseases, although the exact mechanism by which aberrant protein aggregation disrupts normal cellular homeostasis is not known. Emerging data provide strong support for the hypothesis that pathogenic aggregates in AD, PD, HD, and ALS have many similarities to prions, which are protein-only infectious agents responsible for the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Prions self-replicate by templating the conversion of natively-folded versions of the same protein, causing spread of the aggregation phenotype. How prions and prion-like proteins in AD, PD, HD, and ALS move from one cell to another is currently an area of intense investigation. Here, a Drosophila melanogaster model that permits monitoring of prion-like, cell-to-cell transmission of mutant huntingtin (Htt) aggregates associated with HD is described. This model takes advantage of powerful tools for manipulating transgene expression in many different Drosophila tissues and utilizes a fluorescently-tagged cytoplasmic protein to directly report prion-like transfer of mutant Htt aggregates. Importantly, the approach we describe here can be used to identify novel genes and pathways that mediate spreading of protein aggregates between diverse cell types in vivo. Information gained from these studies will expand the limited understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie neurodegenerative diseases and reveal new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

Monitoring Cell-to-cell Transmission of Prion-like Protein Aggregates in Drosophila Melanogaster

Accumulating evidence supports the idea that pathogenic protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative diseases spread between cells with prion-like properties. Here, we describe a method that enables visualization of cell-to-cell spreading of prion-like aggregates in the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster.

Controle van cel naar cel transmissie van Prion-achtig eiwit-aggregaten in Drosophila Melanogaster

Protein aggregation is a central feature of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), ...

Quantifying Microglia Morphology from Photomicrographs of Immunohistochemistry Prepared Tissue Using ImageJ

Microglia are brain phagocytes that participate in brain homeostasis and continuously survey their environment for dysfunction, injury, and disease. As the first responders, microglia have important functions to mitigate neuron and glia dysfunction, and in this process, they undergo a broad range of morphologic changes. Microglia morphologies can be categorized descriptively or, alternatively, can be quantified as a continuous variable for parameters such as cell ramification, complexity, and shape. While methods for quantifying microglia are applied to single cells, few techniques apply to multiple microglia in an entire photomicrograph. The purpose of this method is to quantify multiple and single cells using readily available ImageJ protocols. This protocol is a summary of the steps and ImageJ plugins recommended to convert fluorescence and bright-field photomicrographs into representative binary and skeletonized images and to analyze them using software plugins AnalyzeSkeleton (2D/3D) and FracLac for morphology data collection. The outputs of these plugins summarize cell morphology in terms of process endpoints, junctions, and length as well as complexity, cell shape, and size descriptors. The skeleton analysis protocol described herein is well suited for a regional analysis of multiple microglia within an entire photomicrograph or region of interest (ROI) whereas FracLac provides a complementary individual cell analysis. Combined, the protocol provides an objective, sensitive, and comprehensive assessment tool that can be used to stratify between diverse microglia morphologies present in the healthy and injured brain.

Microglia are brain immune cells that survey and react to altered brain physiology through morphologic changes which may be evaluated quantitatively. This protocol outlines an ImageJ based analysis protocol to represent microglia morphology as continuous data according to metrics such as cell ramification, complexity, and shape.

Kwantificeren van Microglia morfologie van Photomicrographs van Immunohistochemistry bereid van weefsel met behulp van ImageJ

Microglia are brain phagocytes that participate in brain homeostasis and continuously survey their environment for dysfunction, injury, and disease. As ...

Quantitative Autoradiographic Method for Determination of Regional Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis In Vivo

Protein synthesis is required for development and maintenance of neuronal function and is involved in adaptive changes in the nervous system. Moreover, it is thought that dysregulation of protein synthesis in the nervous system may be a core phenotype in some developmental disorders. Accurate measurement of rates of cerebral protein synthesis in animal models is important for understanding these disorders. The method that we have developed was designed to be applied to the study of awake, behaving animals. It is a quantitative autoradiographic method, so it can yield rates in all regions of the brain simultaneously. The method is based on the use of a tracer amino acid, L-[1-14C]-leucine, and a kinetic model of the behavior of L-leucine in the brain. We chose L-[1-14C]-leucine as the tracer because it does not lead to extraneous labeled metabolic products. It is either incorporated into protein or rapidly metabolized to yield 14CO2 which is diluted in a large pool of unlabeled CO2 in the brain. The method and the model also allow for the contribution of unlabeled leucine derived from tissue proteolysis to the tissue precursor pool for protein synthesis. The method has the spatial resolution to determine protein synthesis rates in cell and neuropil layers, as well as hypothalamic and cranial nerve nuclei. To obtain reliable and reproducible quantitative data, it is important to adhere to procedural details. Here we present the detailed procedures of the quantitative autoradiographic L-[1-14C]-leucine method for the determination of regional rates of protein synthesis in vivo.

Protein synthesis is&#160;a critical biological process for cells. In brain, it is required for adaptive changes. Measurement of rates of protein synthesis in the intact brain requires careful methodological considerations. Here we present the L-[1-14C]-leucine quantitative autoradiographic method for determination of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis in vivo.

Kwantitatieve autoradiografische methode voor de bepaling van de regionale tarieven van cerebrale eiwitsynthese in vivo

Protein synthesis is required for development and maintenance of neuronal function and is involved in adaptive changes in the nervous system. Moreover, it ...