Name: Author Spotlight: Increasing TMS Accessibility Through Braiding Techniques for Diverse Hair Types
Uploaded: 2024-08-09T12:30:00
Description: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a technique that is frequently utilized in neuroscience for both therapeutic and research purposes. TMS offers ...

LSAMP (Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation), Wehner, and The Crawford Foundation, the Kessler Foundation are all thanked for their support.

The research presented here was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) committee of Montclair State University initiated in 2001 and updated yearly through 2023. All participants were treated within the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association. Typical safety procedures were followed. For example, we recruited nine adults from the general Montclair State University population using flyers and word of mouth. All subjects were screened in person employing TMS guidelines set forth by Wasserman<...

Enhancing TMS Efficacy with Sol Braiding Technique in Diverse Populations

<ol>
	<li>Yeung, A. W. K., Goto, T. K., Leung, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+changing+landscape+of+neuroscience+research,+2006-2015:+a+bibliometric+study.">The changing landscape of neuroscience research, 2006-2015: a bibliometric study.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 11, 120-120 (2017).</li><li>Choy, T., Baker, E., Stavropoulos, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+racism+in+EEG+research:+considerations+and+potential+solutions.">Systemic racism in EEG research: considerations and potential solutions.</a> Affective Science. 3 (1), 14-20 (2021).</li><li>Assari, S., Moghani Lankarani, M., Caldwell, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discrimination+increases+suicidal+ideation+in+black+adolescents+regardless+of+ethnicity+and+gender.">Discrimination increases suicidal ideation in black adolescents regardless of ethnicity and gender.</a> Behavioral Sciences. 7 (4), 75 (2017).</li><li>Bailey, R. K., Mokonogho, J., Kumar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Racial+and+ethnic+differences+in+depression:+current+perspectives.">Racial and ethnic differences in depression: current perspectives.</a> Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 15, 603-609 (2019).</li><li>Clark, L. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+diversity+in+clinical+trials:+overcoming+critical+barriers.">Increasing diversity in clinical trials: overcoming critical barriers.</a> Current Problems in Cardiology. 44 (5), 148-172 (2019).</li><li>Etienne, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+electrodes+for+reliable+EEG+recordings+on+coarse+and+curly+hair.">Novel electrodes for reliable EEG recordings on coarse and curly hair.</a> Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. , 6151-6154 (2020).</li><li>Rosen, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TDCS+in+a+patient+with+dreadlocks:+Improvements+in+COVID-19+related+verbal+fluency+dysfunction.">TDCS in a patient with dreadlocks: Improvements in COVID-19 related verbal fluency dysfunction.</a> Brain Stimulation. 15 (1), 254-256 (2022).</li><li>Stokes, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distance-adjusted+motor+threshold+for+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Distance-adjusted motor threshold for transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 118 (7), 1617-1625 (2007).</li><li>Wassermann, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+and+safety+of+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation:+report+and+suggested+guidelines+from+the+International+Workshop+on+the+Safety+of+Repetitive+Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation,+June+5-7,+1996.">Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996.</a> Electoencephalography and Clincal Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section. 108 (1), 1-16 (1998).</li><li>Bestmann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+modulation+of+primary+motor+cortex+during+action+selection.">Functional modulation of primary motor cortex during action selection.</a> Cortical Connectivity.: Brain stimulation for assessing and modulating cortical connectivity and function. , 183-205 (2012).</li><li>Bestmann, S., Krakauer, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+uses+and+interpretations+of+the+motor-evoked+potential+for+understanding+behaviour.">The uses and interpretations of the motor-evoked potential for understanding behaviour.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 233 (3), 679-689 (2015).</li><li>Chen, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+clinical+diagnostic+utility+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation:+Report+of+an+IFCN+committee.">The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report of an IFCN committee.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 119 (3), 504-532 (2008).</li><li>Di Lazzaro, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theta-burst+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+suppresses+specific+excitatory+circuits+in+the+human+motor+cortex.">Theta-burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation suppresses specific excitatory circuits in the human motor cortex.</a> The Journal of Physiology. 565, 945-950 (2005).</li><li>George, S., Duran, N., Norris, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+review+of+barriers+and+facilitators+to+minority+research+participation+among+African+Americans,+Latinos,+Asian+Americans,+and+Pacific+Islanders.">A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders.</a> American Journal of Public Health. 104 (2), e16-e31 (2014).</li><li>Rothwell, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+and+mechanisms+of+action+of+transcranial+stimulation+of+the+human+motor+cortex.">Techniques and mechanisms of action of transcranial stimulation of the human motor cortex.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 74 (2), 113-122 (1997).</li><li>Terao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Input-output+organization+in+the+hand+area+of+the+human+motor+cortex.">Input-output organization in the hand area of the human motor cortex.</a> Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control. 97 (6), 375-381 (1995).</li><li>Stokes, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+metric+for+scaling+motor+threshold+based+on+scalp-cortex+distance:+application+to+studies+using+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Simple metric for scaling motor threshold based on scalp-cortex distance: application to studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (6), 4520-4527 (2005).</li><li>Keenan, J. P., Archer, Q., Duran, G., Chavarria, K., Brenya, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preventing+potential+racial+biasing+employing+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Preventing potential racial biasing employing transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association. , 73 (2023).</li><li>Wassermann, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+and+safety+of+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation:+report+and+suggested+guidelines+from+the+International+Workshop+on+the+Safety+of+Repetitive+Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation,+June+5-7,+1996.">Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996.</a> Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 108 (1), 1-16 (1998).</li><li>Dela Mettrie, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shape+variability+and+classification+of+human+hair:+a+worldwide+approach.">Shape variability and classification of human hair: a worldwide approach.</a> Human Biology. 79 (3), 265-281 (2007).</li><li>Peebles, I. S., Phillips, T. O., Hamilton, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+more+diverse,+inclusive,+and+equitable+neuromodulation.">Toward more diverse, inclusive, and equitable neuromodulation.</a> Brain Stimulation. 16 (3), 737-741 (2023).</li></ol>

Cornrows should not interfere with the angle (e.g., 45&#176;) of the TMS coil. If they do, one of the cornrows may need to be redone to alleviate this issue. If done correctly, MEPs should be consistent (Figure 6).
By utilizing the characteristics of curly or coarse hair, this method of braiding maintains the integrity of the TMS signal. In this study, we were able to significantly increase the MEP size and found an increased trend for consistency. These data have...

Neuroscience research, by its very nature, involves paradigm shifts and innovations for understanding brain function, neurological disabilities, and psychiatric disorders1. Despite much progress, the discipline of neuroscience has fallen short in some aspects. For example, there exist racial disparities, both in the number of researchers, but also in the representation of subjects and patients in research. Numerous underrepresented persons from minority groups are absent from experiments and clinical studies2. Only 5 publications out of 81 peer-reviewed scalp-based EEG articles from September to October 2019 specifically indicated having a sample that included minoritized individuals. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrated that individuals from underrepresented minority groups were often misdiagnosed or failed to trust the researchers. Assari et al. found that the healthcare community, specifically half of White medical students and residents, believed that African Americans have thicker skin than Whites, which influenced their medical judgment and treatment strategies3,4. Owing to the absence of data from minority participants, research findings are less generalizable and show disparities for minority populations. To ensure that the trial population is representative of the patients who will use the medication or medicinal product and that the results are generalizable, clinical trials must include a diverse group of participants5.
Of interest to scalp-based neuroscience is the distinct shape, thickness, styling, and density that is often seen in underrepresented minority hair. The follicle shape, for example, is one feature that makes African hair distinctive. African hair comes from smaller, more elliptical, and flat follicles while Caucasian and Asian hair follicles are more circular and large6. When minorities wash their hair, it curls, causing difficulties for researchers in their experiments. Minority groups are sometimes advised to wash and straighten their hair using hair products before coming in for scalp-based imaging, but doing so can have an impact on the accuracy of the data. Data are skewed because fewer participants of minority groups would volunteer and data from them might be discarded for being a lower quality. Moreover, due to their typical hairstyles (such as cornrows and braids), minoritized individuals are sometimes perceived as being difficult to recruit and retain2. Rosen et al. studied a man of African descent who wore dreadlocks, a style worn by underrepresented minoritized individuals, and presented with disfluency in spontaneous speech7. He wanted to receive treatment using scalp-based imaging since it had emerging evidence for efficacy and was tolerable.
One of the scalp-based imaging techniques that is used widely is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS is a surface-based imaging technique that is used in a non-invasive way to induce localized increases in brain activity. The ability to control neuronal activity in the human brain makes TMS a crucial tool for both experimental and therapeutic neuroscience8. To set standard safety recommendations, when represented as a percentage of the motor threshold (MT), TMS intensity provides a generalizable indicator of applied stimulation that may be used with any coil shape or kind of stimulator9. The motor evoked potential (MEPs) used in determining MT can also be a measure of cortico-excitability, which is elicited by TMS over the human motor cortex10,11,12,1,3,14,15,16. TMS is delivered to the motor cortex, which causes activation in the contra-lateral regions. Typically, regions of the hand are targeted as the stimulating target is not difficult to find on the motor cortex, and attaching electrodes or visually monitoring hand/digit responses is simple. The mechanisms governing motor output can be more fully comprehended using MEPs. Since MEPs are used to measure individual differences in MT, they are now a part of practically every TMS application. In general, it is dangerous to utilize TMS without gauging some aspect of MT. If TMS is delivered above the appropriate MT, seizures may result. If TMS is delivered below MT, results may be reduced or absent (i.e., targeted neurons may not be depolarized). Accurate MT reporting is also critical in comparing studies. For example, many of the studies in our lab use a 90% value, which tells other researchers that a 110% application may result in a greater effect.
Stokes et al. examined different distances between the target region and the stimulating coil and subsequently found a direct linear relationship between the distance and the individuals&#39; MT8,17. Therefore, minority groups, some with thicker natural hair might have less accurate MTs/MEP measurements. In a survey targeting the TMS community of published authors,we found when we asked open-ended questions such as &#34;does hair play a role in impedance?&#34; experts in the field replied: &#34;It increases thresholds. Moving hair aside, compressing it, etc.;&#34; We try to use gel to bridge that contact, but not a lot that can be done;&#34; &#34; Thick hair also makes contact difficult; same as above&#34;; &#34; More hair makes stimulation more difficult-especially if it prevents good scalp contact with the coil18. Dense hair growth makes it challenging to achieve contact between the TMS coil and the scalp, leaving minimal to no contact and impeding the signal. Previous research has shown that braiding thick, coarse hair reduces impedances in scalp-based imaging6. Using the characteristics of coarse or curly hair, Etienne et al. found that braiding a participant&#39;s hair into cornrows maintains signal integrity when using EEG.
We are introducing the Sol &#34;Sun&#34; method to offer a solution to manage the hair in underrepresented minorities. Due to the thickness and coarseness of their hair, we predicted that hair that is typically seen in underrepresented minorities will respond better to this procedure since it will preserve the hair (i.e., no shaving) and allow for long-term measurement. These methods are easy to teach, learn, and perform; require no additional equipment; do not increase safety risks; honor and respect the participants&#39; natural hair; and promote pride in the participant (and researchers) who may have felt previously discouraged by scalp-based techniques.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Android Samsung Tablet (for MEPs)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cloth Measuring Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COVID Appropriate Sanitizers and Safety Masks/Gloves</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Figure of 8 Copper TMS Coil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lenovo T490 Laptop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magstim 200 Single Pulse</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magstim Standard Coil Holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Speedo Swim Caps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Testable.Org Account and Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trigno 2 Lead Sensor (for MEPs)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trigno Base and Plot Software (for MEPs)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the sol braiding method for handling thick hair during transcranial magnetic stimulation: an address for potential bias in brain stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a technique that is frequently utilized in neuroscience for both therapeutic and research purposes. TMS offers critical medical services like treating major depression and is vital in almost every research facility. Because TMS relies on scalp placement, hair is thought to affect efficacy because it varies the distance to the target site. Further, it is presumed that the hair textures and length that are predominantly seen in minoritized persons might pose significant challenges to collecting high-quality data. Here, we present preliminary data demonstrating that TMS may be influenced by hair, particularly in historically underrepresented minoritized groups.
The Sol braiding approach is introduced here as an easy-to-learn, quick-to-implement technique that reduces variability in TMS. Compared across nine participants, it was found that the Sol method significantly increased motor evoked potential (MEP) strength and consistency (p &#60; 0.05). By removing the physical hair barrier that impedes direct coil-to-scalp contact, the Sol approach enhances TMS delivery. The MEP peak amplitude and the MEP area under the curve (AUC) were shown to increase as a result. While preliminary, these data are an important step in addressing diversity in neuroscience. These procedures are explained for non-braiding experts.

Author Spotlight: Increasing TMS Accessibility Through Braiding Techniques for Diverse Hair Types

The Sol Braiding Method for Handling Thick Hair During Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: An Address for Potential Bias in Brain Stimulation

A TMS single-pulse device with a 70 mm figure-8 coil was employed for all stimulation sessions. MEPs were acquired using standard amplifiers and software installed on a local computer. All MEPs were obtained by attaching three electrodes targeting the Abductor Pollicis Brevis muscle (APB). The main hypothesis tested was that the Sol method would produce larger amplitudes and AUC compared to unbraided hair. To do this, we used ANOVAs using separate 2 x 9 (Pre/Post x Subject) tests. We pred...

Hair type commonly seen in historically underrepresented minorities appears to interfere with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Here we describe a hair braiding method (The Sol Braiding Technique) that improves TMS.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a technique that is frequently utilized in neuroscience for both therapeutic and research purposes. TMS offers ...