This work was supported by the financial support of the doctoral research initiation funds provided by the China West Normal University (No. 20E059).

1. Preparation of the template of the PRRSV gene
<ol>
	<li>Thaw the virus stock in 1 mL of RNA extraction reagent (see Table of Materials).</li>
	<li>Add 0.2 mL of chloroform and mix thoroughly. Incubate for 3 min.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the mixture for 15 min at 12,000 &#215; g at 4 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: The mixture is divided into three phases, namely, a colorless aqueous phase, an interphase, and a red phenol-chloroform phase.</li>
	<li>Pipet the colorless aqueous phase out a...

Cloning the Full-Length PRRSV Gene in the pVAX1 Expression Vector

<ol>
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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+the+PRRS+virus+genome:+Updates+and+perspectives.">Engineering the PRRS virus genome: Updates and perspectives.</a> Vet Microbiol. 174 (3), 279-295 (2014).</li><li>Bryksin, A. V., Matsumura, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overlap+extension+PCR+cloning:+a+simple+and+reliable+way+to+create+recombinant+plasmids.">Overlap extension PCR cloning: a simple and reliable way to create recombinant plasmids.</a> Biotechniques. 48 (6), 463-465 (2010).</li><li>Wang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restriction-based+multiple-fragment+assembly+strategy+to+avoid+random+mutation+during+long+cDNA+cloning.">Restriction-based multiple-fragment assembly strategy to avoid random mutation during long cDNA cloning.</a> J Cancer. 6 (7), 632-635 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, Z. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+economic+impact+of+porcine+reproductive+and+respiratory+syndrome+outbreak+in+four+Chinese+farms:+Based+on+cost+and+revenue+analysis.">The economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome outbreak in four Chinese farms: Based on cost and revenue analysis.</a> Front Vet Sci. 9, 1024720 (2022).</li><li>Chen, N. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+genetic+diversity+of+Chinese+porcine+reproductive+and+respiratory+syndrome+viruses+from+2016+to+2019.">High genetic diversity of Chinese porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses from 2016 to 2019.</a> Res Vet Sci. 131, 38-42 (2020).</li><li>Wang, X. 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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+an+infectious+clone+of+HuN4-F112,+an+attenuated+live+vaccine+strain+of+porcine+reproductive+and+respiratory+syndrome+virus+high+copy+plasmid.">Generation of an infectious clone of HuN4-F112, an attenuated live vaccine strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus high copy plasmid.</a> Virol J. 8, 410 (2011).</li><li>Ni, Y. Y., Huang, Y. W., Cao, D. J., Opriessnig, T., Meng, X. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+a+DNA-launched+infectious+clone+for+a+highly+pneumovirulent+strain+of+type+2+porcine+reproductive+and+respiratory+syndrome+virus:+identification+and+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+characterization+of+a+large+spontaneous+deletion+in+the+nsp2+region.">Establishment of a DNA-launched infectious clone for a highly pneumovirulent strain of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: identification and in vitro and in vivo characterization of a large spontaneous deletion in the nsp2 region.</a> Virus Res. 160 (1-2), 264-273 (2011).</li></ol>

The Gibson assembly technique is an in vitro recombination-based molecular cloning method for the assembly of DNA fragments8. This method enables the assembly of multiple DNA fragments into a circular plasmid in a single-tube isothermal reaction. However, one of the obstacles to the Gibson Assembly technique is the acquisition of long fragments from cDNA. The long fragments are difficult to accurately amplify for many reasons. For example, primers are easier to mismatch during long extend...

As an essential technique to construct DNA-based experimental tools for expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, molecular cloning is a very important component of experimental biology. Molecular cloning involves four processes: the acquisition of insert DNA, ligation of the insert into the appropriate vector, transformation of the recombinant vector into Escherichia coli (E. coli), and identification of the positive clones1. So far, multiple methods have been adopted for joining DNA molecules by using restriction enzymes2,3 and PCR-mediated recombination4,5,6. Homologous recombination, known as seamless cloning technology, is the group of cloning methods, which allows sequence-independent and scarless insertion of one or more fragments of DNA into a vector. This technology includes sequence- and ligation-independent cloning (SLIC), Seamless Ligation Cloning Extract (SLiCE), In-Fusion, and Gibson Assembly. It employs an exonuclease to degrade one strand of the insert and a vector to generate cohesive ends, and either in vivo repair or in vitro recombination to covalently join the insert to the vector by forming phosphodiester bonds. The ability to join a single insert to a vector at any sequence without any scars is very appealing. Furthermore, the technology has the ability to join 5-10 fragments in a predetermined order without sequence restrictions.
As one of many recombinant DNA techniques, the Gibson Assembly technique, currently the most effective cloning method7,8, is a robust and elegant exonuclease-based method to assemble one or multiple linearized DNA fragments seamlessly. The Gibson Assembly reaction is performed under isothermal conditions using a mixture of three enzymes,namely, 5&#39; exonuclease, high-fidelity polymerase, and a thermostable DNA ligase. Single-strand 3&#180; overhangs created by the 5&#39;-3&#39; exonuclease contribute to the annealing of fragments that share complementarity at one end. The high-fidelity polymerase effectively fills the gaps in the annealed single-strand regions by adding dNTPs, and the thermostable DNA ligase seals the nicks to form joint DNA molecules8. Hence, this technical method has been widely used for the construction of gene expression vectors.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that leads to reproductive impairment and respiratory failure in pigs caused by PRRSV at any age9. The syndrome is manifested as fever, anorexia, pneumonia, lethargy, depression, and respiratory distress. Moreover, clinical signs, including red/blue discoloration of the ears, have been observed in some epidemics. As a member of the family arterivirus, PRRSV is widely transmitted to pork-producing countries by direct contact and exchange of fluids, including urine, colostrum, and saliva. Due to the spread of PRRSV in the United States, the total economic losses of the pork industry have been estimated to be approximately $664 million per year, based on the breeding scale of 5.8 million sows and 110 million pigs10,11. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service report shows that 49.8% of unvaccinated pigs show the presence of PRRSV in serum12 and low levels of PRRSV in infected pigs are excreted through saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and feces13. Multiple strategies have been implemented to control PRRSV propagation14,15,16. In addition to elimination procedures to create completely virus-negative populations or improving biosafety and management, administering vaccines is an effective means of controlling PRRS.
PRRSV is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus with a length of approximately 15 kilobases (kb). The PRRSV genome consists of at least 10 open reading frames (ORFs), a short 5&#39; untranslated region (5&#39; UTR), and a poly(A) tail at the 3&#39; terminus (Figure 1A)17. The genome of a negative-stranded RNA virus is non-infectious whereas the genome from positive-stranded RNA viruses is infectious. There are two main strategies for RNA and DNA transfection for generating virus progeny18. However, cloning the full-length fragment corresponding to the RNA genome is crucial for the construction of infectious clones. Due to the long and complex nature of the PRRSV genome, the full-length genome cannot be easily obtained through PCR at once. Additionally, although the artificial synthesis of PRRSV genes is an effective solution, the synthesis of long fragments is often expensive. Hence, to obtain the PRRSV full-length expression vector, we attempted to create it by the multiple inserts homologous recombination method19,20. Unfortunately, we were not able to obtain the full-length gene expression vector. Therefore, in this study, we added appropriate restriction sites to the reverse primer and successfully obtained the pVAX1-PRRSV expression vector by several rounds of homologous recombination reactions. Furthermore, this method can also achieve deletion or mutation of target genes and efficiently join a large number of DNA fragments to the expression vector.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 kb plus DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>Tiangen Biochemical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>MD113-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2x Universal Green PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>Rong Wei Gene Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>A303-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>9012-36-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benchtop Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>FRESCO17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Sujing Antai Air Technology&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>VD-650-U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Electrophoresis Equipment</td>
			<td>Cleaver Scientific&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>170905117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Loading Buffer (6x)</td>
			<td>Biosharp Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>BL532A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. Z. N. A. Gel Extraction kit</td>
			<td>Omega Bio-Tek Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>D2500-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E.Z.N.A. Plasmid DNA Mini Kit I</td>
			<td>Omega Bio-Tek Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>D6943-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electro-heating Standing-temperature Cultivator</td>
			<td>Shanghai Hengyi Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>DHP-9082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ExonArt Seamless Cloning and Assembly kit</td>
			<td>Rong Wei Gene Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>A101-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ExonScript RT SuperMix with dsDNase</td>
			<td>Rong Wei Gene Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>A502-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FastDigest Eco321 (EcoRV)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>FD0303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FastDigest HindIII</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>FD0504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FastDigest NheI</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>FD0974</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FastDigest NotI</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>FD0596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Doc XR</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>721BR07925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goldview Nucleic Acid Gel Stain</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yubo Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>YB10201ES03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice Maker Machine</td>
			<td>Shanghai Bilang Instrument Manufacturing Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>FMB100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Invitrogen Platinum SuperFi II DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>12361010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB Agar Plate (Kanamycin)</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>B530113-0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB sterile liquid medium (Kanamycin)</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>B540113-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipettors</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Oven</td>
			<td>Panasonic Electric (China) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>NN-GM333W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital Shakers</td>
			<td>Shanghai Zhicheng Analytical Instrument Manufacturing Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>ZHWY-2102C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PRRSV virus</td>
			<td>Sichuan Agricultural University</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SnapGene</td>
			<td>GSL Biotech, LLC</td>
			<td>v5.1</td>
			<td>To design primers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T100 PCR Gradient Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>T100 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TAE buffer</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>B040123-0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIzol Reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160; Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>15596026</td>
			<td>RNA extraction reagent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a seamless cloning approach for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus expression vector construction

The construction of gene expression vectors is an important component of laboratory work in experimental biology. With technical advancements like Gibson Assembly, vector construction becomes relatively simple and efficient. However, when the full-length genome of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) cannot be easily amplified by a single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from cDNA, or it is difficult to acquire a full-length gene expression vector by homologous recombination of multiple inserts in vitro, the current Gibson Assembly technique fails to achieve this goal.
Consequently, we aimed to divide the PRRSV genome into several fragments and introduce appropriate restriction sites into the reverse primer for obtaining PCR-amplified fragments. After joining the previous DNA fragment into the vector by homologous recombination technology, the new vector acquired the restriction enzyme cleavage site. Thus, we can linearize the vector by using the newly added enzyme cleavage site and introduce the next DNA fragment downstream of the upstream DNA fragment.
The introduced restriction enzyme cleavage site at the 3&#39; end of the upstream DNA fragment will be eliminated, and a new cleavage site will be introduced into the 3&#39; end of the downstream DNA fragment. In this way, we can join DNA fragments to the vector one by one. This method is applicable to successfully construct the PRRSV expression vector and is an effective method for assembling a large number of fragments into the expression vector.

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cloning Techniques for Full-Length DNA Fragments

A Seamless Cloning Approach for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Expression Vector Construction

This protocol demonstrates the construction of a lengthy and intricate gene expression vector. When a full-length DNA fragment cannot be obtained by a single PCR from cDNA, or the full-length gene expression vector cannot be obtained by multiple-insert homologous recombination in vitro, this method is applicable. Currently, multiple-insert ligation cloning is used to obtain full-length DNA fragment for cloning into a suitable vector.This method can achieve deletion or mutation of target genes and efficiently join a large number of DNA fragments to the expression vector.

In this paper, we present an in vitro recombination system to assemble and repair overlapping DNA molecules using the reverse primer via continually introduced restriction sites (Figure 1B). This system is a simple and efficient procedure comprising the preparation of the linear vector and the insert fragments containing overhangs introduced by PCR with primers having appropriate 5&#39; extension sequences and restriction sites; an in vitro single isothermal reaction and th...

Here, we present a protocol to obtain the pVAX1-PRRSV expression vector by introducing suitable restriction sites at the 3' end of the inserts. We can linearize the vector and join DNA fragments to the vector one by one through homologous recombination technology.

The construction of gene expression vectors is an important component of laboratory work in experimental biology. With technical advancements like Gibson ...

a-seamless-cloning-approach-for-porcine-reproductive-respiratory

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JoVE Journal

Biology

241 Views.  China West Normal University. This protocol demonstrates the construction of a lengthy and intricate gene expression vector. When a full-length DNA fragment cannot be obtained by a single PCR from cDNA, or the full-length gene expression vector cannot be obtained by multiple-insert homologous recombination in vitro, this method is applicable. Currently, multiple-insert ligation cloning is used to obtain full-length DNA fragment for cloning into a suitable vector.This method can achieve deletion or mutation of targe...

Video: Author Spotlight: Exploring Cloning Techniques for Full-Length DNA Fragments

Here, we present a protocol to obtain the pVAX1-PRRSV expression vector by introducing suitable restriction sites at the 3' end of the inserts. We can linearize the vector and join DNA fragments to the vector one by one through homologous recombination technology.

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electroeluting dna fragments

Electroeluting DNA Fragments

This procedure allows the purification of DNA fragments with high...

analyzing telomeric protein-dna interactions using single-molecule magnetic tweezers

Author Spotlight: Advanced Single-Molecule Techniques for Investigating Telomeric Protein-DNA Interactions

This protocol demonstrates using single-molecule magnetic tweezers to study interactions between telomeric DNA-binding proteins (Telomere Repeat-binding Factor 1 [TRF1] and TRF2) and long telomeres extracted from human cells. It describes the preparatory steps for telomeres and telomeric repeat-binding factors, the execution of single-molecule experiments, and the data collection and analysis...

Studying TRF1/2 Interactions with Telomeric DNA Using Single-Molecule Assay

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amplification of near full-length hiv-1 proviruses for next-generation sequencing

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Full-length individual proviral sequencing (FLIPS) provides an efficient and high-throughput method for the amplification and sequencing of single, near full-length (intact and defective) HIV-1 proviruses and allows for determination of their potential replication-competency. FLIPS overcomes limitations of previous assays designed to sequence the latent HIV-1...

agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of dna fragments

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis for the Separation of DNA Fragments

A basic protocol for the separation of DNA fragments using agarose gel electrophoresis is...

monochrome multiplex quantitative pcr telomere length measurement 

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Impact of Trauma on Cellular Aging

Here we present a protocol for the measurement of relative telomere length (TL) using the monochrome multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (MMqPCR) assay. The MMqPCR assay is a repeatable, efficient, and cost-effective method for measuring TL from human DNA in population-based...

Accurate Telomere Length Assessment in Human Population Studies

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operation procedure and precautions of thread-embedding acupuncture therapy in alzheimer

Author Spotlight: Exploring Acupuncture in Alzheimer&#039;s Research from Thread-Embedding Techniques to Clinical Trials

This study presents a protocol for thread-embedding acupuncture therapy in Alzheimer's disease-like...

Improving Cognitive Functions in Rats via Thread-Embedding Acupuncture Therapy

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custom smartphone application to guide locomotor-respiratory coupling in the field using step-adaptive breathing sounds 

Author Spotlight: Exploring Breathing Techniques and Digital Solutions for Enhancing Running Performance

Locomotor-respiratory coupling (LRC) is potentially advantageous for runners but may be difficult to perform. We introduce a custom solution implemented on a smartphone to individualize and guide runners toward...

Enhancing Running Performance and Comfort Using RunRhythm

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gst-his purification: a two-step affinity purification protocol yielding full-length purified proteins

GST-His purification: A Two-step Affinity Purification Protocol Yielding Full-length Purified Proteins

In the present protocol, we demonstrate a highly efficient and cost-effective small-scale protein purification method, which allows purification of recombinant proteins by uniquely combining a cleavable GST-tag and a small...

predictive measurement for windlass change in length and selected treatment outcomes in chronic plantar fasciitis

Author Spotlight: Windlass Length Variation in Chronic Plantar Fasciitis Treatment Efficacy

This protocol presents an objective, easy, and economical method to measure the change in length of the windlass in plantar fasciitis and assess the effectiveness of a selected treatment procedure employed in this study over a one-month...

Evaluation of Plantar Fasciitis Using Windlass Length Change

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optimization of performance parameters of the taggg telomere length assay

Author Spotlight: Optimization of Performance Parameters of the TAGGG Telomere Length Assay  

Here, we describe in detail the protocol for quantifying telomere length using non-radioactive chemiluminescent detection, with a focus on the optimization of various performance parameters of the TAGGG telomere length assay kit, such as buffer quantities and probe concentrations.

Quantifying Telomere Length Using Non-Radioactive Chemiluminescence Detection

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efficient and scalable production of full-length human huntingtin variants in mammalian cells using a transient expression system

Efficient and Scalable Production of Full-length Human Huntingtin Variants in Mammalian Cells using a Transient Expression System

We provide scalable protocols covering construct design, transient transfection, and expression and purification of full-length human huntingtin protein variants in HEK293...

removal of an internal translational start site from mrna while retaining expression of the full-length protein

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

The present protocol describes a single M213L mutation in Gja1 that retains full-length Connexin43 generation but prevents translation of the smaller GJA1-20k internally translated...

measurement of poly a tail length from drosophila larva brain and cell line

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Frontier of mRNA Research with Poly A Tail Analysis Techniques

The protocol describes an efficient and reliable method for quantifying the poly(A) length of the gene of interest from the Drosophila nervous system, which can be easily adapted to tissues or cell types from other species.

 Quantifying the Poly(A) Length of Genes from the &lt;em&gt;Drosophila&lt;/em&gt; Nervous System

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in situ nucleosome assembly for single-molecule correlative force and fluorescence microscopy

Author Spotlight: Efficient Nucleosome Reconstitution for Single-Molecule Techniques

This article presents a detailed experimental procedure for reconstituting nucleosome-containing DNA tethers for single-molecule correlative force and fluorescence microscopy. It further describes several downstream experiments that can be conducted to visualize the binding behavior of chromatin-interacting proteins and analyze changes in the physical properties of...

In Situ Nucleosome Reconstitution for Single-Molecule Studies

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improving student outcomes with an adaptable molecular cloning course-based undergraduate research experience

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Molecular Cloning Education with Hands-On Research and Gibson Assembly

An adaptable Gibson Assembly molecular cloning module was employed in a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) format for molecular biology laboratory course students. Assessment of student learning outcomes showed improved understanding and confidence in molecular cloning after completion of the CURE, and novel plasmids were cloned for natural product biosynthesis...

Implementing Gibson Assembly to Enhance Molecular Biology Education and Skills

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damid-seq: genome-wide mapping of protein-dna interactions by high throughput sequencing of adenine-methylated dna fragments

DamID-seq: Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions by High Throughput Sequencing of Adenine-methylated DNA Fragments

We describe herein an assay by coupling DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID) to high throughput sequencing (DamID-seq). This improved method provides a higher resolution and a wider dynamic range, and allows analyzing DamID-seq data in conjunction with other high throughput sequencing data such as ChIP-seq, RNA-seq,...

production of cardiac extracellular matrix from adult human fibroblasts for culture dish coating

Author Spotlight: Studying Cardiac Cell-Matrix Interactions In Vitro

Fibroblasts isolated from the adult human heart were cultured to confluence on gelatin-coated dishes to produce the myocardium-specific extracellular matrix. After decellularization, this substrate can be used for the culture and study of other cardiac cells and cell-matrix...

Generation of Myocardium-Mimicking Extra Cellular Matrix for Cell Culture

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extraction of diatom dna from water samples and tissues

Author Spotlight: Diatom Testing for Forensic Drowning Examination 

This article describes a protocol for diatom DNA extraction using a modified common DNA extraction...

Economical Diatom DNA Extraction Using a Modified Kit

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mouse wound models and preparation of single-cell suspensions 

Author Spotlight: Establishing a Stable Acute Full-Thickness Skin Injury Model in Mice

This study presents two crucial experimental techniques: the construction of a murine wound model for assessing wound closure and the preparation of single-cell suspensions from murine skin to preserve cellular...

Optimized Protocol for Mouse Wound Healing Model with Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes

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PCR Primer Design for Cloning of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Gene

To begin, open the software and select the option to create a new DNA file. Prepare the PRRSV gene sequence from NCBI and click Okay to generate the sequence files. Analyze the sequence and mark the fragment junctions.Identify all the junctions before designing the specific sequence primers for the fragments. Then click on Primers and choose Add Primer. Paste the specific sequence and add overlap sequences of the vector to the first five prime nucleotide of the primer.Name the forward primer and click on Add Primer to Template to incorporate the designed primer into the template. Then mark the fragment junctions and design the reverse specific sequence primer of the fragments. Again, navigate to Primers and select Add Primer.Input the specific sequence. Add the restriction site to the first five prime nucleotide. Also, include 20 to 40 base pairs of vector overhang sequences to the first five prime nucleotide of the restriction site.Name the reverse primer and select Add Primer to Template. Next, set up six individual PCR reactions using the six fragments and designed primer pairs. Run the PCR following a three-step protocol as shown here.After PCR completion, pipette one microliter of six xDNA loading buffer with five microliters of the PCR product. Mix and centrifuge briefly. Analyze the samples using 1%agarose gel electrophoresis.To construct a full length gene, insert fragments of PRRSV were amplified using six PCR reactions. The sizes of the fragments were confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis.

Cloning of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Gene into the pVAX1 Vector

Begin by linearizing the vector. Prepare the reaction mixture containing specific restriction enzymes at room temperature. Use a gel extraction kit to purify the linearized vectors, then incubate a 37 degrees Celsius for 60 minutes.Then, assemble the exon R seamless cloning and assembly reaction to sub-clone the PRRSV gene. Adjust the total reaction volume to 10 microliters with sterilized deionized water. Then, thoroughly mix.Incubate the mixture in a thermocycler for 15 to 60 minutes at 50 degrees Celsius. Afterwards, store the samples on ice. After transforming the vector into competent cells, pick eight colonies into 20 microliters of LB medium containing kanamycin.Set up a colony PCR reaction to analyze the transformants. A full length PRRSV over-expression vector was obtained by introducing PRRSV fragment one into the pVAX1 vector, creating pVAX1-F1. Successive rounds of recombination using specific restriction enzymes resulted in incorporation of fragments two through five, visualized by an increase in plasmid size.