This article describes the procedure of transcranial pulse stimulation in patients with Alzheimer's disease. It discusses the indications, methodology, and future prospects in detail.
Transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation therapy with Conformité Européenne (CE) marking for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Initial pilot studies have demonstrated promising effects on cognitive function. This article focuses on the procedure for treating patients with AD using an MRI-guided, neuro-navigated TPS device. The protocol to be followed for this is described in detail, including the necessary procedures and device settings. A brief overview of the representative clinical results published to date is also provided. In addition to significant clinical improvements in cognition and affect, adverse events (AE) and possible adverse device events (ADE) are presented to provide safety data. Finally, the method is critically discussed. In the future, randomized controlled trials should be conducted to rule out any placebo effects. There is also currently a lack of long-term studies with a larger number of patients. Despite these unresolved questions, TPS has the potential as an adjunct treatment for Alzheimer's patients when used in a controlled, scientifically guided setting.
Noninvasive brain stimulation (NiBS) techniques have become a focus of growing interest in dementia research, offering potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate cognitive and functional deficits associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that NiBS could enhance cognitive function or slow cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) across various stages of the condition1,2. Among these techniques, Transcranial Pulse Stimulation (TPS) is particularly notable for its ability to deliver highly focused and precisely targeted brain stimulation, not only on the cortical surface but also in deeper brain regions3,4. Side effects associated with TPS are rare, moderate in severity, and transient3,5.
Initially developed in the fields of orthopedics and cardiology, therapeutic ultrasound therapy and extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) have been shown to promote tissue healing and improve blood flow. In orthopedics, ESWT was particularly applied to treat musculoskeletal conditions such as tendinopathies and bone healing issues, while in cardiology, it was explored for its effects on vascular health6,7. TPS has been adapted for neurological applications, particularly in Alzheimer's research, showing promise in addressing cognitive decline and functional impairments8,3,4. This technique uses shockwaves to alleviate the symptoms of patients with Alzheimer´s disease, as demonstrated by pilot data from the working group of this tutorial5. Shock waves differ from ultrasound waves in that they do not involve a high-frequency alternating load9. The shock wave profile generated, as shown in Figure 1, clearly illustrates the singular pressure pulse and the subsequent flattening of the amplitude during TPS, along with the higher-frequency amplitude characteristic of ultrasound. Due to the high-frequency alternating stress, the energy of the ultrasound waves is absorbed by the tissue, which can lead to tissue warming-an effect not observed with shock waves. In other applications, high-energy shock waves are used, whereas in TPS, the energy introduced into the tissue is low-energy9. The potential effects on Alzheimer's disease were first reported as improvements in the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD)3, as well as increased cortical thickness in several areas10 and changes in MR-network connectivity11.
The mechanisms of action of TPS are currently under investigation, with research focusing on how this non-invasive technique modulates brain activity at the cellular level, potentially triggering mechanotransduction processes that could enhance neuroplasticity and improve cognitive function3,4. In shock wave therapy, the physical energy acts on the localized tissue area and induces mechanotransduction12, stimulating the release of growth factors13,14 and nitric oxide15. These effects, in turn, can enhance blood circulation and promote neoangiogenesis16.
The goal of TPS is to provide an add-on therapy that is safe and could lead to improvement of symptoms. Stimulated areas can include the bilateral frontal cortex, bilateral lateral parietal cortex, extended precuneus cortex, and the bilateral temporal cortex. The usual treatment protocol consists of six sessions with 6,000 pulses over 2 weeks as the first treatment cycle.
The procedure is considered safe, as adverse events have been reported in about 4% of sessions characterized by moderate subjective severity that is transient and without a clear causal relationship to adverse device-related events (ADEs)5.
While these initial results are encouraging, it is crucial for researchers and clinicians to assess whether TPS is appropriate for their specific applications. Factors to consider include the stage of Alzheimer's disease, patient response to other treatments, and the availability of facilities that can safely administer TPS under expert guidance. For individuals in the early to moderate stages of Alzheimer's, TPS may offer potential cognitive benefits with minimal side effects, but it is not yet considered a standalone treatment. Instead, it may complement existing therapies such as pharmacological interventions or cognitive training. Results of randomized-controlled trials are lacking to date. However, TPS might have the potential as an add-on treatment for Alzheimer's patients under controlled use and scientific exploration.
The analysis of all TPS-treated patients was part of the local registry approved by the Ethics Committee of the Regional Medical Chamber (Ärztekammer Nordrhein, Nr. 2021026). Moreover, all of the patients signed written consent to the treatment. A total of 11 patients were treated with TPS (nine men, two women, age range 59-77 years, M = 69.82). Before the treatment, all patients underwent a detailed informed consent process, during which they were thoroughly informed about the potential benefits and risks of transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) with the NEUROLITH system.
1. Patient selection and preparation
2. Neuropsychological testing
3. Preparation of the device and environment
4. High voltage test (Daily maintenance)
5. Handpiece preparation
6. Calibration for new patients
7. Treatment region setup (Optional)
8. Conducting the treatment
9. Post-treatment procedures
Transcranial pulse stimulation alleviated symptoms of Alzheimer's patients as demonstrated by uncontrolled pilot data from 11 patients (nine men, two women, age range 59-77 years, M = 69.82) published by the working group of this tutorial1. Stimulated areas included the bilateral frontal cortex, bilateral lateral parietal cortex, and extended precuneus cortex. The bilateral temporal cortex was added to the protocol. Treatment was administered in six initial sessions with 6,000 pulses over 2 weeks as the first treatment cycle.
The treatment protocol during stimulation involved 4 Hz, 0.20 mJ/mm2, and 6000 pulses. Three out of 11 patients (27%) reported adverse events in three out of 75 total sessions (4%). These included jaw pain (NRS 4/10), nausea (NRS 7/10), and drowsiness (NRS 10/10). However, none of these lasted more than 24 h, and not all could be directly attributed to the stimulation as adverse device events (ADEs).
A significant difference was observed in the post-stimulation ADAS total score compared to the baseline, with an improvement from 30.2 to 25.8 (p = 0.01), and in the ADAS-Cog score, which improved from 25.8 to 23.3 (p = 0.04; Figure 5). While some patients only showed minor improvements, the best improvement in a patient was 40%, leading to an overall improvement of 15.76% in the ADAS total score and 8.65% in the ADAS Cog score (Figure 6). Furthermore, a significant difference in depressive symptoms was detected in a self-reported subscale of the ADAS test. A one-tailed t-test showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms, as measured by a self-reported subscale of the ADAS test. Before stimulation, the mean was 0.7 (SD = 1.1), and after stimulation, it decreased to 0.2 (SD = 0.4; t (8) = 1.859, p < 0.01).
A subjective rating scale was completed before and after the treatment period of two weeks. This scale allows patients to report their symptom severity and any perceived adverse events on a numeric rating scale of 0 to 10, with higher numbers indicating greater symptom intensity. The mean subjective improvement of the symptom severity, as measured by the NRS, was from 5.7 to 3.4 (p = 0.023).
Figure 1: Shockwave during stimulation. The graph illustrates the amplitude of a TPS on the left side of the image and compares it with the amplitude of an ultrasound on the right side of the image. During TPS, a singular pressure pulse is generated, followed by a subsequent flattening of the amplitude. In contrast, the amplitude of ultrasound does not flatten out again but is maintained, resulting in continuous high-frequency oscillations over time. This figure has been modified from9. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: MRI navigation system. The image illustrates the ideal alignment between the patient and the NEUROLITH during TPS. The 3D camera contacts the detection lenses of the goggle and those of the handpiece. Only if this transmission is guaranteed is the handpiece recognized in the correct spatial position and the visualization of the stimulation on the screen is undisturbed. This figure has been modified from9. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 3: Regions of interest and stimulated areas. The image shows an example of the regions of interest (ROI) and the modeling of tissue stimulated on a patient's MRI. The colors further differentiate the number of pulses applied in the respective areas of the precuneus, as well as frontal and parietal regions. The green coloring is followed by turquoise, blue, and violet. Violet indicates excessive intensity and must be avoided. Stimulated areas are visualized as simulated data from the navigation system as mainly reached areas, but this is not measured as real applied brain activation. Additional temporal stimulation is added in the Kempen protocol although it is not predefined as ROI. left: axial view, middle: sagittal view, right: coronal view. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 4: Handheld device. This figure illustrates the handheld device in use during stimulation. Critical preparatory steps include applying a sufficient amount of ultrasound gel to the patient's scalp to ensure optimal energy transmission and verifying that the pre-filled membrane is securely and correctly attached. During treatment, the handpiece is held perpendicular to the scalp and moved evenly across the surface to maintain consistent stimulation. This figure has been modified from9. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 5: Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) before the first stimulation. Mean of the patient group's score on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) before the first stimulation (dark blue) and after the last stimulation (light blue). A lower score indicates better performance. The box plot shows the distribution of the patients' data. (A) ADAS total score. The line represents the median of the group (baseline = 24.5, post-stimulation = 22.5), and the cross represents the mean scores (M baseline = 30.2 (SD 11.55), M post-stimulation = 25.8 (SD 10.71), *p = 0.01). (B) ADAS cog score. The line represents the median of the group (baseline =22.5, post-stimulation = 21), and the cross represents the mean scores (M baseline = 25.8 (SD 10.77), M post-stimulation = 23.3 (SD 10.27), *p = 0.04). This figure has been modified from5. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 6: Individual test results of the patients in ADAS. Individual test results of the patients in Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) before the first stimulation (baseline) and after the last stimulation (post-stimulation). A lower score indicates better performance. Each line represents one patient. (A) Individual scores of each patient in the ADAS total score. The best improvement was 15 points (ID 3). (B) Individual scores of each patient in the sub scale ADAS cog score. The best improvement was 14 points (ID 3 and ID 4). This figure has been modified from5. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Overall, TPS is a possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease. From a practical standpoint, the stimulation process is designed to be user-friendly for the operator. The ability to define regions of interest at the start of the procedure, along with the visualization of the number of pulses applied through color-coded markings during treatment, significantly simplifies the handling of the user interface. The setting of the regions of interest can also be freely selected and adjusted as needed. Stimulated areas are clearly visualized as simulated data, though further development by the manufacturer is necessary to display deeper areas affected by the device at lower energy levels.
Critical steps in the TPS protocol include the precise placement of the stimulation device over the targeted brain regions, ensuring the correct intensity and frequency of pulse waves, and careful monitoring of patient responses. Troubleshooting might include ensuring optimal contact between the handpiece and the scalp to prevent energy loss or suboptimal stimulation. If discomfort or side effects are observed, intensity adjustments or repositioning may be required.
Published uncontrolled data have demonstrated clinical cognitive improvements5,3, as well as increased cortical thickness in several brain areas10 and changes in MR-network connectivity11. Improvements in mood have also been reported5,4. Compared to other non-invasive brain stimulation methods, TPS offers several distinct advantages. First, it combines mechanical shockwaves with precise neuronavigation, allowing targeted application to affected brain regions. Unlike TMS, which typically only stimulates superficial cortical layers, TPS's depth of penetration makes it particularly suited for treating neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, where deeper brain structures are involved. Additionally, TPS appears to have a favorable safety profile, with minimal and transient side effects reported in only 4% of treatment sessions, indicating that it may be a more tolerable option for patients with moderate-to-severe AD5.
To thoroughly investigate the mechanisms of action and conduct a detailed analysis of potential risk factors associated with TPS therapy, additional foundational studies are required.
In a recent study published by this research group, brain network activity in Alzheimer's patients was examined before and after transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS)17. The results indicate that TPS can modulate brain oscillations and connectivity, potentially improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. One of the proposed mechanisms is that the increased gamma oscillations post-TPS may facilitate glymphatic clearance in the brain. This possible effect on glymphatic clearance should be further investigated in future studies. Additionally, further mechanistic studies are needed to clarify how TPS influences brain network physiology and whether its neuroprotective effects can slow or halt the progression of Alzheimer's.
Preclinical animal studies that explore the effects of TPS on both healthy and diseased brains are crucial to gaining a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms. It is important to note that various NiBS techniques operate through distinct mechanisms1. Therefore, it is essential to investigate whether and how the effects described for ultrasound therapy18 and shockwave therapy6 on tissue play a role in TPS therapy. The former described the possible influence of TPS on mechanotransduction processes, as well as its potential to induce vascular, cellular, and molecular changes, which must be thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, the modulation of neuroinflammatory processes, with particular emphasis on blood-brain barrier dynamics, presents an intriguing area for future research. Understanding these effects could provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and help optimize TPS for therapeutic applications. Further, this contributes to exploring the potential application of TPS treatment in the management of other neurodegenerative diseases.
TPS shows promise as a therapeutic approach; however, several limitations must be addressed. Controlled clinical trials with placebo groups are essential to accurately delineate the specific effects of TPS. A significant challenge is the high inter-individual variability in response to stimulation, which may be influenced by factors such as the stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the presence of comorbidities4. Additionally, the optimal protocol for long-term treatment remains undefined. Current approaches include monthly single booster sessions or repeating a treatment cycle of 12 sessions within a year, but evidence supporting the superiority of one approach over the other is lacking. Future clinical research should prioritize identifying optimal stimulation parameters, evaluating how patient-specific factors (e.g., stage of AD) influence therapeutic outcomes, and investigating the long-term effects and sustainability of TPS therapy.
Author Lars Wojtecki has previously received funding grants and institutional support from the German Research Foundation, Hilde-Ulrichs-Stiftung für Parkinsonforschung, and the ParkinsonFonds Germany, BMBF/ERA-NETNEURON, DFG Forschergruppe (FOR1328), Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung (DPV), Forschungskommission, Medizinische Fakultät, HHU Düsseldorf, UCB; Medtronic, UCB, Teva, Allergan, Merz, Abbvie, Roche, Bial, Merck, Novartis, Desitin, Spectrum. Author Lars Wojtecki owned stock in the company BioNTech SE. Author Lars Wojtecki is a consultant to the following companies: TEVA, UCB Schwarz, Desitin, Medtronic, Abbott/Abbvie, MEDA, Boehringer I, Storz Medical, Kyowa Kirin, Guidepoint, Merck, Merz, Synergia, BIAL, Zambon, Sapio Life, STADA, Inomed, and Vertanical. Author Celine Cont is a consultant to Storz Medical. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We thank the patients for their compliance and participation. The technical assistance and data collection was ensured with the help of Veronika Hirsch and Michaela Wessler (medical technical assistants).
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Disinfectant Wipes: mikrozid universal wipes | schülke | GTIN: 4032651957774 | Used to clean the hand piece after each session to ensure hygiene |
Dry Towels: Wisch-/Pflegetuch Kolibri | IGEFA Handelsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG | PZN: 10417600 | Used to dry the patient's skin after the ultrasound gel has been cleaned |
Handpiece | Storz Medical | HW 030816.01 (114) | Used to hold the device during treatment |
NEUROLITH | Storz Medical | SN: 19880_0015 | The NEUROLITH system with TPS is a CE-certified device |
Patient Chair | Adjustable chair for optimal patient positioning during the treatment | ||
silicone oil | Storz Medical | 13330 | Applied onto the membrane of the handpiece before attaching the prefilled coupling membrane (the distance piece) to the handpiece |
Sonosid Ultrasound Gel | Asid Bonz GmbH | PZN: 5362311 | Applied to the scalp to ensure optimal transmission of acoustic pulses through the skull |
Wash Gloves: Esemtan wash mitts | schülke | GTIN: 4032651297016 | For removing the ultrasound gel from the patient post-treatment |
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