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Chapter 1

Understanding Statistics

مقدمة في الإحصاء
مقدمة في الإحصاء
The science of statistics involves collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data. The method of collecting, organizing, and summarizing data is ...
كيف يتم تصنيف البيانات: البيانات الفئوية
كيف يتم تصنيف البيانات: البيانات الفئوية
A variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. ...
كيف يتم تصنيف البيانات: البيانات الرقمية
كيف يتم تصنيف البيانات: البيانات الرقمية
Data that are countable or measurable in specific units are called numerical or quantitative data. Quantitative data are always numbers. Quantitative data ...
مستوى القياس الاسمي
مستوى القياس الاسمي
The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of ...
مستوى القياس الترتيبي
مستوى القياس الترتيبي
The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of ...
مستوى الفاصل الزمني للقياس
مستوى الفاصل الزمني للقياس
For effective statistical analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Data measured using ...
نسبة مستوى القياس
نسبة مستوى القياس
The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of ...
جمع البيانات عن طريق الملاحظات
جمع البيانات عن طريق الملاحظات
Data collection refers to a systematic way of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. Observational studies are one of the ...
جمع البيانات حسب التجارب
جمع البيانات حسب التجارب
Data collection is a systematic method of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. An experimental study is a standard method ...
جمع البيانات عن طريق المسح
جمع البيانات عن طريق المسح
The systematic method of obtaining and analyzing accurate information of a population is called data collection. A survey is a standard method of data ...
طريقة أخذ العينات العشوائية
طريقة أخذ العينات العشوائية
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the ...
طريقة أخذ العينات المنهجية
طريقة أخذ العينات المنهجية
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the ...
طريقة أخذ العينات المريحة
طريقة أخذ العينات المريحة
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the ...
طريقة أخذ العينات الطبقية
طريقة أخذ العينات الطبقية
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the ...
طريقة أخذ العينات العنقودية
طريقة أخذ العينات العنقودية
Appropriate sampling methods ensure that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population ...
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