Chapter 4
Introduction to Separation Methods
حالات المادة وتغيرات الطور
The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends ...
التقطير: توازن البخار والسائل
Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, ...
الترشيح
Filtration is the physical separation of solids from a fluid using a filtration medium.
The filtration medium is chosen depending on the purpose of ...
الطرد المركزي
Centrifugation is a method of separating suspended particles from a liquid by spinning in a centrifuge at a high number of revolutions per minute.
...
التسامي
Sublimation is the direct phase transformation from the solid to the gaseous phase, bypassing the liquid state.
For example, solid carbon dioxide, or dry ...
إعادة التبلور: توازن المحلول الصلب
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, ...
نمو البلورات: مبادئ التبلور
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During ...
هطول الأمطار والهطول المشترك
Precipitation and coprecipitation techniques can be applied to separate a mixture of ions.
When different ions form sparingly soluble salts with the same ...
التخثر
Coagulation is the agglomeration of colloidal particles to form larger aggregates.
This technique is applied to purify wastewater containing suspended ...
الترسيب الكهربائي
During electrodeposition, ions are separated from a solution by deposition on an electrode in an electrolytic cell.
While reduction occurs at the cathode ...
الاستخراج: معاملات التقسيم والتوزيع
The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also ...
الاستخراج: آثار الأس الهيدروجيني
Consider a weak base, B, with a partition coefficient, K, between the organic and aqueous phases.
While organic bases are usually more ...
الاستخراج: طرق متقدمة
Metal ions can be separated by complexation with organic ligands to form uncharged chelates.
The chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and ...
الكروماتوغرافيا: مقدمة
Chromatography is a technique used to separate compounds based on differences of partitioning between two phases, the stationary phase and the mobile ...
غسيل الكلي
Dialysis separates desired analyte ions or molecules from unwanted molecules, or 'interferents', by allowing the sample solution to diffuse ...
التطاير
Volatilization separates a desired component, known as an analyte, from the other compounds in a sample by converting it to a volatile species through ...
التبادل الأيوني
Ion exchange separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the ...
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