Chapter 25
The Lymphatic and Immune System
مقدمة في الجهاز اللمفاوي والجهاز المناعي
Immunity refers to the body's ability to resist infections and diseases. All cells and tissues that provide immunity collectively form the immune ...
وظائف الجهاز اللمفاوي والجهاز المناعي
The lymphatic system provides structural and functional support to the immune system against pathogens.
The lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels ...
الأوعية اللمفاوية والنقل الليمفاوي
Lymphatic vessels, or lymphatics, transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.
The journey of lymph begins in the thin-walled lymphatic ...
الخلايا والأنسجة اللمفاوية
Lymphoid cells and lymphoid tissues are the two major components of lymphoid organs.
Lymphoid cells consist of immune system cells such as B and T ...
الأعضاء اللمفاوية الأولية
The thymus and red bone marrow are the two primary lymphoid organs that are sites for lymphocyte production and maturation.
Red bone marrow is primarily ...
الأعضاء اللمفاوية الثانوية
Secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues or MALT, are the sites where lymphocytes first ...
الهيكل التفصيلي ووظيفة الغدد الليمفاوية
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels. They are majorly located in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical ...
تطور الجهاز اللمفاوي
The mesoderm cells of the developing veins form the precursor lymphatic vessels and nodes called lymph sacs.
The paired jugular lymph sacs are the first ...
مقدمة في المناعة الفطرية والتكيفية
Present from birth, innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against a wide range of harmful pathogens.
It provides immediate, non-specific ...
حواجز الغشاء السطحي
Surface barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes are the body's initial defense against pathogens, offering physical and chemical protection.
...
خلايا الاستجابة المناعية الفطرية
The two essential cells involved in the innate immune responses are phagocytes and natural killer, or NK cells.
Phagocytes — microphages and ...
البروتينات المضادة للميكروبات
Antimicrobial proteins, such as interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial peptides, enhance the immune response by ...
نظام تكميلي
The complement system consists of about 20 plasma proteins, working together to fortify the body's defense against infections through opsonization, ...
المراقبة المناعية بواسطة الخلايا القاتلة الطبيعية والخلايا البلعمية
Immune surveillance involves monitoring peripheral tissues to detect pathogens and infected or cancerous body cells.
Natural killer, or NK cells, which ...
الاستجابة الالتهابية
An inflammatory response is a localized, non-specific immune reaction marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and occasional loss of function.
Any ...
الميزات الخاصة للمناعة التكيفية
The adaptive immune system provides a specialized defense using T and B lymphocytes with specific features to combat infections effectively.
These cells ...
خلايا الاستجابة المناعية التكيفية
In the bone marrow, the common lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to precursors for T and B lymphocytes.
Next, these precursors mature to gain ...
المستضدات المشاركة في المناعة التكيفية
Complete antigens, or simply antigens, are large, complex foreign molecules, mainly proteins, that initiate an immune response.
They possess two key ...
تنوع مستقبلات المستضد
Antigen receptors are multiprotein complexes on the B and T cell membranes that recognize specific antigens.
A B cell antigen receptor, or BCR, is a ...
الخلايا العارضة للمستضد
Antigen-presenting cells, also known as APCs, process foreign antigens, such as fragments from pathogens, for recognition by T cells.
When an APC engulfs ...
مسارات معالجة المستضد
The antigen-processing pathways break down antigens for presentation to lymphocytes.
The endogenous and exogenous pathways are the two main ...
تنشيط الخلايا التائية والاختيار النسيلي
Naive T cells express membrane proteins called the cluster of differentiation, or CD markers with the T cell receptor or TCR.
There are two major T cell ...
أنواع الخلايا التائية ووظائفها
Activated T cells with CD4 markers give rise to the effector helper and regulatory T cells, while the effector cytotoxic T cells arise from T cells with ...
الاستجابة المناعية بوساطة الخلايا التائية السامة للخلايا
Cytotoxic T cells target body cells infected by viruses, intracellular bacteria, or parasites. They also eliminate cancerous cells and foreign cells ...
تنشيط الخلايا البائية وتمايزها
Naive B cells become sensitized when they encounter their corresponding antigen, which binds to the B cell receptor, or BCR, on the cell surface.
After ...
هيكل الجسم المضاد وفئاته
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are soluble proteins produced by effector B cells called plasma cells in response to foreign substances like ...
إجراءات الأجسام المضادة
Antibodies recognize and bind antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes for pathogen elimination.
After binding to an antigen, the antibody neutralizes ...
الذاكرة المناعية
Immunological memory is the ability to react faster to the antigens that have previously activated the immune response.
This occurs due to long-lived ...
المناعة النشطة مقابل المناعة السلبية
Active immunity refers to the process by which an individual's immune system is stimulated to produce a protective response to a pathogen, typically ...
تطوير الكفاءة المناعية
Cell-mediated immunity in a fetus begins at the third month of growth, and active antibody-mediated immunity follows about one month later.
The first ...
الدفاع ضد مسببات الأمراض البكتيرية
The immune defense against pathogenic bacteria involves phagocytes like macrophages from the innate system along with the T and B cells from the adaptive ...
الاستجابة المناعية ضد مسببات الأمراض الفيروسية
Upon viral infection, cells secrete interferons to protect uninfected cells and activate the patrolling NK cells to initiate a non-specific innate immune ...
أمراض نقص المناعة
Immunodeficiency diseases occur due to exposure to immunosuppressive agents, poor development of lymphoid organs, or viral infections.
Prolonged use of ...
فرط الحساسية
Hypersensitivity, or allergic reaction, occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen.
Hypersensitivity can be of four types.
Type I or ...
اضطرابات المناعة الذاتية
In an autoimmune disorder, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues by activating self-reactive T and B cells.
There are ...
زرع الأنسجة
Tissue transplantation is a complex yet vital medical procedure that involves transferring cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient to ...
العلاج المناعي للورم
Cancer immunotherapy aids the body's immune system to identify and eliminate cancer cells, using vaccines, oncolytic viruses, activated patient T ...
لقاحات السرطان
Cancer vaccination can be preventive, protecting against oncogenic agents, or active, combating existing cancerous cells.
Like traditional vaccines, ...
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