نشكر الدكتور T. أوتيس ، قسم علم الأعصاب ، جامعة كاليفورنيا ، لتقاسم مرفق TPLSM معنا ، الدكتور جيم Fahlke ، معهد الفيزيولوجيا ، آخن ، ألمانيا ، على سبيل الهبة الكريمة من البلازميد pEYFP - ClC1 ، والسيد . ر سيرانو للدعم التقني. وأيد هذا العمل من المنح المقدمة من المعاهد الوطنية للصحة / NIAMS المنح وAR047664 AR54816.

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+evaluation+of+mammalian+skeletal+muscle+as+a+heterologous+protein+expression+system.">Quantitative evaluation of mammalian skeletal muscle as a heterologous protein expression system.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. 47 (1), 281-288 (2006).</li><li>Meera, P., Dodson, P. D., Karakossian, M. H., Otis, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+GFP-tagged+neuronal+glutamate+transporters+in+cerebellar+Purkinje+neurons.">Expression of GFP-tagged neuronal glutamate transporters in cerebellar Purkinje neurons.</a> Neuropharmacology. 49 (6), 883-889 (2005).</li><li>DiFranco, M., Capote, J., Quinonez, M., Vergara, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+FRET+Signals+between+DPA+and+the+{alpha}1s+and+{beta}1a+Subunits+of+the+DHPR+of+Mammalian+Skeletal+Muscle.">Dynamic FRET Signals between DPA and the {alpha}1s and {beta}1a Subunits of the DHPR of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle.</a> Biophys. J. 94, 2633-2633 (2008).</li><li>Woods, C. E., Novo, D., DiFranco, M., Capote, J., Vergara, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propagation+in+the+transverse+tubular+system+and+voltage+dependence+of+calcium+release+in+normal+and+mdx+mouse+muscle+fibres.">Propagation in the transverse tubular system and voltage dependence of calcium release in normal and mdx mouse muscle fibres.</a> J Physiol. 568 (Pt 3), 867-880 (2005).</li><li>DiFranco, M., Woods, C. E., Capote, J., Vergara, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dystrophic+skeletal+muscle+fibers+display+alterations+at+the+level+of+calcium+microdomains.">Dystrophic skeletal muscle fibers display alterations at the level of calcium microdomains.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (38), 14698-14703 (2008).</li><li>Lueck, J. D., Mankodi, A., Swanson, M. S., Thornton, C. A., Dirksen, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+Chloride+Channel+Dysfunction+in+Two+Mouse+Models+of+Myotonic+Dystrophy.">Muscle Chloride Channel Dysfunction in Two Mouse Models of Myotonic Dystrophy.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 129 (1), 79-94 (2007).</li><li>Zipfel, W. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+imaging+and+functional+characterization+of+the+transverse+tubular+system+of+mammalian+muscle+fibers+using+the+potentiometric+indicator+di-8-ANEPPS.">Optical imaging and functional characterization of the transverse tubular system of mammalian muscle fibers using the potentiometric indicator di-8-ANEPPS.</a> J Membr Biol. 208 (2), 141-153 (2005).</li><li>Mills, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+the+actin-binding+proteins,+{{alpha}}-actinin-2+and+-3,+in+different+species:+implications+for+the+evolution+of+functional+redundancy.">Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, {{alpha}}-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy.</a> Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (13), 1335-1346 (2001).</li><li>Woods, C. E., Novo, D., DiFranco, M., Vergara, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+action+potential-evoked+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+calcium+release+is+impaired+in+mdx+mouse+muscle+fibres.">The action potential-evoked sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release is impaired in mdx mouse muscle fibres.</a> J Physiol. 557 (Pt 1), 59-75 (2004).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

نحن هنا وصف الخطوات التفصيلية التي يجب اتباعها من أجل تحقيق فعالية transfections البلازميدات الحمض النووي في ألياف العضلات والهيكل العظمي التي electroporation في الجسم الحي. المزايا الرئيسية لنهجنا هي البساطة في التنفيذ ، والغزو ويعتبر الحد الأدنى الذي ينتج مخاطر صحية ضئيل?...

dna transfection of mammalian skeletal muscles using in vivo electroporation

والاهتمام المتزايد في بيولوجيا الخلية وأشكال التعبير عن تعديل transgenically من البروتينات الضرورية (على سبيل المثال يبني الموسومة fluorescently و / أو المتغيرات متحولة) من أجل التحقيق في توزيعها وأهميتها الذاتية الوظيفية. مقاربة مثيرة للاهتمام التي تم تنفيذها لتحقيق هذا الهدف في خلايا متمايزة تماما هو<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt; ترنسفكأيشن من البلازميدات بواسطة أساليب مختلفة في أنسجة معينة مثل الكبد<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; ، الهيكل العظمي والعضلات<sup&gt; 2،3</sup&gt; ، وحتى في الدماغ<sup&gt; 4</sup&gt;. نقدم هنا وصفا مفصلا للخطوات التي يجب اتباعها من أجل transfect بكفاءة في المادة الوراثية للألياف<em&gt; المثنية القصيرة للأصابع</em&gt; (FDB) و<em&gt; بين العظمية</em&gt; (IO) عضلات الفئران البالغة باستخدام<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt; نهج electroporation. وقد تم تحسين المعلمات التجريبية وذلك لزيادة عدد الألياف العضلية مع تقليل الأضرار transfected الأنسجة التي قد تنال من نوعية وكمية البروتينات التي أعرب عنها في الألياف الفردية. لقد تحققنا من أن تنفيذ المنهجية الواردة في هذه الورقة في نتائج عالية الغلة من البروتينات القابلة للذوبان ، أي EGFP وECFP<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt; ، calpain ، FKBP12 ، β2a - DHPR ، الخ ؛ البروتينات الهيكلية ، أي minidystrophin وα actinin ؛ وبروتينات الغشاء ، أي α1s - DHPR ، RyR1 ، القلب نا / CA<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; مبادل ، NaV1.4 نا القناة ، SERCA1 ، وما إلى ذلك ، عندما يطبق على FDB ، IO والعضلات الأخرى من الفئران والجرذان. وقد تم التحقق من كفاءة التعبير عن بعض هذه البروتينات مع البيوكيميائية<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt; والأدلة الفنية<sup&gt; 5</sup&gt;. ومع ذلك ، إلى حد بعيد النهج الأكثر شيوعا التي يستخدمها التأكيدي منا المجهر الفلورسنت القياسية و2 - الفوتون المجهري مسح بالليزر (TPLSM) ، التي تسمح لتحديد ليس فقط التعبير عموما ، ولكن أيضا توطين مفصلة بين الخلايا ، ليبني البروتين الموسومة fluorescently. يمكن أن تكون الطريقة المستخدمة بالتساوي على transfect البلازميدات ترميز للتعبير عن بروتينات ذات الصلة الفسيولوجية (كما هو موضح هنا) ، أو للتدخل الحمض النووي الريبي (سيرنا) تهدف الى قمع التعبير عن البروتينات وأعرب عادة (وليس لنا بعد اختباره من قبل). وتجدر الإشارة إلى أن ترنسفكأيشن من ألياف العضلات وFDB IO ذات أهمية خاصة للتحقيق في فسيولوجيا الثدييات منذ ألياف العضلات إنزيمي فصلها من هذه العضلات هي حاليا واحدة من أكثر النماذج المناسبة للتحقيق في الآليات الأساسية لتوصيل الإثارة واستثارة الانكماش تحت الظروف الراهنة أو المشبك الجهد<sup&gt; 2،6-8</sup&gt;.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation at JoVE.com

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

نحن تصف إجراءات تفصيلية لترنسفكأيشن فعالة من الحمض النووي البلازميد في ألياف عضلات القدم من الفئران الحية باستخدام electroporation والتصور لاحقة من بروتين تعبير باستخدام المجهر مضان.

ترنسفكأيشن الحمض النووي لعضلات الهيكل العظمي باستخدام الثدييات في فيفو Electroporation

 A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant ...

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Biology

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

17.7K Views.  David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. نحن تصف إجراءات تفصيلية لترنسفكأيشن فعالة من الحمض النووي البلازميد في ألياف عضلات القدم من الفئران الحية باستخدام electroporation والتصور لاحقة من بروتين تعبير باستخدام المجهر مضان.

Video: DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

Single Cell Electroporation in vivo within the Intact Developing Brain

Single-cell electroporation (SCE) is a specialized technique allowing the delivery of DNA or other macromolecules into individual cells within intact tissue, including in vivo preparations. The distinct advantage of this technique is that experimental manipulations may be performed on individual cells while leaving the surrounding tissue unaltered, thereby distinguishing cell-autonomous effects from those resulting from global treatments. When combined with advanced in vivo imaging techniques, SCE of fluorescent markers permits direct visualization of cellular morphology, cell growth, and intracellular events over timescales ranging from seconds to days. While this technique is used in a variety of in vivo and ex vivo preparations, we have optimized this technique for use in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. In this video article, we detail the procedure for SCE of a fluorescent dye or plasmid DNA into neurons within the intact brain of the albino Xenopus tadpole. We also discuss methods to optimize yield, and show examples of live two-photon fluorescence imaging of neurons fluorescently labeled by SCE.

Single-cell electroporation (SCE) is a specialized technique allowing delivery of DNA or other macromolecules into individual cells within intact tissue, including in vivo preparations. Here we detail the procedure for SCE of a fluorescent dye or plasmid DNA into neurons within the intact brain of the Xenopus laevis tadpole.

وحيد الخلية في الجسم الحي Electroporation داخل الدماغ سليمة النامية

Single-cell electroporation (SCE) is a specialized technique allowing the delivery of DNA or other macromolecules into individual cells within intact ...

Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons

Primary neuronal cell cultures are valuable tools to study protein function since they represent a more biologically relevant system compared to immortalized cell lines. However, the post-mitotic nature of primary neurons prevents effective heterologous protein expression using common procedures such as electroporation or chemically-mediated transfection. Thus, other techniques must be employed in order to effectively express proteins in these non-dividing cells.
In this article, we describe the steps required to perform intranuclear injections of cDNA constructs into dissociated adult sympathetic neurons. This technique, which has been applied to different types of neurons, can successfully induce heterologous protein expression. The equipment essential for the microinjection procedure includes an inverted microscope to visualize cells, a glass injection pipet filled with cDNA solution that is connected to a N2(g) pressure delivery system, and a micromanipulator. The micromanipulator coordinates the injection motion of microinjection pipet with a brief pulse of pressurized N2 to eject cDNA solution from the pipet tip. 
This technique does not have the toxicity associated with many other transfection methods and enables multiple DNA constructs to be expressed at a consistent ratio. The low number of injected cells makes the microinjection procedure well suited for single cell studies such as electrophysiological recordings and optical imaging, but may not be ideal for biochemical assays that require a larger number of cells and higher transfection efficiencies. Although intranuclear microinjections require an investment of equipment and time, the ability to achieve high levels of heterologous protein expression in a physiologically relevant environment makes this technique a very useful tool to investigate protein function.

Direct intranuclear injection of cDNA is an effective transfection technique for post-mitotic cells. This method provides high levels of heterologous protein expression from single or multiple cDNA constructs and enables protein function to be studied in a physiologically relevant environment with a variety of single cell assays.

Intranuclear Microinjection من الحمض النووي في الخلايا العصبية فصل الثدييات الكبار

Primary neuronal cell cultures are valuable tools to study protein function since they represent a more biologically relevant system compared to ...

Analysis of DNA Double-strand Break (DSB) Repair in Mammalian Cells

DNA double-strand breaks are the most dangerous DNA lesions that may lead to massive loss of genetic information and cell death. Cells repair DSBs using two major pathways: nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Perturbations of NHEJ and HR are often associated with premature aging and tumorigenesis, hence it is important to have a quantitative way of measuring each DSB repair pathway. Our laboratory has developed fluorescent reporter constructs that allow sensitive and quantitative measurement of NHEJ and HR. The constructs are based on an engineered GFP gene containing recognition sites for a rare-cutting I-SceI endonuclease for induction of DSBs. The starting constructs are GFP negative as the GFP gene is inactivated by an additional exon, or by mutations. Successful repair of the I-SceI-induced breaks by NHEJ or HR restores the functional GFP gene. The number of GFP positive cells counted by flow cytometry provides quantitative measure of NHEJ or HR efficiency.

Analysis of DNA Double-strand Break DSB Repair in Mammalian Cells

This article describes GFP-based fluorescence in vivo assays that separately quantify homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining in mammalian cells.

تحليل مزدوج الجديلة إصلاح الحمض النووي (DSB) فاصل في خلايا الثدييات

DNA double-strand breaks are the most dangerous DNA lesions that may lead to massive loss of genetic information and cell death.  Cells repair DSBs using ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal neurons. In contrast, the adult zebrafish retina possesses the robust ability to spontaneously regenerate any neuronal class that is lost in a variety of different retinal damage models, including retinal puncture, chemical ablation, concentrated high temperature, and intense light treatment 1-8. Our lab extensively characterized regeneration of photoreceptors following constant intense light treatment and inner retinal neurons after intravitreal ouabain injection 2, 5, 9. In all cases, resident M&uuml;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitors, which continue to proliferate and migrate to the proper retinal layer, where they differentiate into the deficient neurons. 
	We characterized five different stages during regeneration of the light-damaged retina that were highlighted by specific cellular responses. We identified several differentially expressed genes at each stage of retinal regeneration by mRNA microarray analysis 10. Many of these genes are also critical for ocular development. To test the role of each candidate gene/protein during retinal regeneration, we needed to develop a method to conditionally limit the expression of a candidate protein only at times during regeneration of the adult retina. 
	Morpholino oligos are widely used to study loss of function of specific proteins during the development of zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, mouse, and tumors in human xenografts 11-14. These modified oligos basepair with complementary RNA sequence to either block the splicing or translation of the target RNA. Morpholinos are stable in the cell and can eliminate or "knockdown" protein expression for three to five days 12. 
	Here, we describe a method to efficiently knockdown target protein expression in the adult zebrafish retina. This method employs lissamine-tagged antisense morpholinos that are injected into the vitreous of the adult zebrafish eye. Using electrode forceps, the morpholino is then electroporated into all the cell types of the dorsal and central retina. Lissamine provides the charge on the morpholino for electroporation and can be visualized to assess the presence of the morpholino in the retinal cells. 
	Conditional knockdown in the retina can be used to examine the role of specific proteins at different times during regeneration. Additionally, this approach can be used to study the role of specific proteins in the undamaged retina, in such processes as visual transduction and visual processing in second order neurons.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

A method to conditionally knockdown a target protein&#x2019;s expression in the adult zebrafish retina is described, which involves intravitreally injecting antisense morpholinos and electroporating them into the retina. The resulting protein is knocked down for several days, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in the regenerating or intact retina.

في الجسم الحي من Electroporation Morpholinos في شبكية العين اسماك الزرد الكبار

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal ...

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, fatigability, and recovery after fatigue can be obtained to assess specific aspects of the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) process such as excitability, contractile machinery and Ca2+ handling ability. This method removes the nerve and blood supply and focuses on the isolated skeletal muscle itself. We routinely use this method to identify genetic components that alter the contractile property of skeletal muscle though modulating Ca2+ signaling pathways. Here, we describe a newly identified skeletal muscle phenotype, i.e., mechanic alternans, as an example of the various and rich information that can be obtained using the in vitro muscle contractility assay. Combination of this assay with single cell assays, genetic approaches and biochemistry assays can provide important insights into the mechanisms of ECC in skeletal muscle.

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

We describe a method to directly measure muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics and fatigability of isolated skeletal muscles in an in vitro system using field stimulation. Valuable information on Ca2+ handling properties and contractile machinery of the muscle can be obtained using different stimulating protocols.

فيفو السابقين تقييم من تعب، وانقباض في عضلات الهيكل العظمي تناوب متفرقة

 
Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, ...

Real-time Imaging of Single Engineered RNA Transcripts in Living Cells Using Ratiometric Bimolecular Beacons

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the development of diverse techniques to visualize individual RNA transcripts in single living cells. One promising technique that has recently been described utilizes an oligonucleotide-based optical probe, ratiometric bimolecular beacon (RBMB), to detect RNA transcripts that were engineered to contain at least four tandem repeats of the RBMB target sequence in the 3&#8217;-untranslated region. RBMBs are specifically designed to emit a bright fluorescent signal upon hybridization to complementary RNA, but otherwise remain quenched. The use of a synthetic probe in this approach allows photostable, red-shifted, and highly emissive organic dyes to be used for imaging. Binding of multiple RBMBs to the engineered RNA transcripts results in discrete fluorescence spots when viewed under a wide-field fluorescent microscope. Consequently, the movement of individual RNA transcripts can be readily visualized in real-time by taking a time series of fluorescent images. Here we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery into cells by microporation and live-cell imaging of single RNA transcripts.

Ratiometric bimolecular beacons (RBMBs) can be used to image single engineered RNA transcripts in living cells. Here, we describe the preparation and purification of RBMBs, delivery of RBMBs into cells by microporation and fluorescent imaging of single RNA transcripts in real-time.

التصوير في الوقت الحقيقي من واحدة المهندسة رنا النصوص في الخلايا الحية عن طريق Ratiometric ثنائي الجزيء منارات

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the ...

In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

This video and article contribution gives a comprehensive description of microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in vivo. This particular transfection technique for testicular mouse cells allows the study of unique processes in spermatogenesis.
The following protocol focuses on transfection of testicular mouse cells with plasmid constructs. Specifically, we used the reporter vector pEGFP-C1, which expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and also the pDsRed2-N1 vector expressing red fluorescent protein (DsRed2). Both encoded reporter genes were under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (CMV).
For performing gene transfer into mouse testes, the reporter plasmid constructs are injected into testes of living mice. To that end, the testis of an anaesthetized animal is exposed and the site of microinjection is prepared. Our preferred place of injection is the efferent duct, with the ultimately connected rete testis as the anatomical transport route of the spermatozoa between the testis and the epididymis. In this way, the filling of the seminiferous tubules after microinjection is excellently managed and controlled due to the use of stained DNA solutions. After observing a sufficient filling of the testis by its colored tubule structure, the organ is electroporated. This enables the transfer of the DNA solution into the testicular&#160;cells. Following 3 days of incubation, the testis is removed and investigated under the microscope for green or red&#160;fluorescence, illustrating transfection success.
Generally, this protocol can be employed for delivering DNA- or RNA- constructs into living mouse testis in order to (over)express or knock down genes, facilitating in vivo gene function analysis. Furthermore, it is suitable for studying reporter constructs or putative gene regulatory elements. Thus, the main advantages of the electroporation technique are fast performance in combination with low effort as well as the moderate technical equipment and skills required compared to alternative techniques.

In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

This article describes microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in&#160;vivo as a&#160;transfection technique for testicular mouse cells to study unique processes of spermatogenesis. The presented protocol involves steps of glass capillary preparation, microinjection via the efferent duct, and transfection by electroporation.

في فيفو حقن مكروي و Electroporation ماوس الخصية

This video and article contribution gives a comprehensive description of microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in vivo. This particular ...

Detection and Analysis of DNA Damage in Mouse Skeletal Muscle In Situ Using the TUNEL Method

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) is the method of using the TdT enzyme to covalently attach a tagged form of dUTP to 3&#8217; ends of double- and single-stranded DNA breaks in cells. It is a reliable and useful method to detect DNA damage and cell death in situ. This video describes dissection, tissue processing, sectioning, and fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling of mouse skeletal muscle. It also describes a method of semi-automated TUNEL signal quantitation. Inherent normal tissue features and tissue processing conditions affect the ability of the TdT enzyme to efficiently label DNA. Tissue processing may also add undesirable autofluorescence that will interfere with TUNEL signal detection. Therefore, it is important to empirically determine tissue processing and TUNEL labeling methods that will yield the optimal signal-to-noise ratio for subsequent quantitation. The fluorescence-based assay described here provides a way to exclude autofluorescent signal by digital channel subtraction. The TUNEL assay, used with appropriate tissue processing techniques and controls, is a relatively fast, reproducible, quantitative method for detecting apoptosis in tissue. It can be used to confirm DNA damage and apoptosis as pathological mechanisms, to identify affected cell types, and to assess the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in vivo.

Detection and Analysis of DNA Damage in Mouse Skeletal Muscle In Situ Using the TUNEL Method

This video describes dissection, tissue processing, sectioning, and fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling of mouse skeletal muscle. It also describes a method for semi-automated analysis of TUNEL labeling.

كشف وتحليل الحمض النووي من التلف في العضلات الهيكلية ماوس<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; استخدام أسلوب TUNEL

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) is the method of using the TdT enzyme to covalently ...

DNA Electroporation, Isolation and Imaging of Myofibers

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently labeled proteins in the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle. Conditions have been optimized to provide a large number of high quality myofibers expressing the electroporated plasmid while minimizing muscle damage. The method employs fluorescent tags on various proteins. Combining this expression method with high resolution confocal microscopy permits live cell imaging, including imaging after laser-induced damage. Fluorescent dyes combined with imaging of fluorescently-tagged proteins provides information regarding the basic structure of muscle and its response to stimuli.

This protocol utilizes electroporation to introduce and express fluorescently labeled proteins in mouse muscle fibers. Following recovery after electroporation, fibers are isolated. Individual fibers are then imaged using high resolution confocal microscopy to visualize muscle structure.

DNA Electroporation لل، عزل والتصوير من Myofibers

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently ...

Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using  BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique

Histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HDAC1,2) localize to the sites of DNA replication. In the previous study, using a selective inhibitor and a genetic knockdown system, we showed novel functions for HDAC1,2 in replication fork progression and nascent chromatin maintenance in mammalian cells. Additionally, we used a BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled DNA with slot blot and Western analyses to quantitatively measure proteins or histone modification associated with nascent DNA.
Actively dividing cells were treated with HDAC1,2 selective inhibitor or transfected with siRNAs against Hdac1 and Hdac2 and then newly synthesized DNA was labeled with the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The BrdU labeling was done at a time point when there was no significant cell cycle arrest or apoptosis due to the loss of HDAC1,2 functions. Following labeling of cells with BrdU, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of histone acetylation marks or the chromatin-remodeler was performed with specific antibodies. BrdU-labeled input DNA and the immunoprecipitated (or ChIPed) DNA was then spotted onto a membrane using the slot blot technique and immobilized using UV. The amount of nascent DNA in each slot was then quantitatively assessed using Western analysis with an anti-BrdU antibody. The effect of loss of HDAC1,2 functions on the levels of newly synthesized DNA-associated histone acetylation marks and chromatin remodeler was then determined by normalizing the BrdU-ChIP signal obtained from the treated samples to the control samples.

In this protocol, we describe a novel BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western technique to examine proteins and histone modifications associated with newly synthesized or nascent DNA.