نعترف الدعم المقدم من كلية علوم الحاسبات وكلية العلوم والزراعة والهندسة في جامعة نيوكاسل ، من جامعة أولم ، والتي SciMedia المحدودة (طوكيو ، اليابان).

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	<li>Gutierrez, G. J., Grashow, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+borealis+stomatogastric+nervous+system+dissection.">Cancer borealis stomatogastric nervous system dissection.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2009).</li><li>Bartos, M., Nusbaum, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intercircuit+control+of+motor+pattern+modulation+by+presynaptic+inhibition.">Intercircuit control of motor pattern modulation by presynaptic inhibition.</a> J. Neurosci. 17, 2247-2256 (1997).</li><li>Blitz, D. M., Nusbaum, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+pattern+selection+via+inhibition+of+parallel+pathways.">Motor pattern selection via inhibition of parallel pathways.</a> J Neurosci. 17, 4965-4975 (1997).</li><li>Stein, W., Smarandache, C. R., Nickmann, M., Hedrich, U. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+consequences+of+activity-dependent+synaptic+enhancement+at+a+crustacean+neuromuscular+junction.">Functional consequences of activity-dependent synaptic enhancement at a crustacean neuromuscular junction.</a> J Exp Biol. 209, 1285-12300 (2006).</li><li>Loew, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potentiometric+dyes:+Imaging+electrical+activity+of+cell+membranes.">Potentiometric dyes: Imaging electrical activity of cell membranes.</a> Pure &#38; Appl Chem. 68, 1405-1409 (1996).</li><li>Tominaga, T., Tominaga, Y., Yamada, H., Matsumoto, G., Ichikawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+optical+signals+with+electrophysiological+signals+in+neural+activities+of+Di-4-ANEPPS+stained+rat+hippocampal+slices.">Quantification of optical signals with electrophysiological signals in neural activities of Di-4-ANEPPS stained rat hippocampal slices.</a> J Neurosci Meth. 102, 11-23 (2000).</li><li>Heinzel, H. G., Weimann, J. M., Marder, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+behavioral+repertoire+of+the+gastric+mill+in+the+crab,+Cancer+pagurus:+an+in+situ+endoscopic+and+electrophysiological+examination.">The behavioral repertoire of the gastric mill in the crab, Cancer pagurus: an in situ endoscopic and electrophysiological examination.</a> J Neurosci. 13, 1793-1803 (1993).</li><li>Zecevic, D., Wu, J. -. Y., Cohen, L. B., London, J. A., H&#246;pp, H. P., Falk, C. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hundreds+of+neurons+in+the+Aplysia+abdominal+ganglion+are+active+during+the+gill-withdrawal+reflex.">Hundreds of neurons in the Aplysia abdominal ganglion are active during the gill-withdrawal reflex.</a> J Neurosci. 9, 3681-3689 (1989).</li><li>Briggman, K. L., Kristan, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+dedicated+and+multifunctional+neural+circuits+generating+distinct+behaviors.">Imaging dedicated and multifunctional neural circuits generating distinct behaviors.</a> J Neurosci. 26, 10925-10933 (2006).</li><li>Nusbaum, M. P., Beenhakker, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+small-systems+approach+to+motor+pattern+generation.">A small-systems approach to motor pattern generation.</a> Nature. 417, 343-350 (2002).</li><li>Marder, E., Bucher, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+circuit+dynamics+using+the+stomatogastric+nervous+system+of+lobsters+and+crabs.">Understanding circuit dynamics using the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters and crabs.</a> Ann Rev Physiol. 69, 291-316 (2007).</li><li>Grillner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+pattern+generation:+the+cellular+and+computational+logic+of+networks+in+motion.">Biological pattern generation: the cellular and computational logic of networks in motion.</a> Neuron. 52, 751-766 (2006).</li><li>Yuste, R., MacLean, J. N., Smith, J., Lansner, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cortex+as+a+central+pattern+generator.">The cortex as a central pattern generator.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 6, 477-483 (2005).</li><li>Stein, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+stomatogastric+rhythms.">Modulation of stomatogastric rhythms.</a> J Comp Physiol A. 195, 989-1009 (2009).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

الصبغة الحساسة الجهد التصوير 8،9 STG من الخلايا العصبية في تركيبة مع الأساليب التقليدية الكهربية (التسجيلات الكهربائي داخل وخارج الخلية) تتيح تحسين فهم كيفية عمل هذه الصغيرة ، معروفة ومعقدة لا يزال يعمل النظام العصبي. وSTG هي نموذج للنمط الشبكات المركزية (CPG) مولد العصبية (وهو يتضمن إيقاع طاحونة البواب في المعدة والشبكات) 10 ، و 11 ، وبالتالي فهم أفضل للخصائص الوظيفية للSTG الناشئة سوف تساعد أيضا على فهم كيفية بصفة عامة CPG شبكات توليد وظائفها مستوى الشبكة. CPG شبكات تلعب دورا حاسما في التحكم في المحركات ، وكذلك 12 في وظائف الادراك العالي 13 ، وبالتالي قد يكون فهم أفضل لممتلكاتهم الناشئة يكون لها تأثير كبير في كثير من مجالات علم الأعصاب.

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>MiCAM02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SciMedia Ltd, Tokyo, Japan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Imaging system</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BVAna v.10.08</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SciMedia, Tokyo, Japab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Data analysis software for the MiCAM 02 imaging system</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HL-151</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moritex, Tokyo, Japan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ultra-low ripple halogen light source</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BX51 WI</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus, Tokyo, Japan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Upright microscope for epifluorescence imaging</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20x imaging objective </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan</td>
<td>XLUMPLFL20XW/0.95</td>
<td>NA 0.95, WD 2.0mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10x imaging objective </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan</td>
<td>UMPLFL10XW</td>
<td>NA 0.30, WD 3.3mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filter cube with 480-550 nm excitation filter and 590nm emission filter </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan</td>
<td>MSWG2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Antivibration table</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Scientifica Ltd, Uckfield, UK</td>
<td>63-534</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PatchStar electrode manipulator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Scientifica Ltd, Uckfield, UK</td>
<td>PS-7000C</td>
<td>Micro-electrode manipulator</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CED Power 1401</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Data acquisition board</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DL708E Oscilloscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Yokogawa, Tokyo, Japan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Intracellular amplifier</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AC differential amplifier</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>University of Kaiserslautern, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Extracellular amplifier</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P-97 Flaming &#x2013; Brown type electrode puller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electrode puller</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sigma Microcentrifuge 1-14</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma, Osterode, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Centrifuge</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Genex Pipettors Mline</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies, UK</td>
<td>PIP7774</td>
<td>PIP7774</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Glass micropipette with filament</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Science Products, Hofheim, Germany</td>
<td>GB100TF 8P</td>
<td>Glass for microelectrodes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MicroFil &#x2013; 34G</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Microfil needle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Spike 2 v6.10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electrophysiology software</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Di-8-ANEPPQ</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cambridge Bioscience Ltd, Cambridge, UK</td>
<td>BT61014</td>
<td>Fluorescent voltage sensitive dye</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>F-127 Pluronic Acid, DMSO</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen, Paisley, UK</td>
<td>P-3000MP</td>
<td>Solvent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NaCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma &#x2013; Aldrich, Poole, UK</td>
<td>S9888</td>
<td>Crab saline component</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CaCl2 . 2H2O</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma &#x2013; Aldrich, Poole, UK</td>
<td>C3881</td>
<td>Crab saline component</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>KCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma &#x2013; Aldrich, Poole, UK</td>
<td>P3911</td>
<td>Crab saline component, electrolyte solution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MgCl2 . 6H2O</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma &#x2013; Aldrich, Poole, UK</td>
<td>M9272</td>
<td>Crab saline component</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Trizma base</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma &#x2013; Aldrich, Poole, UK</td>
<td>T1503</td>
<td>Crab saline component</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maleic acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma &#x2013; Aldrich, Poole, UK</td>
<td>M0375</td>
<td>Crab saline component</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Elastosil RT-601</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Wacker, Munich, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Lining of Petri dishes</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

optical imaging of neurons in the crab stomatogastric ganglion with voltage-sensitive dyes

الجهد حساسة للصباغة التصوير من الخلايا العصبية هي منهجية أساسية لفهم كيفية تنظيم شبكات الخلايا العصبية وكيف يمكن للنشاط الخلايا العصبية في وقت واحد من المشاركة يؤدي إلى ظهور وظائف لا يتجزأ من الشبكة. هنا نقدم منهجية تطبيق هذه التقنية لتوليد الخلايا العصبية التي تم تحديدها في نمط العقدة السلطعون فموي معدي. علينا أن نظهر للتحميل من هذه الخلايا العصبية مع الفلورسنت الجهد صبغة حساسة للثنائي ANEPPQ - 8 و نظهر كيفية صورة نشاط الخلايا العصبية تحميل صبغ به من سرعة عالية وعالية MiCAM02 القرار CCD نظام التصوير بالكاميرا. نحن لشرح تحليل البيانات المسجلة التصوير باستخدام برنامج التصوير BVAna المرتبطة بنظام التصوير MiCAM02. تطبيق المتزامن الجهد التصوير صبغة حساسة للنشاط الخلايا العصبية تفصيلية متعددة في العقدة السلطعون فموي معدي جنبا إلى جنب مع التقنيات التقليدية الكهربية (داخل وخارج الخلية التسجيلات) يفتح بشكل جذري فرصا جديدة لفهم كيفية عمل مولد نمط الشبكات العصبية المركزية.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optical Imaging of Neurons in the Crab Stomatogastric Ganglion with Voltage-sensitive Dyes at JoVE.com

Optical Imaging of Neurons in the Crab Stomatogastric Ganglion with Voltage-sensitive Dyes

هنا نقدم منهجية سريع وارتفاع القرار التصوير الجهد الحساسة صبغة الفلورسنت لنشاط الخلايا العصبية في مفصل السلطعون عقدة فموي معدي.

التصوير الضوئي للخلايا العصبية في العقدة كراب فموي معدي مع الجهد حساسة للملونات

Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of neurons is a key methodology for the understanding of how neuronal networks are organised and how the simultaneous ...

optical-imaging-neurons-crab-stomatogastric-ganglion-with-voltage

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.9K Views.  Ulm University. هنا نقدم منهجية سريع وارتفاع القرار التصوير الجهد الحساسة صبغة الفلورسنت لنشاط الخلايا العصبية في مفصل السلطعون عقدة فموي معدي.

Video: Optical Imaging of Neurons in the Crab Stomatogastric Ganglion with Voltage-sensitive Dyes

Genetic Study of Axon Regeneration with Cultured Adult Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

It is well known that mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate their axons after injuries due to diminished intrinsic ability to support axon growth and a hostile environment in the mature CNS1,2. In contrast, mature neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerate readily after injuries3. Adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are well known to regenerate robustly after peripheral nerve injuries. Each DRG neuron grows one axon from the cell soma, which branches into two axonal branches: a peripheral branch innervating peripheral targets and a central branch extending into the spinal cord. Injury of the DRG peripheral axons results in substantial axon regeneration, whereas central axons in the spinal cord regenerate poorly after the injury. However, if the peripheral axonal injury occurs prior to the spinal cord injury (a process called the conditioning lesion), regeneration of central axons is greatly improved4. Moreover, the central axons of DRG neurons share the same hostile environment as descending corticospinal axons in the spinal cord. Together, it is hypothesized that the molecular mechanisms controlling axon regeneration of adult DRG neurons can be harnessed to enhance CNS axon regeneration. As a result, adult DRG neurons are now widely used as a model system to study regenerative axon growth5-7.
Here we describe a method of adult DRG neuron culture that can be used for genetic study of axon regeneration in vitro. In this model adult DRG neurons are genetically manipulated via electroporation-mediated gene transfection6,8. By transfecting neurons with DNA plasmid or si/shRNA, this approach enables both gain- and loss-of-function experiments to investigate the role of any gene-of-interest in axon growth from adult DRG neurons. When neurons are transfected with si/shRNA, the targeted endogenous protein is usually depleted after 3-4 days in culture, during which time robust axon growth has already occurred, making the loss-of-function studies less effective. To solve this problem, the method described here includes a re-suspension and re-plating step after transfection, which allows axons to re-grow from neurons in the absence of the targeted protein. Finally, we provide an example of using this in vitro model to study the role of an axon regeneration-associated gene, c-Jun, in mediating axon growth from adult DRG neurons9.

An in vitro model for genetic study of axon regeneration using cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons is described. The method includes a re-suspension/re-plating step to allow axon re-growth from neurons undergoing genetic manipulation. This approach is especially useful for loss-of-function studies of axon regeneration using RNAi-based protein knockdown.

دراسة وراثية من التجديد أكسون مع الكبار الظهرية مثقف الخلايا العصبية العقدة الجذر

It is well known that mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate their axons after injuries due to diminished intrinsic ability ...

Voltage-sensitive Dye Recording from Axons, Dendrites and Dendritic Spines of Individual Neurons in Brain Slices

Understanding the biophysical properties and functional organization of single neurons and how they process information is fundamental for understanding how the brain works. The primary function of any nerve cell is to process electrical signals, usually from multiple sources. Electrical properties of neuronal processes are extraordinarily complex, dynamic, and, in the general case, impossible to predict in the absence of detailed measurements. To obtain such a measurement one would, ideally, like to be able to monitor, at multiple sites, subthreshold events as they travel from the sites of origin on neuronal processes and summate at particular locations to influence action potential initiation. This goal has not been achieved in any neuron due to technical limitations of measurements that employ electrodes. To overcome this drawback, it is highly desirable to complement the patch-electrode approach with imaging techniques that permit extensive parallel recordings from all parts of a neuron. Here, we describe such a technique - optical recording of membrane potential transients with organic voltage-sensitive dyes (Vm-imaging) - characterized by sub-millisecond and sub-micrometer resolution. Our method is based on pioneering work on voltage-sensitive molecular probes 2. Many aspects of the initial technology have been continuously improved over several decades 3, 5, 11. Additionally, previous work documented two essential characteristics of Vm-imaging. Firstly, fluorescence signals are linearly proportional to membrane potential over the entire physiological range (-100 mV to +100 mV; 10, 14, 16). Secondly, loading neurons with the voltage-sensitive dye used here (JPW 3028) does not have detectable pharmacological effects. The recorded broadening of the spike during dye loading is completely reversible 4, 7. Additionally, experimental evidence shows that it is possible to obtain a significant number (up to hundreds) of recordings prior to any detectable phototoxic effects 4, 6, 12, 13. At present, we take advantage of the superb brightness and stability of a laser light source at near-optimal wavelength to maximize the sensitivity of the Vm-imaging technique. The current sensitivity permits multiple site optical recordings of Vm transients from all parts of a neuron, including axons and axon collaterals, terminal dendritic branches, and individual dendritic spines. The acquired information on signal interactions can be analyzed quantitatively as well as directly visualized in the form of a movie.

An imaging technique for monitoring of membrane potential changes with sub-micrometer spatial and sub-millisecond temporal resolution is described. The technique, based on laser excitation of voltage-sensitive dyes, allows measurements of signals in axons and axon collaterals, terminal dendritic branches, and individual dendritic spines.

الجهد حساسة من تسجيل صبغ محاور عصبية، التشعبات والعمود الفقري شجيري الخلايا العصبية الفردية في شرائح الدماغ

Understanding the biophysical properties and functional organization of single neurons and how they process information is fundamental for understanding ...

Retrograde Labeling of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Adult Zebrafish with Fluorescent Dyes

As retrograde labeling retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can isolate RGCs somata from dying sites, it has become the gold standard for counting RGCs in RGCs survival and regeneration experiments. Many studies have been performed in mammalian animals to research RGCs survival after optic nerve injury. However, retrograde labeling of RGCs in adult zebrafish has not yet been reported, though some alternative methods can count cell numbers in retinal ganglion cell layers (RGCL). Considering the small size of the adult zebrafish skull and the high risk of death after drilling on the skull, we open the skull with the help of acid-etching and seal the hole with a light curing bond, which could significantly improve the survival rate. After absorbing the dyes for 5 days, almost all the RGCs are labeled. As this method does not need to transect the optic nerve, it is irreplaceable in the research of RGCs survival after optic nerve crush in adult zebrafish. Here, we introduce this method step by step and provide representative results.

We introduce an efficient method to retrograde label retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in adult zebrafish.

وصفها الوراء من خلايا الشبكية العقدة في اسماك الزرد الكبار مع الأصباغ نيون

As retrograde labeling retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can isolate RGCs somata from dying sites, it has become the gold standard for counting RGCs in RGCs ...

3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate, intracellular parasite with a broad host range, including humans and rodents. In both humans and rodents, Toxoplasma establishes a lifelong persistent infection in the brain. While this brain infection is asymptomatic in most immunocompetent people, in the developing fetus or immunocompromised individuals such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, this predilection for and persistence in the brain can lead to devastating neurologic disease. Thus, it is clear that the brain-Toxoplasma interaction is critical to the symptomatic disease produced by Toxoplasma, yet we have little understanding of the cellular or molecular interaction between cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and the parasite. In the mouse model of CNS toxoplasmosis it has been known for over 30 years that neurons are the cells in which the parasite persists, but little information is available about which part of the neuron is generally infected (soma, dendrite, axon) and if this cellular relationship changes between strains. In part, this lack is secondary to the difficulty of imaging and visualizing whole infected neurons from an animal. Such images would typically require serial sectioning and stitching of tissue imaged by electron microscopy or confocal microscopy after immunostaining. By combining several techniques, the method described here enables the use of thick sections (160 &#181;m) to identify and image whole cells that contain cysts, allowing three-dimensional visualization and analysis of individual, chronically infected neurons without the need for immunostaining, electron microscopy, or serial sectioning and stitching. Using this technique, we can begin to understand the cellular relationship between the parasite and the infected neuron.

3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii

Using this protocol, we were able to image 160 &#181;m thick brain sections from mice infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which enables visualization and analysis of the spatial relationship between the encysting parasite and the infected neuron.

التصوير 3-D وتحليل الخلايا العصبية المصابة<em&gt; في فيفو</em&gt; مع<em&gt; التوكسوبلازما</em

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate, intracellular parasite with a broad host range, including humans and rodents. In both humans and rodents, Toxoplasma ...

Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons

Photostimulation is a noninvasive way to control biological events with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. New methods are desired to photo-regulate endogenous proteins expressed in their native environment. Here, we present an approach to optically control the function of a neuronal protein directly in neurons using a genetically encoded unnatural amino acid (Uaa). By using an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair to suppress the amber codon, a photo-reactive Uaa 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl-cysteine (Cmn) is site-specifically incorporated in the pore of a neuronal protein Kir2.1, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel. The bulky Cmn physically blocks the channel pore, rendering Kir2.1 non-conducting. Light illumination instantaneously converts Cmn into a smaller natural amino acid Cys, activating Kir2.1 channel function. We express these photo-inducible inwardly rectifying potassium (PIRK) channels in rat hippocampal primary neurons, and demonstrate that light-activation of PIRK ceases the neuronal firing due to the outflux of K+ current through the activated Kir2.1 channels. Using in utero electroporation, we also express PIRK in the embryonic mouse neocortex in vivo, showing the light-activation of PIRK in neocortical neurons. Genetically encoding Uaa imposes no restrictions on target protein type or cellular location, and a family of photoreactive Uaas is available for modulating different natural amino acid residues. This technique thus has the potential to be generally applied to many neuronal proteins to achieve optical regulation of different processes in brains. The current protocol presents an accessible procedure for intricate Uaa incorporation in neurons in vitro and in vivo to achieve photo control of neuronal protein activity on the molecular level.

Here, a procedure to selectively activate a neuronal protein with a short pulse of light by genetically encoding a photo-reactive unnatural amino acid into a target neuronal protein expressed in neurons in culture or in vivo is presented.

مراقبة البصرية من البروتين العصبية باستخدام حمض أميني مصطنعة مشفرة وراثيا في الخلايا العصبية

Photostimulation is a noninvasive way to control biological events with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. New methods are desired to ...

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo

Structural changes in the retina are common manifestations of ophthalmic diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables their identification in vivo&#8212;rapidly, repetitively, and at a high resolution. This protocol describes OCT imaging in the mouse retina as a powerful tool to study optic neuropathies (OPN). The OCT system is an interferometry-based, non-invasive alternative to common post mortem histological assays. It provides a fast and accurate assessment of retinal thickness, allowing the possibility to track changes, such as retinal thinning or thickening. We present the imaging process and analysis with the example of the Opa1delTTAG mouse line. Three types of scans are proposed, with two quantification methods: standard and homemade calipers. The latter is best for use on the peripapillary retina during radial scans; being more precise, is preferable for analyzing thinner structures. All approaches described here are designed for retinal ganglion cells (RGC) but are easily adaptable to other cell populations. In conclusion, OCT is efficient in mouse model phenotyping and has the potential to be used for the reliable evaluation of therapeutic interventions.

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo

This manuscript describes a protocol for the in vivo imaging of the mouse retina with high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). It focuses on retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in the peripapillary region, with several scanning and quantifying approaches described.

التصوير المقطعي التماسك البصري: التصوير الماوس العقدة الشبكية خلايا في فيفو

Structural changes in the retina are common manifestations of ophthalmic diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables their identification in ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging methods exist for examining the brain tissue of live newborn mammals. Herein we summarize a protocol for imaging individual cortical neurons in living neonatal mice. This protocol includes the following two methodologies: (1) the Supernova system for sparse and bright labeling of cortical neurons in the developing brain, and (2) a surgical procedure for the fragile neonatal skull. This protocol allows the observation of temporal changes of individual cortical neurites during neonatal stages with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Labeled cell-specific gene silencing and knockout can also be achieved by combining the Supernova with RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems. This protocol can, thus, be used for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

We present an in vivo two-photon imaging protocol for imaging the cerebral cortex of neonatal mice. This method is suitable for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, the molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and the changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

في فيفو اثنين-فوتون تصوير الخلايا العصبية القشرية في الفئران حديثي الولادة

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging ...

Wide-field Single-photon Optical Recording in Brain Slices Using Voltage-sensitive Dye

Wide-field single photon voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of brain slice preparations is a useful tool to assess the functional connectivity in neural circuits. Due to the fractional change in the light signal, it has been difficult to use this method as a quantitative assay. This article describes special optics and slice handling systems, which render this technique stable and reliable. The present article demonstrates the slice handling, staining, and recording of the VSD-stained hippocampal slices in detail. The system maintains physiological conditions for a long time, with good staining, and prevents mechanical movements of the slice during the recordings. Moreover, it enables staining of slices with a small amount of the dye. The optics achieve high numerical aperture at low magnification, which allows recording of the VSD signal at the maximum frame rate of 10 kHz, with 100 pixel x 100-pixel spatial resolution. Due to the high frame rate and spatial resolution, this technique allows application of the post-recording filters that provide sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to assess the changes in neural circuits.

We introduce a reproducible and stable optical recording method for brain slices using voltage-sensitive dye. The article describes voltage-sensitive dye staining and recording of optical signals using conventional hippocampal slice preparations.

تسجيل بصري ذو صورة واحدة في شرائح الدماغ باستخدام صبغ حساس للجهد الكهربائي

Wide-field single photon voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of brain slice preparations is a useful tool to assess the functional connectivity in neural ...

Isolation and Culture of Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the eye. This ganglion is constituted by a homogenous population of ciliary and choroidal neurons that innervate striated and smooth muscle fibers, respectively. Each of these neuronal types regulate specific eye structures and functions. Over the years, neuronal cultures of the chick ciliary ganglia were shown to be effective cell models in the study of muscle-nervous system interactions, which communicate through cholinergic synapses. Ciliary ganglion neurons are, in its majority, cholinergic. This cell model has been shown to be useful comparatively to previously used heterogeneous cell models that comprise several neuronal types, besides cholinergic. Anatomically, the ciliary ganglion is localized between the optic nerve (ON) and the choroid fissure (CF). Here, we describe a detailed procedure for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of ciliary ganglia neurons from chick embryos. We provide a step-by-step protocol in order to obtain highly pure and stable cellular cultures of CG neurons, highlighting key steps of the process. These cultures can be maintained in vitro for 15 days and, hereby, we show the normal development of CG cultures. The results also show that these neurons can interact with muscle fibers through neuro-muscular cholinergic synapses.

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system. Neuronal cultures of chick CG neurons were shown to be effective cell models in the study of nerve muscle interactions. We describe a detailed protocol for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of CG neurons from chick embryos.

العزلة والثقافة من الفرخ Ciliary الخلايا العصبية جانجليون

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the ...

Coculture of Axotomized Rat Retinal Ganglion Neurons with Olfactory Ensheathing Glia, as an In Vitro Model of Adult Axonal Regeneration

Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) cells are localized all the way from the olfactory mucosa to and into the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) of the olfactory bulb. Throughout adult life, they are key for axonal growing of newly generated olfactory neurons, from the lamina propria to the ONL. Due to their pro-regenerative properties, these cells have been used to foster axonal regeneration in spinal cord or optic nerve injury models.
We present an in vitro model to assay and measure OEG neuroregenerative capacity after neural injury. In this model, reversibly immortalized human OEG (ihOEG) is cultured as a monolayer, retinas are extracted from adult rats and retinal ganglion neurons (RGN) are cocultured onto the OEG monolayer. After 96 h, axonal and somatodendritic markers in RGNs are analyzed by immunofluorescence and the number of RGNs with axon and the mean axonal length/neuron are quantified.
This protocol has the advantage over other in vitro assays that rely on embryonic or postnatal neurons, that it evaluates OEG neuroregenerative properties in adult tissue. Also, it is not only useful for assessing the neuroregenerative potential of ihOEG but can be extended to different sources of OEG or other glial cells.

We present an in vitro model to assess olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) neuroregenerative capacity, after neural injury. It is based on a coculture of axotomized adult retinal ganglion neurons (RGN) on OEG monolayers and subsequent study of axonal regeneration, by analyzing RGN axonal and somatodendritic markers.

ثقافة اكسال من الخلايا العصبية الجرذ الشبكية جانجليون مع الشم Ensheathing غليا، كنموذج في المختبر من تجديد أكسونال الكبار

Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) cells are localized all the way from the olfactory mucosa to and into the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) of the olfactory ...