وأيد هذا العمل من قبل شعبة البحوث ضمن الجدران في المعهد القومي للصمم واضطرابات التواصل الأخرى. وقدم دعم إضافي من قبل 5R01 NIDCD DC007613.

<ol>
	<li>Cunningham, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adult+mouse+utricle+as+an+in+vitro+preparation+for+studies+of+ototoxic-drug-induced+sensory+hair+cell+death.">The adult mouse utricle as an in vitro preparation for studies of ototoxic-drug-induced sensory hair cell death.</a> Brain Res. , (2006).</li><li>Schmitt, N. C., Rubel, E. W., Nathanson, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cisplatin-induced+hair+cell+death+requires+STAT1+and+is+attenuated+by+epigallocatechin+gallate.">Cisplatin-induced hair cell death requires STAT1 and is attenuated by epigallocatechin gallate.</a> J. Neurosci. 29, 3843-3851 (2009).</li><li>Ou, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+FDA-approved+drugs+and+bioactives+that+protect+hair+cells+in+the+zebrafish+(Danio+rerio)+lateral+line+and+mouse+(Mus+musculus)+utricle.">Identification of FDA-approved drugs and bioactives that protect hair cells in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) lateral line and mouse (Mus musculus) utricle.</a> J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 10, 191-203 (2009).</li><li>Chiu, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+the+zebrafish+lateral+line+to+screen+for+ototoxicity.">Using the zebrafish lateral line to screen for ototoxicity.</a> J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 9, 178-190 (2008).</li><li>Sugahara, K., Rubel, E. W., Cunningham, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=JNK+signaling+in+neomycin-induced+vestibular+hair+cell+death.">JNK signaling in neomycin-induced vestibular hair cell death.</a> Hear Res. , 221-221 (2006).</li><li>Matsui, J. I., Cotanche, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+hair+cell+death+and+regeneration:+two+halves+of+the+same+equation.">Sensory hair cell death and regeneration: two halves of the same equation.</a> Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 12, 418-4125 (2004).</li><li>Ryals, B. M., Rubel, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hair+cell+regeneration+after+acoustic+trauma+in+adult+Coturnix+quail.">Hair cell regeneration after acoustic trauma in adult Coturnix quail.</a> Science. 240, 1774-176 (1988).</li><li>Corwin, J. T., Cotanche, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+sensory+hair+cells+after+acoustic+trauma.">Regeneration of sensory hair cells after acoustic trauma.</a> Science. 240, 1772-174 (1988).</li><li>Shang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supporting+cell+division+is+not+required+for+regeneration+of+auditory+hair+cells+after+ototoxic+injury+in+vitro.">Supporting cell division is not required for regeneration of auditory hair cells after ototoxic injury in vitro.</a> J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 11, 203-222 (2010).</li><li>Stone, J. S., Cotanche, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hair+cell+regeneration+in+the+avian+auditory+epithelium.">Hair cell regeneration in the avian auditory epithelium.</a> Int. J. Dev. Biol. 51, 6-7 (2007).</li><li>Lahne, M., Gale, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Damage-induced+activation+of+ERK1/2+in+cochlear+supporting+cells+is+a+hair+cell+death-promoting+signal+that+depends+on+extracellular+ATP+and+calcium.">Damage-induced activation of ERK1/2 in cochlear supporting cells is a hair cell death-promoting signal that depends on extracellular ATP and calcium.</a> J. Neurosci. 28, 4918-4928 (2008).</li><li>Cunningham, L. L., Cheng, A. G., Rubel, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caspase+Activation+in+Hair+Cells+of+the+Mouse+Utricle+Exposed+to+Neomycin.">Caspase Activation in Hair Cells of the Mouse Utricle Exposed to Neomycin.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 22, 8532-8540 (2002).</li><li>Matsui, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caspase+inhibitors+promote+vestibular+hair+cell+survival+and+function+after+aminoglycoside+treatment+in+vivo.">Caspase inhibitors promote vestibular hair cell survival and function after aminoglycoside treatment in vivo.</a> J. Neurosci. 23, 6111-6122 (2003).</li><li>Matsui, J. I., Ogilvie, J. M., Warchol, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+caspases+prevents+ototoxic+and+ongoing+hair+cell+death.">Inhibition of caspases prevents ototoxic and ongoing hair cell death.</a> J. Neurosci. 22, 1218-1227 (2002).</li><li>Nakagawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+technique+for+inducing+local+inner+ear+damage.">A novel technique for inducing local inner ear damage.</a> Hear Res. 176, 1-2 (2003).</li><li>Forge, A., Li, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptotic+death+of+hair+cells+in+mammalian+vestibular+sensory+epithelia.">Apoptotic death of hair cells in mammalian vestibular sensory epithelia.</a> Hear Res. 139, 1-2 (2000).</li><li>Liu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caspase+inhibitors+prevent+cisplatin-induced+apoptosis+of+auditory+sensory+cells.">Caspase inhibitors prevent cisplatin-induced apoptosis of auditory sensory cells.</a> Neuroreport. 9, 2609-2614 (1998).</li><li>Taleb, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hsp70+inhibits+aminoglycoside-induced+hearing+loss+and+cochlear+hair+cell+death.">Hsp70 inhibits aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss and cochlear hair cell death.</a> Cell Stress Chaperones. 14, 427-437 (2009).</li><li>Taleb, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hsp70+inhibits+aminoglycoside-induced+hair+cell+death+and+is+necessary+for+the+protective+effect+of+heat+shock.">Hsp70 inhibits aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death and is necessary for the protective effect of heat shock.</a> J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 9, 277-289 (2008).</li><li>Francis, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Celastrol+Inhibits+Aminoglycoside-Induced+Ototoxicity+via+Heat+Shock+Protein+32+(HSP32).">Celastrol Inhibits Aminoglycoside-Induced Ototoxicity via Heat Shock Protein 32 (HSP32).</a> Cell Death and Disease. , (2011).</li><li>Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caspase+inhibitors,+but+not+c-Jun+NH2-terminal+kinase+inhibitor+treatment,+prevent+cisplatin-induced+hearing+loss.">Caspase inhibitors, but not c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor treatment, prevent cisplatin-induced hearing loss.</a> Cancer Res. 64, 9217-9224 (2004).</li><li>Bird, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supporting+cells+eliminate+dying+sensory+hair+cells+to+maintain+epithelial+integrity+in+the+avian+inner+ear.">Supporting cells eliminate dying sensory hair cells to maintain epithelial integrity in the avian inner ear.</a> J. Neurosci. 30, 12545-12556 (2010).</li><li>Sato, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+fractalkine+receptor+CX3CR1+on+cochlear+macrophages+influences+survival+of+hair+cells+following+ototoxic+injury.">Expression of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 on cochlear macrophages influences survival of hair cells following ototoxic injury.</a> J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 11, 223-234 (2010).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

خلايا الشعر الحسية هي عرضة للموت بسبب مجموعة متنوعة من الضغوط، بما في ذلك الشيخوخة، والصدمات النفسية الضوضاء، والتعرض للالعقاقير السامة، بما في ذلك المضادات الحيوية أمينوغليكوزيد وسيسبلاتين وكيل موانع الأورام. النتائج في الثدييات شعر موت الخلايا في فقدان السمع ال...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/3734">Dissection of Adult Mouse Utricle and Adenovirus-mediated Supporting-cell Infection</a>. There was an error with a figure, the authors middle names were omitted, and the acknowledgements were updated.

Erratum: Dissection of Adult Mouse Utricle and Adenovirus-mediated Supporting-cell Infection

<table border="1"&gt;<tbody&gt;<tr&gt;<td<strong&gt; الكاشف</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; شركة</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; كتالوج عدد</strong</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; متوسط ​​199</td&gt;<td&gt; Gibco / إينفيتروجن</td&gt;<td&gt; 12350</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; DMEM/F12</td&gt;<td&gt; Gibco / إينفيتروجن</td&gt;<td&gt; 11320</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; الجميلة ملقط (# 55)</td&gt;<td&gt; أدوات العلم الجميلة</td&gt;<td&gt; 11255-20</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; الجميلة ملقط (# 5)</td&gt;<td&gt; أدوات العلم الجميلة</td&gt;<td&gt; 11252-30</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; الملقط (# 3)</td&gt;<td&gt; أدوات العلم الجميلة</td&gt;<td&gt; 11231-30</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; البنسلين G</td&gt;<td&gt; سيجما</td&gt;<td&gt; P3032</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; مصل بقري جنيني</td&gt;<td&gt; إينفيتروجن</td&gt;<td&gt; 10082-139</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; نونك صغيرة صينية</td&gt;<td&gt; فيشر</td&gt;<td&gt; 12-565-68</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; اتش-GFP</td&gt;<td&gt; ناقل Biolabs</td&gt;<td&gt; 1060 *</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; كال السابقين decalcifier</td&gt;<td&gt; فيشر</td&gt;<td&gt; CS510-1D</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; بوروهيدريد الصوديوم</td&gt;<td&gt; سيجما</td&gt;<td&gt; 452882</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; مكافحة الميوسين 7A (بولكلونل)</td&gt;<td&gt; بروتيوس العلوم البيولوجية</td&gt;<td&gt; 25-6790</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; مكافحة الميوسين 7A (وحيدة النسيلة)</td&gt;<td&gt; الدراسات التنموية ورم هجين البنك</td&gt;<td&gt; MYO7A 138-1</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; مكافحة كالمودولين</td&gt;<td&gt; سيجما</td&gt;<td&gt; C 3545</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; مكافحة Calbindin</td&gt;<td&gt; Chemicon</td&gt;<td&gt; AB1778</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Fluoromount G</td&gt;<td&gt; جنوب شركاء التكنولوجيا الحيوية</td&gt;<td&gt; 0100-01</td&gt;</tr&gt;</tbody&gt;</table&gt;<p class="jove_content"<strong&gt; الجدول 1</strong&gt;. الكواشف والأدوات المستخدمة في ثقافة utricle وعدوى اتش.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"&gt; * ملاحظة: يتم توفيرها عادة AD-GFP بواسطة Biolabs المتجهات في الأوراق المالية من عيار 1x10<sup&gt; 10</sup&gt; PFU / مل. وطلبت لدينا التضخيم مخصصة من أجل توفير مخزون الفيروس في عيار من 10 × 1.2<sup&gt; 11</sup&gt; PFU / مل.</p&gt;

dissection of adult mouse utricle and adenovirus-mediated supporting-cell infection

وغالبا ما تسبب فقدان السمع واضطرابات التوازن عن طريق موت خلايا الشعر mechanosensory، والتي هي الخلايا المستقبلة في الأذن الداخلية. اذ لا يوجد اي خط الخلية التي تمثل مرض خلايا الشعر الثدييات، والبحث عن خلايا الشعر يعتمد على الثقافات الجهاز الرئيسي. وأفضل في نظام يتسم نموذج المختبر من خلايا ناضجة شعر الثدييات ويستخدم الجهاز من الثقافات utricles من الفئران (الشكل 1) 1-6. وutricle هي جهاز الدهليزي، وخلايا الشعر من utricle مماثلة في كل من التركيب والوظيفة للخلايا الشعر في الجهاز السمعي، وجهاز كورتي. وutricle الماوس إعداد الكبار يمثل ظهارة حسية للدراسات ناضجة من الاشارات الجزيئية التي تنظم بقاء على قيد الحياة، التوازن، وموت هذه الخلايا. متباينة عضال الثدييات خلايا الشعر قوقعة وليس مجدد عندما ضائعون. في الثدييات غيرويتبع الفقاريات مالي، أو السمعي الدهليزي موت الخلايا الشعر عن طريق تجديد قوي الذي يعيد السمع والتوازن وظائف 7 و 8. وتوسطت الشعر تجديد الخلايا الدبقية التي تشبه الخلايا الداعمة، الذي اتصل السطوح basolateral من خلايا الشعر في ظهارة حسية 9 و 10. خلايا دعم تتجلى أيضا من بقاء الخلية الشعر والموت 11. وقد وضعنا مؤخرا تقنية لإصابة في دعم الخلايا في utricles مثقف باستخدام اتش. باستخدام نوع اتش 5 (dE1/E3) لتقديم التحوير التي تحتوي على GFP تحت سيطرة المروج CMV، نجد أن اتش على وجه التحديد ويصيب الخلايا بكفاءة دعم. خلية دعم كفاءة إصابة ما يقرب من 25-50٪، وعدم إصابة خلايا الشعر (الشكل 2). الأهم من ذلك، نجد أن عدوى الفيروسة الغدانية دعم الخلايا لا ينتج سمية للخلايا الشعر أو الخلايا الداعمة، وعدد الخلايا في AD-GFP INFutricles ected مكافئة لتلك التي في غير المصابة utricles (الشكل 3). وبالتالي اتش بوساطة التعبير الجيني في دعم خلايا utricles مثقف يوفر أداة قوية لدراسة دور كل من دعم خلايا وسطاء من بقاء الخلية الشعر، والموت، والتجدد.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection of Adult Mouse Utricle and Adenovirus-mediated Supporting-cell Infection at JoVE.com

Dissection of Adult Mouse Utricle and Adenovirus-mediated Supporting-cell Infection

خلايا الشعر Mechanosensory هي الخلايا المستقبلة في الأذن الداخلية. وأفضل وصف<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; نظام نموذج ناضج خلايا الشعر الثدييات ويستخدم الجهاز من الثقافات utricles من فئران بالغة. نقدم تشريح utricle فأر بالغ، وعلينا أن نبرهن اتش بوساطة العدوى من الخلايا في دعم utricles مثقف.

تشريح Utricle الفأر الكبار واتش بوساطة العدوى الداعم الخلية

Hearing loss and balance disturbances are often caused by death of mechanosensory hair cells, which are the receptor cells of the inner ear.  Since there ...

dissection-adult-mouse-utricle-adenovirus-mediated-supporting-cell

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

23.6K Views.  Medical University of South Carolina. خلايا الشعر Mechanosensory هي الخلايا المستقبلة في الأذن الداخلية. وأفضل وصف في المختبر نظام نموذج ناضج خلايا الشعر الثدييات ويستخدم الجهاز من الثقافات utricles من فئران بالغة. نقدم تشريح utricle فأر بالغ، وعلينا أن نبرهن اتش بوساطة العدوى من الخلايا في دعم utricles مثقف....

Video: Dissection of Adult Mouse Utricle and Adenovirus-mediated Supporting-cell Infection

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). The RPE is a monolayer of pigmented cuboidal cells and associates closely with the neural retina just above it. This association makes the RPE of great interest to researchers studying retinal diseases. The RPE is also the site of an in vivo assay of homology-directed DNA repair, the pun assay. The mouse eye is particularly difficult to dissect due to its small size (about 3.5mm in diameter) and its spherical shape. This article demonstrates in detail a procedure for dissection of the eye resulting in a whole mount of the RPE. In this procedure, we show how to work with, rather than against, the spherical structure of the eye. Briefly, the connective tissue, muscle, and optic nerve are removed from the back of the eye. Then, the cornea and lens are removed. Next, strategic cuts are made that result in significant flattening of the remaining tissue. Finally, the neural retina is gently lifted off, revealing an intact RPE, which is still attached to the underlying choroid and sclera. This whole mount can be used to perform the pun assay or for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent assessment of the RPE tissue.

A formal demonstration of the dissection of a mouse eye, resulting in a whole mount of the retinal pigment epithelium.

تشريح العين ماوس لجبل الجامعة للصبغات الظهارة الشبكية

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

Cerebrovascular Casting of the Adult Mouse for 3D Imaging and Morphological Analysis

Vascular imaging is crucial in the clinical diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular diseases, such as brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). Animal models are necessary for studying the etiopathology and potential therapies of cerebrovascular diseases. Imaging the vasculature in large animals is relatively easy. However, developing vessel imaging methods of murine brain disease models is desirable due to the cost and availability of genetically-modified mouse lines. Imaging the murine cerebral vascular tree is a challenge. In humans and larger animals, the gold standard for assessing the angioarchitecture at the macrovascular (conductance) level is x-ray catheter contrast-based angiography, a method not suited for small rodents.
In this article, we present a method of cerebrovascular casting that produces a durable skeleton of the entire vascular bed, including arteries, veins, and capillaries that may be analyzed using many different modalities. Complete casting of the microvessels of the mouse cerebrovasculature can be difficult; however, these challenges are addressed in this step-by-step protocol. Through intracardial perfusion of the vascular casting material, all vessels of the body are casted. The brain can then be removed and clarified using the organic solvent methyl salicylate. Three dimensional imaging of the brain blood vessels can be visualized simply and inexpensively with any conventional brightfield microscope or dissecting microscope. The casted cerebrovasculature can also be imaged and quantified using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT)1. In addition, after being imaged, the casted brain can be embedded in paraffin for histological analysis.
The benefit of this vascular casting method as compared to other techniques is its broad adaptation to various analytic tools, including brightfield microscopic analysis, CT scanning due to the radiopaque characteristic of the material, as well as histological and immunohistochemical analysis. This efficient use of tissue can save animal usage and reduce costs. We have recently demonstrated application of this method to visualize the irregular blood vessels in a mouse model of adult BAVM at a microscopic level2, and provide additional images of the malformed vessels imaged by micro-CT scan. Although this method has drawbacks and may not be ideal for all types of analyses, it is a simple, practical technique that can be easily learned and widely applied to vascular casting of blood vessels throughout the body.

In this article, we present a simple, practical technique for cerebrovascular casting that is easy to perform and can be utilized to image the vascular tree of the adult mouse brain.

صب الدماغية للماوس الكبار عن التصوير والتحليل الصرفي 3D

Vascular imaging is crucial in the clinical diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular diseases, such as brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). ...

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic and Striatal Explants in Three-Dimensional Collagen Matrix Assays

Midbrain dopamine (mdDA) neurons project via the medial forebrain bundle towards several areas in the telencephalon, including the striatum1. Reciprocally, medium spiny neurons in the striatum that give rise to the striatonigral (direct) pathway innervate the substantia nigra2. The development of these axon tracts is dependent upon the combinatorial actions of a plethora of axon growth and guidance cues including molecules that are released by neurites or by (intermediate) target regions3,4. These soluble factors can be studied in vitro by culturing mdDA and/or striatal explants in a collagen matrix which provides a three-dimensional substrate for the axons mimicking the extracellular environment. In addition, the collagen matrix allows for the formation of relatively stable gradients of proteins released by other explants or cells placed in the vicinity (e.g. see references 5 and 6). Here we describe methods for the purification of rat tail collagen, microdissection of dopaminergic and striatal explants, their culture in collagen gels and subsequent immunohistochemical and quantitative analysis. First, the brains of E14.5 mouse embryos are isolated and dopaminergic and striatal explants are microdissected. These explants are then (co)cultured in collagen gels on coverslips for 48 to 72 hours in vitro. Subsequently, axonal projections are visualized using neuronal markers (e.g. tyrosine hydroxylase, DARPP32, or &beta;III tubulin) and axon growth and attractive or repulsive axon responses are quantified. This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of mesostriatal and striatonigral axon growth and guidance during development. Using this assay, it is also possible to assess other (intermediate) targets for dopaminergic and striatal axons or to test specific molecular cues.

Explants from the midbrain dopamine system and striatum are used in a collagen matrix assay for the in vitro analysis of mesostriatal and striatonigral pathway development. In this assay axonal outgrowth and guidance can be manipulated and quantified. It can also be modified for assessing other regions or molecular cues.

تشريح والثقافة من الدوبامين والفأر Explants العقدة المخططة في ثلاثي الأبعاد فحوصات مصفوفة الكولاجين

Midbrain dopamine (mdDA) neurons project via the medial forebrain bundle towards several areas in the telencephalon, including the striatum1. ...

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

تشريح والمناعية من اليرقات، العذراء وتعليم الكبار<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; شبكية العين

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a spiral shape and have a tonotopic gradient for sound detection. The mouse cochlea is approximately 6 mm long and often divided into three turns (apex, middle, and base) for analysis. To investigate cell loss, cell division, or mosaic gene expression, the whole mount or surface preparation of the cochlea is useful. This dissection method allows visualization of all cells within the organ of Corti when combined with immunostaining and confocal microscopy to image cells at different planes in the z-axis. Multiple optical cross-sections can also be obtained from these z-stack images. In addition, the whole mount dissection method can be used for scanning electron microscopy, although a different fixation method is needed. Here, we present a method to isolate the organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). This method can be used for mice ranging from one week of age through adulthood and differs from the technique used for neonatal samples where calcification of the cochlea is incomplete. A slightly modified version can be used for dissection of the rat cochlea. We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies.

We present a method to isolate the adult organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies. Together these techniques allow the study of hair cells, supporting cells, and other cell types found in the cochlea.

جبل كله تشريح والمناعي من الكبار ماوس القوقعة

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

وبسيطة خطوة واحدة بروتوكول تشريح لجبل لالجامع إعداد الكبار<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; أدمغة

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

Adult Mouse DRG Explant and Dissociated Cell Models to Investigate Neuroplasticity and Responses to Environmental Insults Including Viral Infection

This protocol describes an ex vivo model of mouse-derived dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant and in vitro DRG-derived co-culture of dissociated sensory neurons and glial satellite cells. These are useful and versatile models to investigate a variety of biological responses associated with physiological and pathological conditions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ranging from neuron-glial interaction, neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and viral infection. The usage of DRG explant is scientifically advantageous compared to simplistic single cells models for multiple reasons. For instance, as an organotypic culture, the DRG explant allows ex vivo transfer of an entire neuronal network including the extracellular microenvironment that play a significant role in all the neuronal and glial functions. Further, DRG explants can also be maintained ex vivo for several days and the culture conditions can be perturbed as desired. In addition, the harvested DRG can be further dissociated into an in vitro co-culture of primary sensory neurons and satellite glial cells to investigate neuronal-glial interaction, neuritogenesis, axonal cone interaction with the extracellular microenvironment, and more general, any aspect associated with the neuronal metabolism. Therefore, the DRG-explant system offers a great deal of flexibility to study a wide array of events related to biological, physiological, and pathological conditions in a cost-effective manner.

In this report, the advantages of organotypic cultures and dissociated primary cultures of mouse-derived dorsal root ganglia are highlighted to investigate a wide range of mechanisms associated with neuron-glial interaction, neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and response to viral infection.

الكبار الماوس DRG Explant ونأت بنماذج الخلية للتحقيق في أعصاب والردود على الإهانات البيئية بما في ذلك العدوى الفيروسية

This protocol describes an ex vivo model of mouse-derived dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant and in vitro DRG-derived co-culture of dissociated sensory ...

Cochlear Surface Preparation in the Adult Mouse

Auditory processing in the cochlea depends on the integrity of the mechanosensory hair cells. Over a lifetime, hearing loss can be acquired from numerous etiologies such as exposure to excessive noise, the use of ototoxic medications, bacterial or viral ear infections, head injuries, and the aging process. Loss of sensory hair cells is a common pathological feature of the varieties of acquired hearing loss. Additionally, the inner hair cell synapse can be damaged by mild insults. Therefore, surface preparations of cochlear epithelia, in combination with immunolabeling techniques and confocal imagery, are a very useful tool for the investigation of cochlear pathologies, including losses of ribbon synapses and sensory hair cells, changes in protein levels in hair cells and supporting cells, hair cell regeneration, and determination of report gene expression (i.e., GFP) for verification of successful transduction and identification of transduced cell types. The cochlea, a bony spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear, holds the auditory sensory end organ, the organ of Corti (OC). Sensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells in the OC are contained in the cochlear duct and rest on the basilar membrane, organized in a tonotopic fashion with high-frequency detection occurring in the base and low-frequency in the apex. With the availability of molecular and genetic information and the ability to manipulate genes by knockout and knock-in techniques, mice have been widely used in biological research, including in hearing science. However, the adult mouse cochlea is miniscule, and the cochlear epithelium is encapsulated in a bony labyrinth, making microdissection difficult. Although dissection techniques have been developed and used in many laboratories, this modified microdissection method using cell and tissue adhesive is easier and more convenient. It can be used in all types of adult mouse cochleae following decalcification.

This article presents a modified cochlear surface preparation method that requires decalcification and use of a cell and tissue adhesive to adhere the pieces of cochlear epithelia to 10 mm round cover slips for immunohistochemistry in adult mouse cochleae.

اعداد سطح القوقعة في فاره الكبار

Auditory processing in the cochlea depends on the integrity of the mechanosensory hair cells. Over a lifetime, hearing loss can be acquired from numerous ...

Cryo-section Dissection of the Adult Subependymal Zone for Accurate and Deep Quantitative Proteome Analysis

The subependymal neurogenic niche consists of a paraventricular ribbon of the lateral ventricular wall of the lateral ventricle. The subependymal zone (SEZ) is a thin and distinct region exposed to the ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid. The isolation of this niche allows the analysis of a neurogenic stem cell microenvironment. However, extraction of small tissues for proteome analysis&#160;is challenging, especially for the maintenance of considerable measurement depth and the achievement of reliable robustness. A new method termed cryo-section-dissection (CSD), combining high precision with minimal tissue perturbation, was developed to address these challenges. The method is compatible with state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (MS) methods that allow the detection of low-abundant niche regulators. This study compared the CSD and its proteome data to the method and data obtained by laser-capture-microdissection (LCM) and a standard wholemount dissection. The CSD method resulted in twice the quantification depth in less than half the preparation time compared to the LCM and simultaneously clearly outperformed the dissection precision of the wholemount dissection. Hence, CSD is a superior method for collecting the SEZ for proteome analysis.

Cryo-section-dissection allows fresh, frozen preparation of the largest neurogenic niche in the murine brain for deep quantitative proteome analysis. The method is precise, efficient, and causes minimal tissue perturbation. Therefore, it is ideally suited for studying the molecular microenvironment of this niche, as well as other organs, regions, and species.

تشريح المقطع المبرد للمنطقة تحت البطانية للبالغين من أجل تحليل دقيق وعميق للبروتيوم الكمي

The subependymal neurogenic niche consists of a paraventricular ribbon of the lateral ventricular wall of the lateral ventricle. The subependymal zone ...

Enrichment of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia Neuron Cultures by Immunopanning

Dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) are peripheral structures adjacent to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which house the cell bodies of sensory neurons as well as various other cell types. Published culture protocols often refer to whole dissociated DRG cultures as being neuronal, despite the presence of fibroblasts, Schwann cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes. While these whole DRG cultures are sufficient for imaging applications where neurons can be discerned based on morphology or staining, protein or RNA homogenates collected from these cultures are not primarily neuronal in origin. Here, we describe an immunopanning sequence for cultured mouse DRGs. The goal of this method is to enrich DRG cultures for neurons by removing other cell types. Immunopanning refers to a method of removing cell types by adhering antibodies to cell culture dishes. Using these dishes, we can negatively select against and reduce the number of fibroblasts, immune cells, and Schwann cells in culture. This method allows us to increase the percentage of neurons in cultures.

This paper describes an immunopanning protocol for adult mouse dorsal root ganglia. By adhering antibodies to culture plates, we can negatively select and remove non-neuronal cells. We show that the cultures are enriched for neurons using this protocol, allowing for an in-depth study of neuronal responses to manipulation.

إثراء مزارع الخلايا العصبية للعقد الجذرية الظهرية للفأر البالغ عن طريق التحفيز المناعي

Dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) are peripheral structures adjacent to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which house the cell bodies of sensory neurons as ...