وتستند هذه المادة على العمل بدعم من المؤسسة الوطنية للعلوم تحت BCS جرانت 1063774.

<ol>
	<li>Katyal, S., Zughni, S., Greene, C., Ress, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topography+of+covert+visual+attention+in+human+superior+colliculus.">Topography of covert visual attention in human superior colliculus.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 104, 3074-3083 (2010).</li><li>Yushkevich, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=User-guided+3D+active+contour+segmentation+of+anatomical+structures:+significantly+improved+efficiency+and+reliability.">User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability.</a> NeuroImage. 31, 1116-1128 (2006).</li><li>Xu, G., Pan, Q., Bajaj, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discrete+Surface+Modeling+Using+Partial+Differential+Equations.">Discrete Surface Modeling Using Partial Differential Equations.</a> Computer Aided Geometric Design. 23, 125-145 (2006).</li><li>Ress, D., Glover, G. H., Liu, J., Wandell, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminar+profiles+of+functional+activity+in+the+human+brain.">Laminar profiles of functional activity in the human brain.</a> NeuroImage. 34, 74-84 (2007).</li><li>Schneider, K. A., Kastner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+sustained+spatial+attention+in+the+human+lateral+geniculate+nucleus+and+superior+colliculus.">Effects of sustained spatial attention in the human lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus.</a> J. Neurosci. 29, 1784-1795 (2009).</li><li>Glover, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+analytic+spiral+K-space+algorithm.">Simple analytic spiral K-space algorithm.</a> Magn. Reson. Med. 42, 412-415 (1999).</li><li>Glover, G. H., Lai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-navigated+spiral+fMRI:+interleaved+versus+single-shot.">Self-navigated spiral fMRI: interleaved versus single-shot.</a> Magn. Reson. Med. 39, 361-368 (1998).</li><li>Nestares, O., Heeger, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+multiresolution+alignment+of+MRI+brain+volumes.">Robust multiresolution alignment of MRI brain volumes.</a> Magn. Reson. Med. 43, 705-715 (2000).</li><li>Engel, S. A., Glover, G. H., Wandell, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinotopic+organization+in+human+visual+cortex+and+the+spatial+precision+of+functional+MRI.">Retinotopic organization in human visual cortex and the spatial precision of functional MRI.</a> Cereb. Cortex. 7, 181-192 (1997).</li><li>Schneider, K. A., Kastner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+responses+of+the+human+superior+colliculus:+a+high-resolution+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+study.">Visual responses of the human superior colliculus: a high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging study.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 94, 2491-2503 (2005).</li><li>Cynader, M., Berman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptive-field+organization+of+monkey+superior+colliculus.">Receptive-field organization of monkey superior colliculus.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 35, 187-201 (1972).</li><li>Robinson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+movements+evoked+by+collicular+stimulation+in+the+alert+monkey.">Eye movements evoked by collicular stimulation in the alert monkey.</a> Vision Research. 12, 1795-1808 (1972).</li><li>Schreiner, C. E., Langner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminar+fine+structure+of+frequency+organization+in+auditory+midbrain.">Laminar fine structure of frequency organization in auditory midbrain.</a> Nature. 388, 383-385 (1997).</li><li>Baumann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthogonal+representation+of+sound+dimensions+in+the+primate+midbrain.">Orthogonal representation of sound dimensions in the primate midbrain.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 14, 423-425 (2011).</li><li>Malmierca, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+discontinuous+tonotopic+organization+in+the+inferior+colliculus+of+the+rat.">A discontinuous tonotopic organization in the inferior colliculus of the rat.</a> J. Neurosci. 28, 4767 (2008).</li><li>Bender, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinotopic+organization+of+macaque+pulvinar.">Retinotopic organization of macaque pulvinar.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 46, 672 (1981).</li><li>Grieve, K. L., Acuña, C., Cudeiro, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+primate+pulvinar+nuclei:+vision+and+action.">The primate pulvinar nuclei: vision and action.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 23, 35-39 (2000).</li><li>Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+subthalamic+nucleus+in+Parkinson's+disease:+somatotopic+organization+and+physiological+characteristics.">The subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: somatotopic organization and physiological characteristics.</a> Brain. 124, 1777 (2001).</li><li>Romanelli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microelectrode+recording+revealing+a+somatotopic+body+map+in+the+subthalamic+nucleus+in+humans+with+Parkinson+disease.">Microelectrode recording revealing a somatotopic body map in the subthalamic nucleus in humans with Parkinson disease.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 100, 611-618 (2004).</li><li>DeLong, M. R., Crutcher, M. D., Georgopoulos, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primate+globus+pallidus+and+subthalamic+nucleus:+functional+organization.">Primate globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus: functional organization.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 53, 530 (1985).</li><li>Houeto, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+deep-brain+stimulation+of+the+internal+and+external+globus+pallidus+in+primary+Dystonia+functional+mapping+of+the+pallidum.">Acute deep-brain stimulation of the internal and external globus pallidus in primary Dystonia functional mapping of the pallidum.</a> Archives of Neurology. 64, 1281-1286 (2007).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

لدينا اقتناء وتحليل البيانات وتقنيات تمكن من قياس النشاط العصبي في الدماغ البشري تحت القشرية الهياكل بدقة عالية (voxels ملم 1.2). اقتناء دوامة 3-طلقة يقلل من الضوضاء الفسيولوجية التي تضر بشكل خاص لقياسات الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي في جميع أنحاء الدماغ المتوسط. وبالإضافة إ...

high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging methods for human midbrain

وظيفية التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي (الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي) هو أداة تستخدم على نطاق واسع لقياس غير جراحية يرتبط نشاط الدماغ البشري. ومع ذلك، فقد تم استخدامه في معظمها تركز على قياس النشاط على سطح قشرة الدماغ وليس في المناطق تحت القشرية مثل الدماغ المتوسط ​​والدماغ. يجب أن الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي تحت القشرية تغلب تحديين: القرار المكانية والضوضاء الفسيولوجية. نحن هنا وصف مجموعة من التقنيات المتقدمة الأمثل لأداء عالية الدقة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي في SC الإنسان، وبنية على السطح الظهري من المخ الأوسط، ويمكن أيضا أساليب يمكن استخدامها لجذع الدماغ صورة أخرى، وهياكل تحت القشرية. عالية الدقة (1.2 voxels ملم) الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي للSC يتطلب نهجا غير تقليدية. يتم الحصول على العينات المطلوبة المكانية باستخدام لقطات متعددة (معشق) دوامة اكتساب 1. ويستخدم منذ ذلك الحين، تي 2 * من الأنسجة SC أطول مما كانت عليه في القشرة، وقتا أطول في المقابل الصدى (T E ~ 40 ميللي ثانية) إلى ماكسيmize تباين وظيفي. لتغطية المدى الكامل للاتفاقية استكهولم، ويتم الحصول على 8-10 شرائح. لكل دورة وحصل أيضا على تشريح الهيكلي مع وصفة طبية شريحة نفس الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي، والتي تستخدم لمحاذاة البيانات الوظيفية إلى وحدة تخزين إشارة ذات دقة عالية. في جلسة منفصلة، ​​ولكل موضوع، ونحن خلق قرار عالية (0.7 مم أخذ العينات) حجم مرجع باستخدام T-1 المرجح أن يعطي تسلسل جيد المقابل الأنسجة. في حجم إشارة، منطقة المخ الأوسط غير مجزأة باستخدام تطبيقات البرمجيات ITK-SNAP 2. ويستخدم هذا التقسيم لخلق تمثيل سطح 3D من المخ الأوسط في آن معا، على نحو سلس ودقيق 3. وتستخدم القمم السطحية والأوضاع الطبيعية لرسم خريطة للعمق من سطح الدماغ المتوسط ​​في غضون ال 4 الأنسجة. يتم تحويل البيانات وظيفي في نظام الإحداثيات من حجم مرجع مجزأة. عمق جمعيات للvoxelsتمكين المتوسط ​​من الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي بيانات السلاسل الزمنية ضمن نطاقات عمق محدد لتحسين جودة الإشارة. يتم تقديم البيانات على سطح 3D التصور. في مختبرنا نستخدم هذه التقنية لقياس الخرائط الطبوغرافية من التحفيز البصري، والانتباه البصري السرية والعلنية داخل SC 1. كمثال على ذلك، علينا أن نبرهن للتمثيل الطبوغرافية من زاوية القطبية إلى التحفيز البصري في SC.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain at JoVE.com

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

توضح هذه المقالة التقنيات لأداء عالية الدقة التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي مع أخذ العينات مم 1.2 في الدماغ المتوسط ​​البشرية والهياكل تحت القشرية باستخدام ماسح ضوئي 3T. ويرد استخدام هذه التقنيات إلى حل الخرائط الطبوغرافية من التحفيز البصري في أكيمة الإنسان المتفوق (SC) كمثال على ذلك.

عالية الدقة التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي للطرق الدماغ المتوسط ​​الإنسان

Functional MRI (fMRI) is a widely used tool for non-invasively measuring correlates of human brain activity. However, its use has mostly been focused upon ...

high-resolution-functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging-methods-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.8K Views.  The University of Texas at Austin. توضح هذه المقالة التقنيات لأداء عالية الدقة التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي مع أخذ العينات مم 1.2 في الدماغ المتوسط ​​البشرية والهياكل تحت القشرية باستخدام ماسح ضوئي 3T. ويرد استخدام هذه التقنيات إلى حل الخرائط الطبوغرافية من التحفيز البصري في أكيمة الإنسان...

Video: High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

متعددة الماوس تشريحي عصبي التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

A Rapid Approach to High-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging in Semi-Thick Brain Slices

A fundamental goal to both basic and clinical neuroscience is to better understand the identities, molecular makeup, and patterns of connectivity that are characteristic to neurons in both normal and diseased brain. Towards this, a great deal of effort has been placed on building high-resolution neuroanatomical maps1-3. With the expansion of molecular genetics and advances in light microscopy has come the ability to query not only neuronal morphologies, but also the molecular and cellular makeup of individual neurons and their associated networks4. Major advances in the ability to mark and manipulate neurons through transgenic and gene targeting technologies in the rodent now allow investigators to 'program' neuronal subsets at will5-6. Arguably, one of the most influential contributions to contemporary neuroscience has been the discovery and cloning of genes encoding fluorescent proteins (FPs) in marine invertebrates7-8, alongside their subsequent engineering to yield an ever-expanding toolbox of vital reporters9. Exploiting cell type-specific promoter activity to drive targeted FP expression in discrete neuronal populations now affords neuroanatomical investigation with genetic precision.
Engineering FP expression in neurons has vastly improved our understanding of brain structure and function. However, imaging individual neurons and their associated networks in deep brain tissues, or in three dimensions, has remained a challenge. Due to high lipid content, nervous tissue is rather opaque and exhibits auto fluorescence. These inherent biophysical properties make it difficult to visualize and image fluorescently labelled neurons at high resolution using standard epifluorescent or confocal microscopy beyond depths of tens of microns. To circumvent this challenge investigators often employ serial thin-section imaging and reconstruction methods10, or 2-photon laser scanning microscopy11. Current drawbacks to these approaches are the associated labor-intensive tissue preparation, or cost-prohibitive instrumentation respectively.
Here, we present a relatively rapid and simple method to visualize fluorescently labelled cells in fixed semi-thick mouse brain slices by optical clearing and imaging. In the attached protocol we describe the methods of: 1) fixing brain tissue in situ via intracardial perfusion, 2) dissection and removal of whole brain, 3) stationary brain embedding in agarose, 4) precision semi-thick slice preparation using new vibratome instrumentation, 5) clearing brain tissue through a glycerol gradient, and 6) mounting on glass slides for light microscopy and z-stack reconstruction (Figure 1).
For preparing brain slices we implemented a relatively new piece of instrumentation called the 'Compresstome' VF-200 (http://www.precisionary.com/products_vf200.html). This instrument is a semi-automated microtome equipped with a motorized advance and blade vibration system with features similar in function to other vibratomes. Unlike other vibratomes, the tissue to be sliced is mounted in an agarose plug within a stainless steel cylinder. The tissue is extruded at desired thicknesses from the cylinder, and cut by the forward advancing vibrating blade. The agarose plug/cylinder system allows for reproducible tissue mounting, alignment, and precision cutting. In our hands, the 'Compresstome' yields high quality tissue slices for electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and direct fixed-tissue mounting and imaging. Combined with optical clearing, here we demonstrate the preparation of semi-thick fixed brain slices for high-resolution fluorescent imaging.

Here we describe a rapid and simple method to image fluorescently labeled cells in semi-thick brain slices. By fixing, slicing, and optically clearing brain tissue we describe how standard epifluorescent or confocal imaging can be used to visualize individual cells and neuronal networks within intact nervous tissue.

نهج السريع إلى التصوير الإسفار عالية الدقة في الدماغ شرائح شبه سميكة

A fundamental goal to both basic and clinical neuroscience is to better understand the identities, molecular makeup, and patterns of connectivity that are ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

استخدام التحليل الطيفي بالرنين المغناطيسي كأداة لقياس ثنائي نصف الكرة الغربي عبر الجمجمة التحفيز الكهربائي التأثيرات على الابتدائية موتور اللحاء الأيض

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Metabolomic Analysis of Rat Brain by High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Tissue Extracts

Studies of gene expression on the RNA and protein levels have long been used to explore biological processes underlying disease. More recently, genomics and proteomics have been complemented by comprehensive quantitative analysis of the metabolite pool present in biological systems. This strategy, termed metabolomics, strives to provide a global characterization of the small-molecule complement involved in metabolism. While the genome and the proteome define the tasks cells can perform, the metabolome is part of the actual phenotype. Among the methods currently used in metabolomics, spectroscopic techniques are of special interest because they allow one to simultaneously analyze a large number of metabolites without prior selection for specific biochemical pathways, thus enabling a broad unbiased approach. Here, an optimized experimental protocol for metabolomic analysis by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy is presented, which is the method of choice for efficient quantification of tissue metabolites. Important strengths of this method are (i) the use of crude extracts, without the need to purify the sample and/or separate metabolites; (ii) the intrinsically quantitative nature of NMR, permitting quantitation of all metabolites represented by an NMR spectrum with one reference compound only; and (iii) the nondestructive nature of NMR enabling repeated use of the same sample for multiple measurements. The dynamic range of metabolite concentrations that can be covered is considerable due to the linear response of NMR signals, although metabolites occurring at extremely low concentrations may be difficult to detect. For the least abundant compounds, the highly sensitive mass spectrometry method may be advantageous although this technique requires more intricate sample preparation and quantification procedures than NMR spectroscopy. We present here an NMR protocol adjusted to rat brain analysis; however, the same protocol can be applied to other tissues with minor modifications.

The neurochemistry of mammalian brain is changed in many neurological and systemic diseases. Characteristic profiles of cerebral metabolites can be efficiently obtained based on crude extracts of brain tissue. To this end, high-resolution NMR spectroscopy is employed, enabling detailed quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations (metabolomics).

تحليل Metabolomic من دماغ الفئران بواسطة عالية الدقة النووية الرنين المغناطيسي الطيفي مقتطفات من الأنسجة

Studies of gene expression on the RNA and protein levels have long been used to explore biological processes underlying disease. More recently, genomics ...

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The human hippocampus has been broadly studied in the context of memory and normal brain function and its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders has been heavily studied. While many imaging studies treat the hippocampus as a single unitary neuroanatomical structure, it is, in fact, composed of several subfields that have a complex three-dimensional geometry. As such, it is known that these subfields perform specialized functions and are differentially affected through the course of different disease states. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be used as a powerful tool to interrogate the morphology of the hippocampus and its subfields. Many groups use advanced imaging software and hardware (&#62;3T) to image the subfields; however this type of technology may not be readily available in most research and clinical imaging centers. To address this need, this manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step protocol for segmenting the full anterior-posterior length of the hippocampus and its subfields: cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/CA3, CA4/dentate gyrus (DG), strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare (SR/SL/SM), and subiculum. This protocol has been applied to five subjects (3F, 2M; age 29-57, avg. 37). Protocol reliability is assessed by resegmenting either the right or left hippocampus of each subject and computing the overlap using the Dice&#39;s kappa metric. Mean Dice&#39;s kappa (range) across the five subjects are: whole hippocampus, 0.91 (0.90-0.92); CA1, 0.78 (0.77-0.79); CA2/CA3, 0.64 (0.56-0.73); CA4/dentate gyrus, 0.83 (0.81-0.85); strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare, 0.71 (0.68-0.73); and subiculum 0.75 (0.72-0.78). The segmentation protocol presented here provides other laboratories with a reliable method to study the hippocampus and hippocampal subfields in vivo using commonly available MR tools.

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The goal of this manuscript is to study the hippocampus and hippocampal subfields using MRI. The manuscript describes a protocol for segmenting the hippocampus and five hippocampal substructures: cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/CA3, CA4/dentate gyrus, strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare, and subiculum.

عالية الدقة<em&gt; في فيفو</em&gt; دليل بروتوكول تجزئة للالإنسان الحصين الحقول الفرعية عن طريق التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي 3T

The human hippocampus has been broadly studied in the context of memory and normal brain function and its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders has ...

High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem

The focus of this study was to test the resolution limits of structural MRI of a postmortem brain compared to living human brains. The resolution of structural MRI in vivo is ultimately limited by physiological noise, including pulsation, respiration and head movement. Although imaging hardware continues to improve, it is still difficult to resolve structures on the millimeter scale. For example, the primary visual sensory pathways synapse at the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a visual relay and control nucleus in the thalamus that normally is organized into six interleaved monocular layers. Neuroimaging studies have not been able to reliably distinguish these layers due their small size that are less than 1 mm thick.
The resolving limit of structural MRI, in a postmortem brain was tested using multiple images averaged over a long duration (~24 h). The purpose was to test whether it was possible to resolve the individual layers of the LGN in the absence of physiological noise. A proton density (PD)1 weighted pulse sequence was used with varying resolution and other parameters to determine the minimum number of images necessary to be registered and averaged to reliably distinguish the LGN and other subcortical regions. The results were also compared to images acquired in living human brains. In vivo subjects were scanned in order to determine the additional effects of physiological noise on the minimum number of PD scans needed to differentiate subcortical structures, useful in clinical applications.

High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem

Here we present a protocol to determine the minimum number images that needed to be registered and averaged to resolve subcortical structures and test whether the individual layers of the LGN could be resolved in the absence of physiological noise.

عالية الدقة الهيكلي التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي من تحت القشرة الإنسان<I&gt; في فيفو</I&gt; وتشريح الجثث

The focus of this study was to test the resolution limits of structural MRI of a postmortem brain compared to living human brains. The resolution of ...

Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has become an increasingly popular method to study brain function in a resting, non-task state. This protocol describes a preclinical survival method for obtaining rs-fMRI data. Combining low dose isoflurane with continuous infusion of the &#945;2 adrenergic receptor agonist dexmedetomidine provides a robust option for stable, high-quality data acquisition while preserving brain network function. Furthermore, this procedure allows for spontaneous breathing and near-normal physiology in the rat. Additional imaging sequences can be combined with resting-state acquisition creating experimental protocols with anesthetic stability of up to 5 h using this method. This protocol describes the setup of equipment, monitoring of rat physiology during four distinct phases of anesthesia, acquisition of resting-state scans, quality assessment of data, recovery of the animal, and a brief discussion of post-processing data analysis. This protocol can be used across a wide variety of preclinical rodent models to help reveal the resulting brain network changes that occur at rest.

This protocol describes a method for obtaining stable resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from a rat using low dose isoflurane in combination with low dose dexmedetomidine.

الحصول على Resting-الدولة وظيفية بيانات التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي في الجرذ

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has become an increasingly popular method to study brain function in a resting, non-task ...

Endovascular Perforation Model for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

The endovascular filament perforation model to mimic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a commonly used model - however, the technique can cause a high mortality rate as well as an uncontrollable volume of SAH and other intracranial complications such as stroke or intracranial hemorrhage. In this protocol, a standardized SAH mouse model is presented, induced by endovascular filament perforation, combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 24 h after operation to ensure the correct bleeding site and exclude other relevant intracranial pathologies. Briefly, C57BL/6J mice are anesthetized with an intraperitoneal ketamine/xylazine (70 mg/16 mg/kg body weight) injection and placed in a supine position. After midline neck incision, the common carotid artery (CCA) and carotid bifurcation are exposed, and a 5-0 non-absorbable monofilament polypropylene suture is inserted in a retrograde fashion into the external carotid artery (ECA) and advanced into the common carotid artery. Then, the filament is invaginated into the internal carotid artery (ICA) and pushed forward to perforate the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). After recovery from surgery, mice undergo a 7.0 T MRI 24 h later. The volume of bleeding can be quantified and graded via postoperative MRI, enabling a robust experimental SAH group with the option to perform further subgroup analyses based on blood quantity.

Endovascular Perforation Model for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI

Here we present a standardized SAH mouse model, induced by endovascular filament perforation, combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 24 h after operation to ensure the correct bleeding site and exclude other relevant intracranial pathologies.

نموذج ثقب الأوعية الدموية الداخلية للنزيف تحت العنكبوتية جنبا إلى جنب مع التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي (MRI)

The endovascular filament perforation model to mimic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a commonly used model - however, the technique can cause a high ...

A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Multiple lines of research provide compelling evidence for a role of the cerebellum in a wide array of cognitive and affective functions, going far beyond its historical association with motor control. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies have further refined understanding of the functional neuroanatomy of the cerebellum beyond its anatomical divisions, highlighting the need for the examination of individual cerebellar subunits in healthy variability and neurological diseases. This paper presents a standardized pipeline for examining cerebellum grey matter morphometry that combines high-resolution, state-of-the-art approaches for optimized and automated cerebellum parcellation (Automatic Cerebellum Anatomical Parcellation using U-Net Locally Constrained Optimization; ACAPULCO) and voxel-based registration of the cerebellum (Spatially Unbiased Infra-tentorial Template; SUIT) for volumetric quantification. 
The pipeline has broad applicability to a range of neurological diseases and is fully automated, with manual intervention only required for quality control of the outputs. The pipeline is freely available, with substantial accompanying documentation, and can be run on Mac, Windows, and Linux operating systems. The pipeline is applied in a cohort of individuals with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), and representative results, as well as recommendations on group-level inferential statistical analyses, are provided. This pipeline could facilitate reliability and reproducibility across the field, ultimately providing a powerful methodological approach for characterizing and tracking cerebellar structural changes in neurological diseases.

A standardized pipeline is presented for examining cerebellum grey matter morphometry. The pipeline combines high-resolution, state-of-the-art approaches for optimized and automated cerebellum parcellation and voxel-based registration of the cerebellum for volumetric quantification.

خط أنابيب موحد لفحص مورفومتر المادة الرمادية المخيخية البشرية باستخدام التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الهيكلي

Multiple lines of research provide compelling evidence for a role of the cerebellum in a wide array of cognitive and affective functions, going far beyond ...

Magnetic Resonance-Guided Stereotaxy for Infusions to the Pig Brain

The overall goal of this procedure is to perform stereotaxy in the pig brain with real-time magnetic resonance (MR) visualization guidance to provide precise infusions. The subject was positioned prone in the MR bore for optimal access to the top of the skull with the torso raised, the neck flexed, and the head inclined downward. Two anchor pins anchored on the bilateral zygoma held the head steady using the head holder. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) flex-coil was placed rostrally across the head holder so that the skull was accessible for the intervention procedure. A planning grid placed on the scalp was used to determine the appropriate entry point of the cannula. The stereotactic frame was secured and aligned iteratively through software projection until the projected radial error was less than 0.5 mm. A hand drill was used to create a burr hole for insertion of the cannula. A gadolinium-enhanced co-infusion was used to visualize the infusion of a cell suspension. Repeated T1-weighted MRI scans were registered in real time during the agent delivery process to visualize the volume of gadolinium distribution. MRI-guided stereotaxy allows for precise and controlled infusion into the pig brain, with concurrent monitoring of cannula insertion accuracy and determination of the agent volume of distribution.

The protocol presented here demonstrates stereotaxy to the pig brain using convection-enhanced infusions, with real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization guidance and real-time infusion distribution visualization.

التجسيم الموجه بالرنين المغناطيسي للحقن إلى دماغ الخنزير

The overall goal of this procedure is to perform stereotaxy in the pig brain with real-time magnetic resonance (MR) visualization guidance to provide ...

عالية الدقة التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي للطرق الدماغ المتوسط ​​الإنسان

عالية الدقة التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي للطرق الدماغ المتوسط الإنسان