نشكر عثمان Kaftanoglu للحصول على المشورة والمساعدة مفيدة أثناء التصوير. نود أن نشكر المراجعين المجهولين للتعليقات الثاقبة. وأيد هذا العمل من قبل مجلس البحوث في النرويج (يمنح 180504، 191699، 213976 و)، ماري Curie/FP7 (المرجع المشروع. 238665)، والمعهد الوطني للشيخوخة (NIA منحة P01 AG22500)، وصناديق بيو الخيرية.

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ليس لدينا شيء في الكشف عنها.

نحن هنا تعتمد سابقا وصف نهج 8،16،17،19،20، ودمجها في سير عمل واحد من شأنها أن تسهل دراسة الشيخوخة مرونة في نحل العسل. هدفنا هو توفير العلماء التي هي المبتدئ في هذا المجال مع أداة موحدة تحدد للحصول على مواد العينة ذات الصلة، وتحسين استنساخ التجارب بين الفرق البحثية ا...

تتم المحافظة على الهياكل المعقدة مستعمرة من الحيوانات الاجتماعية للغاية من خلال التفاعل بين طائفة الإنجابية، والطبقات المساعد من عادة العمال غير استنساخ مع السلوكيات المهمة الاجتماعية المختلفة. في عامل مختلف، والتكييف فسيولوجية معينة تمكين السلوكيات الرعاية السيب متميزة، وترتبط أيضا إلى الاختلافات عمر المدقع. نحل العسل والفئران الخلد تمثل أفضل النماذج الحيوانية المتقدمة لدراسة كيفية ارتباط السلوك الاجتماعي لأنماط المعجل، لا تذكر أو عكس الشيخوخة 1-3. في مستعمرات نحل العسل، ويساعد على وضع البيض ملكة واحدة من قبل الآلاف من العمال التي تميل الحضنة، يبحثون عن الطعام، والدخول فى حراسة، أو السلوكيات الصحية الحراري 4. بين هؤلاء العمال هي علافات قصيرة الأجل للغاية، والنحل ممرضة مع وسيطة، وفصل الشتاء (diutinus) النحل مع أعمار أطول. الأفراد، ومع ذلك، ليست ملزمة بشكل دائم إلى بعض التعليم الجامعيمن نوع rker، ولكن عرض تطور الجنين السلوكية مرنة: يغيروا من سلوك واحد مهمة اجتماعية إلى أخرى (&quot;الطبقات الزمنية&quot;). يمكن كالو النحل تغيير الحضنة تميل ممرضة النحل والتي في النهاية قد تتغير إلى البحث عن الطعام خارج. ومع ذلك، يمكن كالو عش النحل أيضا تتحول إلى شتاء النحل الأطول عمرا، ويمكن علافات لم يدم طويلا حتى تعود إلى الممرضات عادة الأطول عمرا. وقد العمال مع المدقع (الشتاء النحل) والمتوسطة (ممرضة النحل) عمر متطورة لإنتاج وتخزين المواد الغذائية مع الأجهزة موارد وفيرة - على عكس علافات قصيرة الأجل (إعادة النظر في 1،5). مع ذلك، أن تنظيم عمر الفرد يتجاوز تغييرات بسيطة في توازن الموارد الفرد تطرحها البحوث على بروتين البيض، التي لها وظائف تكييفها متنوعة في العامل الطبقي غير التكاثر، مثل إنتاج هلام 6، التحكم الهرموني 7، المناعة 8 ومضادة للأكسدة الدفاع 9. أنماط وانخفاض unctional (الشيخوخة) الفوارق بين عمر المرآة العمال، كما أنشئت لحاسة الشم، وأيضا للمخ أو السيارات وظائف أخرى 10-13. على وجه التحديد، وانخفاض كبير في التعلم وظيفة بعد أسبوعين فقط من العلف مباريات متوالية وفيات مماثلة في علافات 14، في مقابل عدم وجود انخفاض كشفها (الشيخوخة ضئيلة) في النحل عاش فترة طويلة في فصل الشتاء 15. للتعرف على البصمات الجزيئية من الشيخوخة مرنة تتكيف نحن النماذج التجريبية المنشأة التي تسمح لرصد والتلاعب الشيخوخة من نوع التحولات 8،16،17. تجربة 1 تفاصيل كيفية الحصول على العينات التي آثار العمر الزمني ونوع عامل السلوكيات الاجتماعية محددة بشأن الشيخوخة يمكن فصلها. تجربة 2 يصف عكس علافات مع تسارع في النحل ممرضة مع ديناميات الشيخوخة تباطأ. التجربة 3 توفر نهجا لبحث آثار الشيخوخة الخلوية بواسطة التشريحيةل الكمي من العلامات البيولوجية المحددة للشيخوخة الخلوية (يبوفوسين) 18.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Apifonda</td>
 <td>S&uuml;dzucker AG, Mannheim/Ochsenfurt, Germany</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>paraformaldehyde</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>158127</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>phosphate-buffered saline</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P4417</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glycerol</td>
 <td>Merck</td>
 <td>1.04094.1000</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

obtaining specimens with slowed, accelerated and reversed aging in the honey bee model

مجتمعات الحيوانات الاجتماعية للغاية تتميز الاختلافات الشاسعة بين الأفراد عمر ترتبط ارتباطا وثيقا. بين الحشرات الاجتماعية، وعسل النحل هو النموذج الأفضل الذي أنشئ لدراسة كيفية شرح اللدونة في عمر الشيخوخة وبعوامل اجتماعية. طبقة عاملة نحل العسل النحل يشمل ممرضة، والتي تميل الحضنة، والمؤن النحل، الذي جمع الرحيق وحبوب اللقاح. وقد أظهرت الأعمال السابقة أن وظائف المخ وأداء الطيران senesce بسرعة أكبر مما كانت عليه في علافات في الممرضات. ومع ذلك، يمكن استعادة وظائف المخ، وعندما تعود علافات إلى مهام التمريض. وترتبط هذه الأنماط من تسارع الشيخوخة وعكس الوظيفية لمستويات الموارد التمثيل الغذائي المتغيرة، إلى تغييرات في وفرة البروتين وظيفة المناعة. Vitellogenin، وهو بروتين صفار مع وظائف التحكم في تكييفها الهرمونية والدفاع الخلوية، قد تكون بمثابة عنصر التنظيمية الرئيسية في الشبكة التي تتحكم في ديناميات مختلفة في الشيخوخة العمال. نحن هنا تصف كيف يمكن رصد ظهور الممرضات وعلافات، والتلاعب بها، بما في ذلك من انعكاس علافات قصيرة الأجل عادة إلى الممرضات الأطول عمرا. تظهر النتائج بممثل كيف يمكن للأفراد مع العمر الزمني مماثلة تفرق في علافات وممرضة النحل تحت ظروف تجريبية. نحن تجسد كيفية انعكاس السلوكية من علافات إلى الممرضات يمكن التحقق من صحتها. مشاركة، وتبين لنا كيف يمكن تقييم مختلف الشيخوخة الخلوية عن طريق قياس تراكم يبوفوسين، العلامات البيولوجية العالمية من الشيخوخة. لدراسة الآليات التي قد تصل التأثيرات الاجتماعية والشيخوخة اللدونة، ويوفر هذا البروتوكول أداة موحدة لتعيين اكتساب مادة العينة ذات الصلة، وتحسين قابلية البيانات للمقارنة بين الدراسات المستقبلية.

أقسام بروتوكول 1 و 2 بالتفصيل كيف يمكن الحصول على مجموعات اختبار لدراسة سمات تسارع، تباطؤ وعكس الشيخوخة في المستعمرات مع الفئة العمرية واحدة. لمراقبة من نوع عامل التمايز الذي يصاحب تطور الجنين الطبيعي قمنا بتقييم التهم المؤن (&quot;مدخل التهم&quot;) لمدة 6 مستعمرات (ال?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Obtaining Specimens with Slowed, Accelerated and Reversed Aging in the Honey Bee Model at JoVE.com

Obtaining Specimens with Slowed, Accelerated and Reversed Aging in the Honey Bee Model

في العمال عسل النحل، والشيخوخة يعتمد على السلوكيات الاجتماعية بدلا من التركيز على العمر الزمني. نحن هنا تظهر الكيفية أنواع عامل مع أنماط مختلفة جدا الشيخوخة ويمكن الحصول على وتحليلها لالشيخوخة الخلوية.

الحصول على عينات مع تباطأ، وتسارع الشيخوخة في عكس عسل النحل النموذجي

Societies of highly social animals feature vast lifespan differences between closely related individuals. Among social insects, the honey bee is the best ...

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11.2K Views.  Norwegian University of Life Sciences.  في العمال عسل النحل، والشيخوخة يعتمد على السلوكيات الاجتماعية بدلا من التركيز على العمر الزمني. نحن هنا تظهر الكيفية أنواع عامل مع أنماط مختلفة جدا الشيخوخة ويمكن الحصول على وتحليلها لالشيخوخة الخلوية. 

Video: Obtaining Specimens with Slowed, Accelerated and Reversed Aging in the Honey Bee Model

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

The in vivo and semi-in vivo preparation for Calcium imaging has been developed in our lab by Joerges, K&uuml;ttner and Galizia over ten years ago, to measure odor evoked activity in the antennal lobe1. From then on, it has been continuously refined and applied to different neuropiles in the bee brain. Here, we describe the preparation currently used in the lab to measure activity in mushroom body neurons using a dextran coupled calcium-sensitive dye (Fura-2). We retrogradely stain mushroom body neurons by injecting dye into their axons or soma region. We focus on reducing the invasiveness, to achieve a preparation in which it is still possible to train the bee using PER conditioning. We are able to monitor and quantify the behavioral response by recording electro-myograms from the muscle which controls the PER (M17)2.
After the physiological experiment the imaged structures are investigated in greater detail using confocal scanning microscopy to address the identity of the neurons.

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

Bees can be conditioned in an appetitive olfactory learning paradigm (PER-conditioning). Using odors as stimuli, we established a method in which behavior is recorded while simultaneously Calcium Imaging is used to measure odor evoked activity in mushroom body neurons in vivo.

الكالسيوم في الجسم الحي 2 + -- التصوير من الخلايا العصبية بالجسم فطر خلال التعلم الشم في عسل النحل

The in vivo and semi-in vivo preparation for Calcium imaging has been developed in our lab by Joerges, K&uuml;ttner and Galizia over ten years ago, to ...

Visualizing the Beating Heart in Drosophila

The Drosophila heart has recently emerged as a good model system for examining the genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying function in myogenic hearts. A key step in examining heart function in the fly is finding a way to access the heart in a manner that preserves its myogenic function while still allowing the beating heart organ to be observed and recorded. Two different methods for observing and recording the beating heart in both larva and adult Drosophila are described here. Our semi-intact preparation using adult flies allows clear visualization of the abdominal heart without interference from the pigmented cuticle and overlying fat bodies. To record larval heart beats it is necessary to immobilize the larva, which minimizes body wall movements thereby reducing heart movements that are not associated with myocardial contractions. Our methodologies produce stable adult and larval heart preparations that can beat for hours at rates of 1-3 Hz.

Visualizing the Beating Heart in Drosophila

Technique required for visualizing the beating heart in larval and adult Drosophila are presented. Each life stage requires a different methodology.

تصور القلب النابض في ذبابة الفاكهة</em

The Drosophila heart has recently emerged as a good model system for examining the genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying function in ...

Methods for Comparing Nutrients in Beebread Made by Africanized and European Honey Bees and the Effects on Hemolymph Protein Titers

Honey bees obtain nutrients from pollen they collect and store in the hive as beebread. We developed methods to control the pollen source that bees collect and convert to beebread by placing colonies in a specially constructed enclosed flight area. Methods were developed to analyze the protein and amino acid composition of the pollen and beebread. We also describe how consumption of the beebread was measured and methods used to determine adult worker bee hemolymph protein titers after feeding on beebread for 4, 7 and 11 days after emergence. Methods were applied to determine if genotype affects the conversion of pollen to beebread and the rate that bees consume and acquire protein from it. Two subspecies (European and Africanized honey bees; EHB and AHB respectively) were provided with the same pollen source. Based on the developed methods, beebread made by both subspecies had lower protein concentrations and pH values than the pollen. In general, amino acid concentrations in beebread made by either EHB or AHB were similar and occurred at higher levels in beebread than in pollen. Both AHB and EHB consumed significantly more of the beebread made by AHB than by EHB. Though EHB and AHB consumed similar amounts of each type of beebread, hemolymph protein concentrations in AHB were higher than in EHB. Differences in protein acquisition between AHB and EHB might reflect environmental adaptations related to the geographic region where each subspecies evolved. These differences could contribute to the successful establishment of AHB populations in the New World because of the effects on brood rearing and colony growth.

Here are methods to quantify nutrients in pollen before and after its conversion to beebread by two subspecies of honeybees. We describe techniques to measure beebread consumption and resulting protein titers in both subspecies.

طرق لمقارنة العناصر الغذائية في خبز النحل الذي أدلى به Africanized والعسل النحل الأوروبي والتأثيرات على التتر البروتين الدملمف

Honey bees obtain nutrients from pollen they collect and store in the hive as beebread. We developed methods to control the pollen source that bees ...

Dissection and Observation of Honey Bee Dorsal Vessel for Studies of Cardiac Function

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is a valuable agricultural and commercial resource noted for producing honey and providing crop pollination services, as well as an important model social insect used to study memory and learning, aging, and more. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the dissection of the dorsal abdominal wall of a bee in order to visualize its dorsal vessel, which serves the role of the heart in the insect. A successful dissection will expose a functional heart that, under the proper conditions, can maintain a steady heartbeat for an extended period of time. This allows the investigator to manipulate heart rate through the application of cardiomodulatory compounds to the dorsal vessel. By using either a digital microscope or a microscope equipped with a digital camera, the investigator can make video recordings of the dorsal vessel before and after treatment with test compounds. The videos can then be scored at a time convenient to the user in order to determine changes in heart rate, as well as changes in the pattern of heartbeats, following treatment. The advantages of this protocol are that it is relatively inexpensive to set up, easy to learn, requires little space or equipment, and takes very little time to conduct.

The abdominal dorsal vessel of the honey bee and other insects serves as the functional equivalent of the mammalian heart and plays an important role in nutrient transport, waste removal, immune function, and more. Here we describe a protocol for the visualization and pharmacological manipulation of bee heart rate.

تشريح ومراقبة من عسل النحل ظهري سفينة لدراسات وظيفة القلب

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is a valuable agricultural and commercial resource noted for producing honey and providing crop pollination ...

Monitoring Colony-level Effects of Sublethal Pesticide Exposure on Honey Bees

The effects of sublethal pesticide exposure to honey bee colonies may be significant but difficult to detect in the field using standard visual assessment methods. Here we describe methods to measure the quantities of adult bees, brood, and food resources by weighing hives and hive parts, by photographing frames, and by installing hives on scales and with internal sensors. Data from these periodic evaluations are then combined with running average and daily detrended data on hive weight and internal hive temperature. The resulting datasets have been used to detect colony-level effects of imidacloprid applied in a sugar syrup as low as 5 parts per billion. The methods are objective, require little training, and provide permanent records in the form of sensor output and photographs.

Sublethal doses of pesticides may affect colonies in ways that are difficult to detect using only periodic or visual methods. Methods to measure total adult bee mass, brood, and food resources by weighing hives and hive parts, photographing frames, and installing sensors, are provided. Data analysis is also addressed.

رصد آثار مستعمرة-مستوى التعرض لمبيدات الآفات المقاسة على نحل العسل

The effects of sublethal pesticide exposure to honey bee colonies may be significant but difficult to detect in the field using standard visual assessment ...

Methods to Study Changes in Inherent Protein Aggregation with Age in Caenorhabditis elegans

In the last decades, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), has grown. These age-associated disorders are characterized by the appearance of protein aggregates with fibrillary structure in the brains of these patients. Exactly why normally soluble proteins undergo an aggregation process remains poorly understood. The discovery that protein aggregation is not limited to disease processes and instead part of the normal aging process enables the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate protein aggregation, without using ectopically expressed human disease-associated proteins. Here we describe methodologies to examine inherent protein aggregation in Caenorhabditis elegans through complementary approaches. First, we examine how to grow large numbers of age-synchronized C. elegans to obtain aged animals and we present the biochemical procedures to isolate highly-insoluble-large aggregates. In combination with a targeted genetic knockdown, it is possible to dissect the role of a gene of interest in promoting or preventing age-dependent protein aggregation by using either a comprehensive analysis with quantitative mass spectrometry or a candidate-based analysis with antibodies. These findings are then confirmed by in vivo analysis with transgenic animals expressing fluorescent-tagged aggregation-prone proteins. These methods should help clarify why certain proteins are prone to aggregate with age and ultimately how to keep these proteins fully functional.

Methods to Study Changes in Inherent Protein Aggregation with Age in Caenorhabditis elegans

The goal of the method presented here is to explore protein aggregation during normal aging in the model organism C. elegans. The protocol represents a powerful tool to study the highly insoluble large aggregates that form with age and to determine how changes in proteostasis impact protein aggregation.

أساليب "دراسة التغيرات" في "تجميع البروتين الأصيل" مع التقدم في السن في ايليجانس كاينورهابديتيس

In the last decades, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), has grown. These ...

SA-&#946;-Galactosidase-Based Screening Assay for the Identification of Senotherapeutic Drugs

Cell senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging known to negatively influence a healthy lifespan. Drugs able to kill senescent cells specifically in cell culture, termed senolytics, can reduce the senescent cell burden in vivo and extend healthspan. Multiple classes of senolytics have been identified to date including HSP90 inhibitors, Bcl-2 family inhibitors, piperlongumine, a FOXO4 inhibitory peptide and the combination of Dasatinib/Quercetin. Detection of SA-&#946;-Gal at an increased lysosomal pH is one of the best characterized markers for the detection of senescent cells. Live cell measurements of senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase (SA-&#946;-Gal) activity using the fluorescent substrate C12FDG in combination with the determination of the total cell number using a DNA intercalating Hoechst dye opens the possibility to screen for senotherapeutic drugs that either reduce overall SA-&#946;-Gal activity by killing of senescent cells (senolytics) or by suppressing SA-&#946;-Gal and other phenotypes of senescent cells (senomorphics). Use of a high content fluorescent image acquisition and analysis platform allows for the rapid, high throughput screening of drug libraries for effects on SA-&#946;-Gal, cell morphology and cell number.

SA-&amp;#946;-Galactosidase-Based Screening Assay for the Identification of Senotherapeutic Drugs

Cellular senescence is the key factor in the development of chronic age-related pathologies. Identification of therapeutics that target senescent cells show promise for extending healthy aging. Here, we present a novel assay to screen for the identification of senotherapeutics based on measurement of senescence associated &#946;-Galactosidase activity in single cells.

SA-β-Galactosidase القائم على فحص الفحص لتحديد الأدوية Senotherapeutic

Cell senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging known to negatively influence a healthy lifespan. Drugs able to kill senescent cells specifically in cell ...

A 3D Printed Pollen Trap for Bumble Bee (Bombus) Hive Entrances

To verify the plant sources from which bumble bees forage for pollen, individuals must be collected to remove their corbicular pollen loads for analysis. This has traditionally been done by netting foragers at nest entrances or on flowers, chilling the bees on ice, and then removing the pollen loads from the corbiculae with forceps or a brush. This method is time and labor intensive, may alter normal foraging behavior, and can result in stinging incidents for the worker performing the task. Pollen traps, such as those used on honey bee hives, collect pollen by dislodging corbicular pollen loads from the legs of workers as they pass through screens at the nest entrance. Traps can remove a large quantity of pollen from returning forager bees with minimal labor, yet to date no such trap is available for use with bumble bee colonies. Workers within a bumble bee colony can vary in size making size selection of entrances difficult to adapt this mechanism to commercially reared bumble bee hives. Using 3D printing design programs, we created a pollen trap that successfully removes the corbicular pollen loads from the legs of returning bumble bee foragers. This method significantly reduces the amount of time required by researchers to collect pollen from bumble bee foragers returning to the colony. We present the design, results of pollen removal efficiency tests, and suggest areas of modifications for investigators to adapt traps to a variety of bumble bee species or nest box designs.

A 3D Printed Pollen Trap for Bumble Bee Bombus Hive Entrances

We present a non-lethal and automated mechanism to collect pollen from bumble bee (Bombus) workers returning to a hive. Instructions for producing, preparing, installing and using the devices are included. By using 3D-printed objects, modification to the design was timely, efficient and allowed for quick turnaround for testing.

A 3D فخ حبوب اللقاح المطبوعة للنحلة تلعثم (بومبوس) مداخل خلية

To verify the plant sources from which bumble bees forage for pollen, individuals must be collected to remove their corbicular pollen loads for analysis.  ...

Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Sex steroids, produced by the gonads, play an essential role in brain and pituitary tissue plasticity and in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in all vertebrates by providing feedback to the brain and pituitary. Teleost fishes possess a higher degree of tissue plasticity and variation in reproductive&#160;strategies compared to mammals and appear to be useful models to investigate the role of sex steroids and the mechanisms by which they act. The removal of the main source of sex steroid production using gonadectomy together with blood sampling to measure steroid levels has been well-established and fairly feasible in bigger fish and is a powerful technique to investigate the role and effects of sex steroids. However, these techniques raise challenges when implemented in small size teleost models. Here, we describe the step-by-step procedures of gonadectomy in both males and female Japanese medaka followed by blood sampling. These protocols are shown to be highly feasible in medaka indicated by a high survival rate, safety for the life span and phenotype of the fish, and reproducibility in terms of sex steroid clearance. The use of these procedures combined with the other advantages of using this small teleost model will greatly improve the understanding of feedback mechanisms in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction and tissue plasticity provided by sex steroids in vertebrates.

Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka Oryzias latipes

The article describes a quick protocol to gonadectomize and sample blood from the small teleost fish, using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a model, to investigate the role of sex steroids in animal physiology.

إجراءات استئصال الغدد و أخذ عينات الدم في نموذج تيليوست صغير الحجم الياباني ميداكا (Oryzias latipes)

Sex steroids, produced by the gonads, play an essential role in brain and pituitary tissue plasticity and in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in ...

Collection and Identification of Pollen from Honey Bee Colonies

Researchers often collect and analyze corbicular pollen from honey bees to identify the plant sources on which they forage for pollen or to estimate pesticide exposure of bees via pollen. Described herein is an effective pollen-trapping method for collecting corbicular pollen from honey bees returning to their hives. This collection method results in large quantities of corbicular pollen that can be used for research purposes. Honey bees collect pollen from many plant species, but typically visit one species during each collection trip. Therefore, each corbicular pollen pellet predominantly represents one plant species, and each pollen pellet can be described by color. This allows the sorting of samples of corbicular pollen by color to segregate plant sources. Researchers can further classify corbicular pollen by analyzing the morphology of acetolyzed pollen grains for taxonomic identification. These methods are commonly used in studies related to pollinators such as pollination efficiency, pollinator foraging dynamics, diet quality, and diversity. Detailed methodologies are presented for collecting corbicular pollen using pollen traps, sorting pollen by color, and acetolyzing pollen grains. Also presented are results pertaining to the frequency of pellet colors and taxa of corbicular pollen collected from honey bees in five different cropping systems.

We describe methods for collecting corbicular pollen from honey bees as well as protocols for color sorting, acetolysis, and microscope slide preparation of pollen for taxonomic identification. In addition, we present pellet color and taxonomic diversity of corbicular pollen collected from five cropping systems using pollen traps.

جمع وتحديد حبوب اللقاح من مستعمرات نحل العسل

Researchers often collect and analyze corbicular pollen from honey bees to identify the plant sources on which they forage for pollen or to estimate ...