نشكر أنجيلا Kralemann-كولر للدعم التقني ممتازة. تم تنفيذ العمل التجريبي الموصوفة هنا في مختبرنا وكان مدعوما من المنح من مجلس البحوث الألمانية (DFG) لCK وBK ومنحة من وزارة البيئة الألمانية للبحوث والتعليم (BMBF) إلى BK.

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يعلن الكتاب أن لديهم أي تضارب في المصالح.

تكوين الخلايا العصبية الكبار، وإمكانية التلاعب بها عن طريق تثبيط NF كيلوبايت في الخلايا العصبية، وتنشيط في وقت لاحق عبر الدوكسيسيكلين، ويوفر نظام رائعة للتحقيقات في الخلايا العصبية في الدماغ حديثي الولادة والكبار، وكذلك في دي وإعادة توليد الخلايا العصبية . جمال هذا...

وجوديا، وقرن آمون هو واحد من أقدم الهياكل التشريحية في الدماغ المعروفة. أنها مسؤولة عن المهام المعقدة المتنوعة، مثل وظائف محوريا في تنظيم الذاكرة طويلة المدى، والتوجه المكاني، وتشكيل وتوطيد الذاكرة منها. تشريحيا، ويتألف من طبقات الحصين الخلايا الهرمية (الطبقة الهرمية) بما في ذلك قرن آمون (CA1، CA2، CA3، وCA4) والمناطق التلفيف المسنن (التلفيف المسنن)، الذي يحتوي على الخلايا الحبيبية وعدد قليل من الأسلاف العصبية داخل منطقته جزئي التحبب . المشروع الخلايا الحبيبية تجاه المنطقة CA3 عبر ما يسمى الألياف المطحلب (محاور الخلايا الحبيبية). حتى نهاية القرن الماضي، وكان يعتقد أدمغة الثدييات الكبار ليكون جهازا ثابتة تفتقر إلى اللدونة الخلوية وتكوين الخلايا العصبية. ومع ذلك، خلال العقدين الماضيين، كمية متزايدة من الأدلة يدل بوضوح على تكوين الخلايا العصبية الكبار التي تجري في ما لا يقل عنمناطق الدماغ، وهما منطقة subventricular (SVZ) والمنطقة جزئي التحبب من قرن آمون. لدينا دراسات سابقة، وتلك من المجموعات الأخرى، أظهرت أن عامل النسخ NF كيلوبايت هي واحدة من المنظمين الجزيئية الحاسمة لتكوين الخلايا العصبية الكبار، وأن نتائج إلغاء التنظيمات في قرن آمون العيوب الهيكلية الحادة وإدراكيا 1-6. NF كيلوبايت هو اسم عام لعامل النسخ محرض تتألف من مجموعات مختلفة من مثنوي خمس مفارز الحمض النووي ملزم: P50، P52، ج، الرطوبة، RelB، وP65 (RELA)، وهذه الأخيرة ثلاثة من التي لديها المجالات transactivation. داخل الدماغ، الشكل الأكثر وفرة وجدت في السيتوبلازم هو مغاير للP50 P65 والتي يتم الاحتفاظ بها في شكل غير نشط من قبل المانع من كابا B (IκB) البروتينات. لدراسة ومعالجة مباشرة تكوين الخلايا العصبية NF كيلوبايت يحركها، ونحن نستخدم نماذج الماوس المعدلة وراثيا لتمكين تثبيط بسيطة من كل من subun NF كيلوبايتلها، وتحديدا في الدماغ الأمامي 7 (انظر الشكل 1). لهذا الغرض، ونحن عبور لدت-خطوط الماوس المعدلة وراثيا التالية، IκB / - و-/tTA. تم إنشاء خط باستخدام متحولة السلبية عبر المهيمن NF-كيلوبايت المانع IκBa (فائقة قامع IκBa-AA1) 8 - وIκB المعدلة وراثيا /. وعلى النقيض من النوع البري IκBα، IκBα-AA1 اثنين من بقايا سيرين تحور إلى alanines (V32 V36 و)، والتي تعيق الفسفرة وتدهور proteasomal لاحقة من المانع. للعصبون الدماغ الأمامي محددة التعبير عن IκBa-AA1-التحوير، IκB / - تم الفئران ولدت المتبادل مع الفئران بايواء كيناز الكالسيوم كالمودولين التي تعتمد IIα (CAMKIIα) المروج التي يمكن أن تكون مدفوعة من قبل التتراسيكلين عبر المنشط (TTA) 9. P65 الفئران خروج المغلوب لها النمط الظاهري الجنينية قاتلة بسبب موت الخلايا المبرمج الكبد ضخمة 10، وبالتالي فإن النهج هو موضح هنا يوفر طريقة أنيقةللتحقيق في دور NF كيلوبايت في تكوين الخلايا العصبية بعد الولادة والكبار. وقد وصفت الاختبار السلوكية الكلاسيكية لدراسة التعلم والذاكرة المكانية في 1980s من قبل ريتشارد موريس، وهو اختبار المعروفة باسم موريس المياه متاهة (MWM) 11. في هذا المجال المفتوح المياه متاهة، الحيوانات تتعلم من الفرار من المياه مبهمة على منصة مخفية على أساس الميول وخارج المتاهة العظة. متغير الجافة من MWM هو ما يسمى متاهة بارنز (BM) 12. هذا الاختبار يستخدم لوحة دائرية مع 20 حفرة دائرية رتبت على الحدود من لوحة، مع واحد ثقب يعرف بأنه مربع الهروب، والعظة من خارج المتاهة البصرية لتحديد اتجاهاتها. كلا نماذج تجريبية تعتمد على سلوك طيران الناجمة عن القوارض سيصدره النفور من الماء، أو مفتوحة، ومساحات مضيئة الزاهية. الاختبارين السماح بإجراء تحقيق من التوجه المكاني، وأداء الذاكرة ذات الصلة. على الرغم من أن الحصين يلعب دورا العامة والأساسية في تشكيل الذاكرة المكانية، ص الحصينegions تشارك تختلف تبعا لاختبار تطبيقها. الذاكرة اختبارها في BM تنشأ من نشاط الخلايا العصبية بين القشرة enthorinal (EC) والخلايا العصبية الهرمية الموجودة في CA1-منطقة قرن آمون دون مساهمة DG 13-16. على وجه الخصوص، BM الكلاسيكية تعتمد بشكل رئيسي على الملاحة عبر الممر-الصدغي ammonic الأحادي المشبك من EC الثالث لCA1 لEC خامسا الأهم من ذلك، DG تشارك بشكل حاسم في ما يسمى نمط الاعتراف المكانية 17، وهو ما يعني ضمنا ليس فقط معالجة المعلومات البصرية والمكانية، ولكن أيضا تحويل بيانات أو ذكريات مماثلة في متباينة، تمثيلات غير المتداخلة. هذه المهمة تتطلب الدوائر ثلاثي متشابك وظيفية من EC DG الثاني للCA3 لCA1 وEC السادس، والتي لا يمكن اختبارها في BM 15. للتصدي لهذه التحديات، ونحن قد وضعت SPS-BM بمثابة اختبار لاختبار السلوكية على وجه التحديد التي تعتمد على التلفيف المسنن في الأداء الإدراكي المشتركالحيوانات ntrol، وفي IκB / TTA نموذج فائقة قامع التالية NF كيلوبايت تثبيط. الأهم من ذلك، وعلى النقيض من MWM أو BM، يمكن للSPS-BM تكشف العجز السلوكية الناتجة عن انخفاض القيمة خفية من الخلايا العصبية. منذ المكانية ونمط الفصل يعتمد بشكل صارم على دائرة وظيفية بين EC II وDG وCA3 وCA1 وEC السادس، وهذا الاختبار هو حساسة للغاية للتغيرات المحتملة في تكوين الخلايا العصبية، إدخال تعديلات على مسار الألياف المطحلب أو تغيرات في توازن الأنسجة داخل DG. من الناحية الفنية، ويستند انشاء الاختبار لدينا في الدراسة التي Clelland وآخرون، حيث تم اختبار نمط الفصل المكاني باستخدام خشبية 8 الذراع ذراع شعاعي المتاهة (RAM) 19. لدينا في تعديل مجموعة المتابعة، تم استبدال ثمانية السلاح من قبل سبع متطابقة المنازل الغذاء الأصفر. وباختصار، فإن الأساليب هو موضح هنا، بما في ذلك تحليل (DCX +) الخلايا، معربا عن doublecortin داخل الحصين، والتوقعات الألياف المطحلب، خلية العصبية دياته وعلى وجه الخصوص قدمت SPS-BM هنا، يمكن تطبيقها على التحقيقات في نماذج الماوس الأخرى دمج الجينات المحورة التي لها تأثير على تكوين الخلايا العصبية الكبار. ويمكن أن تشمل التطبيقات مزيد من الدراسة من وكلاء الدوائية وقياس أثرها على DG والمكانية فصل النمط.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="872">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">Moria MC17 Perforated Spoon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">10370-18</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">removal of the brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi SV8</td>
			<td>removal of the brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical scissors&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">FST</td>
			<td>14084-08</td>
			<td>removal of the brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical scissors&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">FST</td>
			<td>14381-43</td>
			<td>removal of the brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dumont #5 forceps</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">FST</td>
			<td>11254-20</td>
			<td>removal of the brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">SuperFrost Slides</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td align="right">1879</td>
			<td>slides for immunohistochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">TissueTek OCT compound</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">1004200018</td>
			<td>embedding of the brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:447px;">Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Jackson Immunolabs</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">005-000-001</td>
			<td>blocking in IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:447px;">Normal Rabbit Serum</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Jackson Immunolabs</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">011-000-001</td>
			<td>blocking in IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Normal Donkey Serum</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Jackson Immunolabs</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">017-000-001</td>
			<td>blocking in IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">anti-Neurofilament-M antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>2H3</td>
			<td>IHC, Dilution 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">anti-doublecortin&#160;antibody</td>
			<td>sc-8066</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>IHC, Dilution 1:800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">anti-GFP antibody</td>
			<td>ab290</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>IHC, Dilution 1:2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">anti-BrdU antibody</td>
			<td>OBT0030G</td>
			<td>Accurate Chemicals</td>
			<td>IHC, Dilution 1:2000&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">Fluoro Jade-C</td>
			<td>FJ-C</td>
			<td>HistoChem</td>
			<td>Determination of neuronal cell death</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">Betadine</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">&#160;MUNDIPHARMA</td>
			<td>D08AG02&#160;</td>
			<td>disinfectant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cryomicrotome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM1900</td>
			<td>preparation of brain slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">Heparin sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">H3393</td>
			<td>perfusion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">circular plate made from hard-plastic (diameter 120 cm)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">lab made</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">none</td>
			<td>plate for SPS-BM, diameter 120cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Buraton rapid disinfectant&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sch&#252;lke &#38; Mayr</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">113 911</td>
			<td>disinfectant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">video-tracking system TSE VideoMot 2 with Software Package VideoMot2</td>
			<td>tse systems</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">302050-SW-KIT</td>
			<td>tracking and analysis of SPS-BM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Triton X-100&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td>permeabilisation/IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:447px;">cryotome</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Reichert&#160; Jung/Leica</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Frigomobil 1206</td>
			<td>preparation of 40&#181;m brain slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">Mowiol 4-88</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr. 0713</td>
			<td>embedding of the slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">SYTOX green</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>S7020</td>
			<td>Nuclear staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">Food pellets (Kellog`s Froot Loops)</td>
			<td>Kellog`s</td>
			<td style="width:132px;"></td>
			<td>SPS-BM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:447px;">Prism, Version 3.0</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Graph Pad Software, San Diego, USA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:132px;"></td>
			<td>Statistical evaluation of SPS-BM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">Zen 2008 or Zen 2011 Software</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:132px;"></td>
			<td>Software (Confocal microscope)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:447px;">D.P.X</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">317616</td>
			<td>mounting medium for Fluoro Jade C staining</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods for the modulation and analysis of nf-&#954;b-dependent adult neurogenesis

الحصين يلعب دورا محوريا في تشكيل وترسيخ ذكريات العرضية، والتوجه المكاني. تاريخيا، تم استعراض الحصين الكبار كمنطقة تشريحية جامدة جدا للدماغ الثدييات. ومع ذلك، فقد أظهرت النتائج الأخيرة التي التلفيف المسنن لقرن آمون هو مجال اللدونة هائلة في البالغين، والتي تنطوي ليس فقط إدخال تعديلات على الدوائر العصبية الموجودة، ولكن أيضا تكوين الخلايا العصبية الكبار. وينظم هذا اللدونة عن طريق الشبكات النسخي المعقدة، التي عامل النسخ NF كيلوبايت يلعب دورا بارزا. لدراسة والتلاعب تكوين الخلايا العصبية الكبار، نموذج الفأر وراثيا لتثبيط الدماغ الأمامي محددة العصبية النشاط NF كيلوبايت يمكن استخدامها. في هذه الدراسة، وصفت وسائل لتحليل الخلايا العصبية NF كيلوبايت تعتمد، بما في ذلك جوانبه الهيكلية وموت الخلايا المبرمج العصبية وانتشار السلف، وأهميتها المعرفية، whicتم تقييم ح تحديدا عبر التلفيف المسنن (DG) التي تعتمد على اختبار السلوكية، ونمط المكاني فصل بارنز متاهة (SPS-BM). بروتوكول SPS-BM يمكن تكييفها لمجرد استخدام مع النماذج الحيوانية المعدلة وراثيا أخرى مصممة لتقييم تأثير جينات معينة على تكوين الخلايا العصبية الحصين الكبار. علاوة على ذلك، SPS-BM يمكن استخدامها في إعدادات التجريبية الأخرى التي تهدف إلى التحقيق والتلاعب التعلم DG-تعتمد، على سبيل المثال، وذلك باستخدام وكلاء الدوائية.

التهجين من IκB / - وTTA خطوط الماوس المعدلة وراثيا يؤدي إلى تثبيط النشاط الشرطي NF كيلوبايت في قرن آمون. للتحقيق في التعبير عن IκBα-AA1-التحوير في مضاعفة المعدلة وراثيا الماوس (الشكل 1A)، تم عزل العقول، cryosectioned والملون ب?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-ÎºB-dependent Adult Neurogenesis at JoVE.com

Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-&amp;#954;B-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

وصفت وسائل للتلاعب وتحليل NF كيلوبايت التي تعتمد على تكوين الخلايا العصبية الحصين الكبار. ويرد بروتوكول مفصلة لاختبار تعتمد على التلفيف المسنن السلوكية (وهو ما يسمى نمط المكاني فصل بارنز متاهة) للتحقيق في نتائج المعرفية في الفئران. هذا الأسلوب من شأنه أن يساعد أيضا تمكين التحقيقات في إعدادات التجريبية الأخرى.

طرق لتعديل وتحليل NF كيلوبايت التي تعتمد على تكوين الخلايا العصبية الكبار

The hippocampus plays a pivotal role in the formation and consolidation of episodic memories, and in spatial orientation. Historically, the adult ...

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Neuroscience

Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-&#954;B-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

14.2K Views.  University of Bielefeld.  وصفت وسائل للتلاعب وتحليل NF كيلوبايت التي تعتمد على تكوين الخلايا العصبية الحصين الكبار. ويرد بروتوكول مفصلة لاختبار تعتمد على التلفيف المسنن السلوكية (وهو ما يسمى نمط المكاني فصل بارنز متاهة) للتحقيق في نتائج المعرفية في الفئران. هذا الأ?...

Video: Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-&#954;B-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

Cerebrovascular Casting of the Adult Mouse for 3D Imaging and Morphological Analysis

Vascular imaging is crucial in the clinical diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular diseases, such as brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). Animal models are necessary for studying the etiopathology and potential therapies of cerebrovascular diseases. Imaging the vasculature in large animals is relatively easy. However, developing vessel imaging methods of murine brain disease models is desirable due to the cost and availability of genetically-modified mouse lines. Imaging the murine cerebral vascular tree is a challenge. In humans and larger animals, the gold standard for assessing the angioarchitecture at the macrovascular (conductance) level is x-ray catheter contrast-based angiography, a method not suited for small rodents.
In this article, we present a method of cerebrovascular casting that produces a durable skeleton of the entire vascular bed, including arteries, veins, and capillaries that may be analyzed using many different modalities. Complete casting of the microvessels of the mouse cerebrovasculature can be difficult; however, these challenges are addressed in this step-by-step protocol. Through intracardial perfusion of the vascular casting material, all vessels of the body are casted. The brain can then be removed and clarified using the organic solvent methyl salicylate. Three dimensional imaging of the brain blood vessels can be visualized simply and inexpensively with any conventional brightfield microscope or dissecting microscope. The casted cerebrovasculature can also be imaged and quantified using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT)1. In addition, after being imaged, the casted brain can be embedded in paraffin for histological analysis.
The benefit of this vascular casting method as compared to other techniques is its broad adaptation to various analytic tools, including brightfield microscopic analysis, CT scanning due to the radiopaque characteristic of the material, as well as histological and immunohistochemical analysis. This efficient use of tissue can save animal usage and reduce costs. We have recently demonstrated application of this method to visualize the irregular blood vessels in a mouse model of adult BAVM at a microscopic level2, and provide additional images of the malformed vessels imaged by micro-CT scan. Although this method has drawbacks and may not be ideal for all types of analyses, it is a simple, practical technique that can be easily learned and widely applied to vascular casting of blood vessels throughout the body.

In this article, we present a simple, practical technique for cerebrovascular casting that is easy to perform and can be utilized to image the vascular tree of the adult mouse brain.

صب الدماغية للماوس الكبار عن التصوير والتحليل الصرفي 3D

Vascular imaging is crucial in the clinical diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular diseases, such as brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). ...

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral delivery or transgenic animals have potential confounds that make interpretation of results from these studies difficult. New radiological tools are emerging, however, that allow one to noninvasively investigate the function of select groups of adult-born neurons through accurate and precise anatomical targeting in small animals. Focal ionizing radiation inhibits the birth and differentiation of new neurons, and allows targeting of specific neural progenitor regions. In order to illuminate the potential functional role that adult hypothalamic neurogenesis plays in the regulation of physiological processes, we developed a noninvasive focal irradiation technique to selectively inhibit the birth of adult-born neurons in the hypothalamic median eminence. We describe a method for Computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR) delivery to enable precise and accurate anatomical targeting in small animals. CFIR uses three-dimensional volumetric image guidance for localization and targeting of the radiation dose, minimizes radiation exposure to nontargeted brain regions, and allows for conformal dose distribution with sharp beam boundaries. This protocol allows one to ask questions regarding the function of adult-born neurons, but also opens areas to questions in areas of radiobiology, tumor biology, and immunology. These radiological tools will facilitate the translation of discoveries at the bench to the bedside.

The function of adult-born mammalian neurons remains an active area of investigation. Ionizing radiation inhibits the birth of new neurons. Using computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR), three-dimensional anatomical targeting of specific neural progenitor populations can now be used to assess the functional role of adult neurogenesis.

الاستجواب وظيفية من الكبار طائية تكوين الخلايا العصبية مع البؤري الإشعاعية تثبيط

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral ...

Heat-Induced Antigen Retrieval: An Effective Method to Detect and Identify Progenitor Cell Types during Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Traditional methods of immunohistochemistry (IHC) following tissue fixation allow visualization of various cell types. These typically proceed with the application of antibodies to bind antigens and identify cells with characteristics that are a function of the inherent biology and development. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a sequential process wherein a quiescent neural stem cell can become activated and proceed through stages of proliferation, differentiation, maturation and functional integration. Each phase is distinct with a characteristic morphology and upregulation of genes. Identification of these phases is important to understand the regulatory mechanisms at play and any alterations in this process that underlie the pathophysiology of debilitating disorders. Our heat-induced antigen retrieval approach improves the intensity of the signal that is detected and allows correct identification of the progenitor cell type. As discussed in this paper, it especially allows us to circumvent current problems in detection of certain progenitor cell types.

During adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a distinct set of genetic markers are expressed when a quiescent neural stem cell sequentially progresses and develops into a functionally integrated neuron in the circuit. Using heat-induced antigen retrieval, progenitor cell types that are otherwise difficult to detect are identified with improved effectiveness.

Traditional  methods of immunohistochemistry (IHC) following tissue fixation allow visualization  of various cell types. These typically proceed with the ...

Stab Wound Injury of the Zebrafish Adult Telencephalon: A Method to Investigate Vertebrate Brain Neurogenesis and Regeneration

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular mechanisms involved in zebrafish adult central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and repair, we developed a zebrafish model of adult telencephalic injury.
In this approach, we manually generate an injury by pushing an insulin syringe needle into the zebrafish adult telencephalon. At different post injury days, fish are sacrificed, their brains are dissected out and stained by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization (ISH) with appropriate markers to observe cell proliferation, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis. The contralateral unlesioned hemisphere serves as an internal control. This method combined for example with RNA deep sequencing can help to screen for new genes with a role in zebrafish adult telencephalon neurogenesis, regeneration, and repair.

To shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of zebrafish adult neurogenesis and regeneration, we developed a protocol for invasive surgery causing mechanical injuries in the zebrafish adult telencephalon and subsequent monitoring of changes in the stabbed hemisphere by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

طعنة الإصابة بالجروح من اسماك الزرد الكبار الدماغ الانتهائي: طريقة المعنية بالتحقيق في تكوين الخلايا العصبية والدماغ الفقارية التجديد

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular ...

Immunohistochemistry and Multiple Labeling with Antibodies from the Same Host Species to Study Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Adult neurogenesis is a highly regulated, multi-stage process in which new neurons are generated from an activated neural stem cell via increasingly committed intermediate progenitor subtypes. Each of these subtypes expresses a set of specific molecular markers that, together with specific morphological criteria, can be used for their identification. Typically, immunofluorescent techniques are applied involving subtype-specific antibodies in combination with exo- or endogenous proliferation markers. We herein describe immunolabeling methods for the detection and quantification of all stages of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. These comprise the application of thymidine analogs, transcardial perfusion, tissue processing, heat-induced epitope retrieval, ABC immunohistochemistry, multiple indirect immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy and cell quantification. Furthermore we present&#160;a sequential multiple immunofluorescence protocol which circumvents problems usually arising from the need of using primary antibodies raised in the same host species. It allows an accurate identification of all hippocampal progenitor subtypes together with a proliferation marker within a single section. These techniques are a powerful tool to study the regulation of different progenitor subtypes in parallel, their involvement in brain pathologies and their role in specific brain functions.

This video article illustrates a comprehensive protocol to detect and quantify all stages of adult hippocampal neurogenesis within the same tissue section. We elaborated a method to overcome the limitations of indirect multiple immunofluorescence that arise when suitable antibodies from different host species are unavailable.

المناعية وصفها متعددة مع الأجسام المضادة من نوع المضيف نفسه لدراسة الكبار الحصين تكوين الخلايا العصبية

Adult neurogenesis is a highly regulated, multi-stage process in which new neurons are generated from an activated neural stem cell via increasingly ...

Assessing Primary Neurogenesis in Xenopus Embryos Using Immunostaining

Primary neurogenesis is a dynamic and complex process during embryonic development that sets up the initial layout of the central nervous system. During this process, a portion of neural stem cells undergo differentiation and give rise to the first populations of differentiated primary neurons within the nascent central nervous system. Several vertebrate model organisms have been used to explore the mechanisms of neural cell fate specification, patterning, and differentiation. Among these is the African clawed frog, Xenopus, which provides a powerful system for investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for primary neurogenesis due to its rapid and accessible development and ease of embryological and molecular manipulations. Here, we present a convenient and rapid method to observe the different populations of neuronal cells within Xenopus central nervous system. Using antibody staining and immunofluorescence on sections of Xenopus embryos, we are able to observe the locations of neural stem cells and differentiated primary neurons during primary neurogenesis.

Assessing Primary Neurogenesis in Xenopus Embryos Using Immunostaining

This article presents a convenient and rapid method for visualizing different neuronal cell populations in the central nervous system of Xenopus embryos using immunofluorescent staining on sections.

تقييم تكوين الخلايا العصبية الابتدائية في<em&gt; القيطم</em&gt; الأجنة عن طريق المناعية

Primary neurogenesis is a dynamic and complex process during embryonic development that sets up the initial layout of the central nervous system. During ...

Analyzing Synaptic Modulation of Drosophila melanogaster Photoreceptors after Exposure to Prolonged Light

The nervous system has the remarkable ability to adapt and respond to various stimuli. This neural adjustment is largely achieved through plasticity at the synaptic level. The Active Zone (AZ) is the region at the presynaptic membrane that mediates neurotransmitter release and is composed of a dense collection of scaffold proteins. AZs of Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) photoreceptors undergo molecular remodeling after prolonged exposure to natural ambient light. Thus the level of neuronal activity can rearrange the molecular composition of the AZ and contribute to the regulation of the functional output.
Starting from the light exposure set-up preparation to the immunohistochemistry, this protocol details how to quantify the number, the spatial distribution, and the delocalization level of synaptic molecules at AZs in Drosophila photoreceptors. Using image analysis software, clusters of the GFP-fused AZ component Bruchpilot were identified for each R8 photoreceptor (R8) axon terminal. Detected Bruchpilot spots were automatically assigned to individual R8 axons. To calculate the distribution of spot frequency along the axon, we implemented a customized software plugin. Each axon&#39;s start-point and end-point were manually defined and the position of each Bruchpilot spot was projected onto the connecting line between start and end-point. Besides the number of Bruchpilot clusters, we also quantified the delocalization level of Bruchpilot-GFP within the clusters. These measurements reflect in detail the spatially resolved synaptic dynamics in a single neuron under different environmental conditions to stimuli.

Analyzing Synaptic Modulation of Drosophila melanogaster Photoreceptors after Exposure to Prolonged Light

Here we show how to quantify the number and spatial distribution of synaptic active zones in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;photoreceptors, highlighted with a genetically encoded molecular marker, and their modulation after prolonged exposure to light.

تحليل متشابك التحوير من<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; خلايا مستقبلة للضوء بعد التعرض للضوء لفترات طويلة

The nervous system has the remarkable ability to adapt and respond to various stimuli. This neural adjustment is largely achieved through plasticity at ...

The Mouse Hindbrain As a Model for Studying Embryonic Neurogenesis

The mouse embryo forebrain is the most commonly employed system for studying mammalian neurogenesis during development. However, the highly folded forebrain neuroepithelium is not amenable to wholemount analysis to examine organ-wide neurogenesis patterns. Moreover, defining the mechanisms of forebrain neurogenesis is not necessarily predictive of neurogenesis in other parts of the brain; for example, due to the presence of forebrain-specific progenitor subtypes. The mouse hindbrain provides an alternative model for studying embryonic neurogenesis that is amenable to wholemount analysis, as well as tissue sections to observe the spatiotemporal distribution and behavior of neural progenitors. Moreover, it is easily dissected for other downstream applications, such as cell isolation or molecular biology analysis. As the mouse hindbrain can be readily analyzed in the vast number of cell lineage reporter and mutant mouse strains that have become available, it offers a powerful model for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of developmental neurogenesis in a mammalian organism. Here, we present a simple and quick method to use the mouse embryo hindbrain for analyzing mammalian neural progenitor cell (NPC) behavior in wholemount preparations and tissue sections.

This article demonstrates how the mouse embryonic hindbrain can be used as a model for studying developmental neurogenesis in both whole organ and tissue section preparations.

هيندبراين الماوس كنموذج لدراسة الخلايا الجنينية

The mouse embryo forebrain is the most commonly employed system for studying mammalian neurogenesis during development. However, the highly folded ...

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs provides a tissue-level understanding of energy utilization that cannot be captured when analyzing primary cells and cell lines. While this analysis is ex vivo, it allows for the measurement from a number of specialized cells working together to perform a function in one tissue and more closely models the in vivo organ. Metabolic reprogramming has been observed in many neurological diseases, including neoplasia, and neurodegenerative diseases. This protocol was developed to assist the D. melanogaster community&#39;s investigation of metabolism in neurological disease models using a commercially available metabolic analyzer. Measuring metabolism of whole brains in the metabolic analyzer is challenging due to the geometry of the brain. This analyzer requires samples to remain at the bottom of a 96-well plate. Cell samples and tissue punches can adhere to the surface of the cell plate or utilize spheroid plates, respectively. However, the spherical, three-dimensional shape of D. melanogaster brains prevents the tissue from adhering to the plate. This protocol requires a specially designed and manufactured micro-tissue restraint that circumvents this problem by preventing any movement of the brain while still allowing metabolic measurements from the analyzer&#39;s two solid-state sensor probes. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates are reproducible and sensitive to a treatment with metabolic inhibitors. With a minor optimization, this protocol can be adapted for use with any whole tissue and/or model system, provided that the sample size does not exceed the chamber generated by the restraint. While basal metabolic measurements and an analysis after a treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors are described within this protocol, countless experimental conditions, such as energy source preference and rearing environment, could be interrogated.

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

We present a protocol for measuring oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. A metabolic analyzer is utilized with an adapted and optimized protocol. Micro-tissue restraints are a critical component of this protocol and were designed and created specifically for their use in this analysis.

التحليل الأيضي اليرقات melanogaster المورفولوجية و "العقول الكبار"

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs ...

Isolation of Adult Spinal Cord Nuclei for Massively Parallel Single-nucleus RNA Sequencing

Probing an individual cell&#39;s gene expression enables the identification of cell type and cell state. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for studying transcriptional profiles of cells, particularly in heterogeneous tissues such as the central nervous system. However, dissociation methods required for single cell sequencing can lead to experimental changes in the gene expression and cell death. Furthermore, these methods are generally restricted to fresh tissue, thus limiting studies on archival and bio-bank material. Single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-Seq) is an appealing alternative for transcriptional studies, given that it accurately identifies cell types, permits the study of tissue that is frozen or difficult to dissociate, and reduces dissociation-induced transcription. Here, we present a high-throughput protocol for rapid isolation of nuclei for downstream snRNA-Seq. This method enables isolation of nuclei from fresh or frozen spinal cord samples and can be combined with two massively parallel droplet encapsulation platforms.

Here, we present a protocol to rapidly isolate high-quality nuclei from the fresh or frozen tissue for downstream massively parallel RNA sequencing. We include detergent-mechanical and hypotonic-mechanical tissue disruption and cell lysis options, both of which can be used for isolation of nuclei.

عزل نويات الحبل الشوكي الكبار لتسلسل الحمض النووي الريبي المفرد-نواة موازية على نطاق واسع

Probing an individual cell&#39;s gene expression enables the identification of cell type and cell state. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a ...