نشكر N. Schwedhelm-Domeyer للحصول على مساعدة فنية ممتازة، C. المطرقة وS. Papiol للمساعدة في التحليلات الإحصائية. ويتم تمويل عملنا من قبل جمعية ماكس بلانك، جمعية الألمانية للبحوث، ومركز النانو المجهرية، وعلم وظائف الأعضاء الجزيئية من الدماغ (CNMPB)، غوتنغن، ألمانيا والتي GGNB جديد المجموعة الراتب من جامعة غوتنغن.

<ol>
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الكتاب تعلن أي المصالح المالية المتنافسة.

مزايا والقيود المفروضة على وصفها في المختبر والمجراة في أساليب: وبنفس القدر مناسبة تماما CGNs مثقف من الماوس والفئران للالتحليلات المورفولوجية. نظرا لحجم أكبر من المخيخ الفئران، العائد من CNGs من الفئران الوليدة يفوق عدد الجرا...

المخيخ هو نظام ممتاز لدراسة آليات النمو محوار والهجرة. وكان المخيخ موضوع الدراسات التشريحية منذ فجر علم الأعصاب 1. المجهري الحديثة والتقنيات المناعى توسعت بشكل كبير والمكرر الاكتشافات الأولية من قبل سانتياغو رامون، وكاجال 2-4. علم الوراثة الجزيئي الماوس والدراسات كشفت عوامل النمو والنسخ أساسيا في السيطرة على التنمية المخيخ، مما أدى إلى فهم أكبر من الأحداث الحاسمة اللازمة لالأسلاك المناسبة من أنواع مختلفة من الخلايا العصبية بما في ذلك الخلايا العصبية الحبيبية للدماغ (CGNs) 5-7. المخيخ هو مشتق من قسيم معيني 1 من الدماغ المؤخر النامية 8. الشفة المعينية، الذي هو جزء من سقف البطين 4 الجاري، يثير المخيخ الأسلاف الحبيبية الخلايا العصبية، والتي سوف تشكل معظم سكان العديد من الخلايا العصبية فيالمخيخ الكبار 9. بعد الهجرة منقاري، يحلون في بدأة المخيخ. هنا، الانقسام السلائف الحبيبية الخلايا العصبية يؤدي إلى التوسع الهائل في الطبقة الحبيبية الخارجية (EGL)، الذي يقام بعد الولادة في القوارض. من EGL، الخلايا العصبية تبدأ الهجرة إلى الداخل من خلال طبقة الجزيئية (ML)، في الماضي طبقة الخلايا العصبية لتأخذ في نهاية المطاف الإقامة في الطبقة الحبيبية الداخلية (IGL 2). أثناء هذه العملية المهاجرة، ويكتسبون شكل ثنائي القطب مع اثنين من محاور عصبية تمتد إلى ML. وبعد مزيد من الهجرة، وجسم الخلية يهاجر بعيدا عن المحاور والعمليتين تلتحم لتشكل واحدة من شقين، على شكل حرف T محوار 10. في وقت لاحق، وهذه المحاور fasciculate ويشار إلى ألياف متوازية كما. بعد أن استقر في IGL، CGNs تنمو التشعبات، والتي تشكل مخالب شجيري لإنشاء نقاط الاشتباك العصبي مع ألياف المطحلب. لدراسة العمليات الأساسية في المخيخ النامية، مجتمعة في المختبر والمجراة في approacح يسمح لنتائج واستنتاجات موثوقة. CGNs ليست فقط الخلايا العصبية الأكثر عددا من المخيخ ولكن من الدماغ كله، ويمكن أن يكون مثقف لدرجة عالية من النقاوة 11-13. في الثقافة، تصبح هذه الخلايا العصبية السكان متجانسة للغاية تالية للتفتل بسرعة ويكتسب التشكل القطبي مع المحاور التي يسهل التعرف عليها والتشعبات. وقد أثبتت CGNs مثقف أن يكون مفيدا للغاية لدراسة مختلف جوانب التنمية بما في ذلك انتشار العصبية السلف، والتمايز، محور عصبي والتنمية التغصنات، هجرة الخلايا العصبية، الخلايا والخصائص الكهربية (14-19 وغيرها كثير). استخدام التلاعب الجيني توسعت براعة CGNs مثقف وسمح لمزيد من التبصر الآلية في الأحداث سالفة الذكر. ترنسفكأيشن من الخلايا العصبية مثقف باستخدام فوسفات الكالسيوم وانخفاض الكفاءة أو طرق محبة للدهون يليه مناعية مع علامات قطبية أو المدعومة من برامج التحليل faciliتيتس تقييم مثل مورفولوجيا الخلايا العصبية الفردية في ثقافة العصبية الكثيفة. مع هذا النهج، يمكن دراسة دور البروتينات من الاهتمام في محور عصبي أو التغصنات النمو 20-25،26-28. ولكن هذا النظام هو أقل ثقافة من المفيد تحليل الهجرة العصبية كما الهجرة محدودة جدا في الثقافات عالية الكثافة وسيتطلب cocultures. تحليل في المختبر من محور عصبي والنمو التغصنات يسمح أيضا لفحص البروتينات المترابطة لمسار الإشارات باستخدام مزيج من تدخل الحمض النووي الريبي (ط)، والإفراط في التعبير أو جزيئات صغيرة. لتحديد أهمية البروتين من الفائدة في محور عصبي وتنظيم نمو التغصنات أو هجرة الخلايا العصبية، وفي electroporation فيفو (IVE) الأسلوب يسمح للتحليل في القشرة المخيخ النامية. نظرا لحقيقة أن التنمية في المخيخ القوارض يمتد الطريق إلى أول أسبوعين بعد الولادة، المخيخ يمثل accessibلو بنية الدماغ للتلاعب الجيني لدراسة تطوير محاور عصبية والتشعبات، والهجرة العصبية synaptogenesis، وموت الخلايا المبرمج و20-24،29،30،26،27،31-34. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، هذا النظام نموذج مفيد أيضا لجوانب أخرى للتنمية الخلايا العصبية التي تتطلب قشرة دماغ سليمة مثل محوار الاستطلاعية، والأسلاك والتواصل بين الخلايا العصبية والتفاعلات العصبية، الدبقية مجتمعة، ويوفر هذا البروتوكول في المختبر والمجراة في تقنيات لمعالجة اتباع نهج متكامل بشأن التشكل العصبية والهجرة.

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		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:160px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">11960-044</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:160px;">BME</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">41010-026</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:160px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Si-1-4011</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:160px;">Poly-L-Ornithine</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">P-2533</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:160px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Appli-Chem</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">A3652</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:160px;">Isofluorane</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Actavis Deutschland</td>
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			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:160px;">Tissue-Tek OCT</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sakura</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:160px;">Material Name</td>
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			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:160px;">ECM 830 and tweezertrodes</td>
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			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
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		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:160px;">Epifluorescence microscope and camera</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:125px;">Leica</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:160px;">ImageJ</td>
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			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:160px;">50 &#181;l gastight Syringe 1705</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Hamilton</td>
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</table>

genetic manipulation of cerebellar granule neurons in vitro and in vivo to study neuronal morphology and migration

الأحداث التنموية في الدماغ بما في ذلك التشكل العصبية والهجرة ومدبرة للغاية العمليات. في المختبر والمجراة تحليلات تسمح لتوصيف متعمقة لتحديد مسارات المشاركة في هذه الأحداث. الخلايا العصبية الحبيبية للدماغ (CGNs) التي هي مستمدة من المخيخ النامية هي نظام النموذج المثالي الذي يسمح للالتحليلات المورفولوجية. هنا، نحن تصف طريقة لكيفية التلاعب وراثيا CGNs وكيفية دراسة axono وdendritogenesis من الخلايا العصبية الفردية. مع هذا الأسلوب آثار تدخل الحمض النووي الريبي، من overexpression أو جزيئات صغيرة يمكن مقارنة للسيطرة على الخلايا العصبية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، القشرة القوارض المخيخ هو الوصول إليها بسهولة في نظام الجسم الحي بسبب تطوره بعد الولادة الغالبة. كما نقدم لفي الجسم الحي تقنية التثقيب الكهربائي للتلاعب وراثيا في مخيخات النامية ووصف المخيخ لاحقة يحلل لتقييم مورفولوجيا الخلايا العصبية والثانية الهجرة.

<html> لتحليل مورفولوجية CGNs استجابة لظروف زراعة مختلفة، ونحن transfected الخلايا العصبية على DIV 0 كما هو موضح أعلاه. بعد ترنسفكأيشن، وضعنا مجموعة واحدة من الخلايا العصبية في متوسطة كاملة (BME، و 10٪ مصل العجل، باريس سان جيرمان 2 مم، 25 مم بوكل) ومجموعة أخرى في الحد الأدنى من المتوس?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration at JoVE.com

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

التشكل العصبية والهجرة هي الأحداث الحاسمة الكامنة وراء نمو الدماغ السليم. هنا، نحن تصف أساليب التلاعب وراثيا مثقف الخلايا العصبية الحبيبية للدماغ والمخيخ النامية لتقييم التشكل وخصائص المهاجرة من الخلايا العصبية.

التلاعب الجيني للمخيخي الحبيبة الخلايا العصبية<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; و<em&gt; في فيفو</em&gt; لدراسة مورفولوجيا الخلايا العصبية والهجرة

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

genetic-manipulation-cerebellar-granule-neurons-vitro-vivo-to-study

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Neuroscience

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

13.6K Views.  Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine.  التشكل العصبية والهجرة هي الأحداث الحاسمة الكامنة وراء نمو الدماغ السليم. هنا، نحن تصف أساليب التلاعب وراثيا مثقف الخلايا العصبية الحبيبية للدماغ والمخيخ النامية لتقييم التشكل وخصائص المهاجرة من الخلايا العصبية. 

Video: Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Automated Sholl Analysis of Digitized Neuronal Morphology at Multiple Scales

Neuronal morphology plays a significant role in determining how neurons function and communicate1-3. Specifically, it affects the ability of neurons to receive inputs from other cells2 and contributes to the propagation of action potentials4,5. The morphology of the neurites also affects how information is processed. The diversity of dendrite morphologies facilitate local and long range signaling and allow individual neurons or groups of neurons to carry out specialized functions within the neuronal network6,7. Alterations in dendrite morphology, including fragmentation of dendrites and changes in branching patterns, have been observed in a number of disease states, including Alzheimer's disease8, schizophrenia9,10, and mental retardation11. The ability to both understand the factors that shape dendrite morphologies and to identify changes in dendrite morphologies is essential in the understanding of nervous system function and dysfunction.
Neurite morphology is often analyzed by Sholl analysis and by counting the number of neurites and the number of branch tips. This analysis is generally applied to dendrites, but it can also be applied to axons. Performing this analysis by hand is both time consuming and inevitably introduces variability due to experimenter bias and inconsistency. The Bonfire program is a semi-automated approach to the analysis of dendrite and axon morphology that builds upon available open-source morphological analysis tools. Our program enables the detection of local changes in dendrite and axon branching behaviors by performing Sholl analysis on subregions of the neuritic arbor. For example, Sholl analysis is performed on both the neuron as a whole as well as on each subset of processes (primary, secondary, terminal, root, etc.) Dendrite and axon patterning is influenced by a number of intracellular and extracellular factors, many acting locally. Thus, the resulting arbor morphology is a result of specific processes acting on specific neurites, making it necessary to perform morphological analysis on a smaller scale in order to observe these local variations12.
The Bonfire program requires the use of two open-source analysis tools, the NeuronJ plugin to ImageJ and NeuronStudio. Neurons are traced in ImageJ, and NeuronStudio is used to define the connectivity between neurites. Bonfire contains a number of custom scripts written in MATLAB (MathWorks) that are used to convert the data into the appropriate format for further analysis, check for user errors, and ultimately perform Sholl analysis. Finally, data are exported into Excel for statistical analysis. A flow chart of the Bonfire program is shown in Figure 1.

We have developed a computer program to analyze neuronal morphology. In combination with two existing open source analysis tools, our program performs Sholl analysis and determines the number of neurites, branch points, and neurite tips. The analyses are performed so that local changes in neurite morphology can be observed.

الآلي Sholl تحليل الصرف متعلق بالخلايا العصبية رقمية على مستويات متعددة

Neuronal morphology plays a significant role in determining how neurons function and communicate1-3.  Specifically, it affects the ability of neurons to ...

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

Development of a precise olfactory circuit relies on accurate projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to their synaptic 
targets in the olfactory bulb (OB). The molecular mechanisms of OSN axon growth and targeting are not well understood. Manipulating gene expression and subsequent 
visualizing of single OSN axons and their terminal arbor morphology have thus far been challenging. To study gene function at the single cell level within a specified 
time frame, we developed a lentiviral based technique to manipulate gene expression in OSNs in vivo. Lentiviral particles are delivered to OSNs by microinjection 
into the olfactory epithelium (OE). Expression cassettes are then permanently integrated into the genome of transduced OSNs. Green fluorescent protein expression 
identifies infected OSNs and outlines their entire morphology, including the axon terminal arbor. Due to the short turnaround time between microinjection and 
reporter detection, gene function studies can be focused within a very narrow period of development. With this method, we have detected GFP expression within as 
few as three days and as long as three months following injection. We have achieved both over-expression and shRNA mediated knock-down by lentiviral microinjection. 
This method provides detailed morphologies of OSN cell bodies and axons at the single cell level in vivo, and thus allows characterization of candidate gene function 
during olfactory development.

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

We present a lentiviral technique for genetic manipulation and visualization of single olfactory sensory neuron axon and its terminal arborization in vivo.

الفيروسة البطيئة بوساطة التلاعب الجيني والتخيل من العصبونات الحسية الشمية في الجسم الحي</em

Development of a precise olfactory circuit relies on accurate projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to their synaptic 
targets in the ...

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis. Retrieved SVs are then refilled with neurotransmitter and rejoin the recycling pool, defined as SVs that are available for exocytosis1,2. The recycling pool can generally be subdivided into two distinct pools - the readily releasable pool (RRP) and the reserve pool (RP). As their names imply, the RRP consists of SVs that are immediately available for fusion while RP SVs are released only during intense stimulation1,2. It is important to have a reliable assay that reports the differential replenishment of these SV pools in order to understand 1) how SVs traffic after different modes of endocytosis (such as clathrin-dependent endocytosis and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis) and 2) the mechanisms controlling the mobilisation of both the RRP and RP in response to different stimuli.
FM dyes are routinely employed to quantitatively report SV turnover in central nerve terminals3-8. They have a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail that allows reversible partitioning in the lipid bilayer, and a hydrophilic head group that blocks passage across membranes. The dyes have little fluorescence in aqueous solution, but their quantum yield increases dramatically when partitioned in membrane9. Thus FM dyes are ideal fluorescent probes for tracking actively recycling SVs. The standard protocol for use of FM dye is as follows. First they are applied to neurons and are taken up during endocytosis (Figure 1). After non-internalised dye is washed away from the plasma membrane, recycled SVs redistribute within the recycling pool. These SVs are then depleted using unloading stimuli (Figure 1). Since FM dye labelling of SVs is quantal10, the resulting fluorescence drop is proportional to the amount of vesicles released. Thus, the recycling and fusion of SVs generated from the previous round of endocytosis can be reliably quantified.
Here, we present a protocol that has been modified to obtain two additional elements of information. Firstly, sequential unloading stimuli are used to differentially unload the RRP and the RP, to allow quantification of the replenishment of specific SV pools. Secondly, each nerve terminal undergoes the protocol twice. Thus, the response of the same nerve terminal at S1 can be compared against the presence of a test substance at phase S2 (Figure 2), providing an internal control. This is important, since the extent of SV recycling across different nerve terminals is highly variable11.
Any adherent primary neuronal cultures may be used for this protocol, however the plating density, solutions and stimulation conditions are optimised for cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs)12,13.

A live fluorescence imaging technique to quantify the replenishment and mobilisation of specific synaptic vesicle (SV) pools in central nerve terminals is described. Two rounds of SV recycling are monitored in the same nerve terminals providing an internal control.

تحليل كمي متشابك الحويصلة التجديد حمام سباحة في الخلايا العصبية مثقف الحبيبية للدماغ باستخدام الأصباغ FM

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

سريع الصغرى، الرحلان الشاردي من الغلوتامات وGABA: أداة مفيدة لبحث تكامل متشابك

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Nucleofection of Rodent Neuroblasts to Study Neuroblast Migration In vitro

The subventricular zone (SVZ) located in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles plays a fundamental role in adult neurogenesis. In this restricted area of the brain, neural stem cells proliferate and constantly generate neuroblasts that migrate tangentially in chains along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to reach the olfactory bulb (OB). Once in the OB, neuroblasts switch to radial migration and then differentiate into mature neurons able to incorporate into the preexisting neuronal network. Proper neuroblast migration is a fundamental step in neurogenesis, ensuring the correct functional maturation of newborn neurons. Given the ability of SVZ-derived neuroblasts to target injured areas in the brain, investigating the intracellular mechanisms underlying their motility will not only enhance the understanding of neurogenesis but may also promote the development of neuroregenerative strategies.
This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for the transfection of primary rodent RMS postnatal neuroblasts and the analysis of their motility using a 3D in vitro migration assay recapitulating their mode of migration observed in vivo. Both rat and mouse neuroblasts can be quickly and efficiently transfected via nucleofection with either plasmid DNA, small hairpin (sh)RNA or short interfering (si)RNA oligos targeting genes of interest. To analyze migration, nucleofected cells are reaggregated in &#39;hanging drops&#39; and subsequently embedded in a three-dimensional matrix. Nucleofection per se does not significantly impair the migration of neuroblasts. Pharmacological treatment of nucleofected and reaggregated neuroblasts can also be performed to study the role of signaling pathways involved in neuroblast migration.

Nucleofection of Rodent Neuroblasts to Study Neuroblast Migration In vitro

Neuroblast migration is a crucial step in postnatal neurogenesis. The protocol described here can be used to investigate the role of candidate regulators of neuroblast migration by employing DNA/small hairpin RNA (shRNA) nucleofection and a 3D migration assay with neuroblasts isolated from the rodent postnatal rostral migratory stream.

Nucleofection من القوارض Neuroblasts لدراسة الهجرة أرومة عصبية<em&gt; في المختبر</em

The subventricular zone (SVZ) located in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles plays a fundamental role in adult neurogenesis. In this restricted ...

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be stimulated by neuronally-released transmitter. However, the ability of astrocytic receptors to exhibit plasticity in response to changes in neuronal activity has received little attention. Here we describe a model system that can be used to globally scale up or down astrocytic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in acute brain slices. Included are methods on how to prepare parasagittal hippocampal slices, construct chambers suitable for long-term slice incubation, bidirectionally manipulate neuronal action potential frequency, load astrocytes and astrocyte processes with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, and measure changes in astrocytic Gq GPCR activity by recording spontaneous and evoked astrocyte Ca2+ events using confocal microscopy. In essence, a &#8220;calcium roadmap&#8221; is provided for how to measure plasticity of astrocytic Gq GPCRs. Applications of the technique for study of astrocytes are discussed. Having an understanding of how astrocytic receptor signaling is affected by changes in neuronal activity has important implications for both normal synaptic function as well as processes underlying neurological disorders and neurodegenerative disease.

Here we describe an adaptation of protocols used to induce homeostatic plasticity in neurons for the study of plasticity of astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors. Recently used to examine changes in astrocytic group I mGluRs in juvenile mice, the method can be applied to measure scaling of various astrocytic GPCRs, in tissue from adult mice in situ and in vivo, and to gain a better appreciation of the sensitivity of astrocytic receptors to changes in neuronal activity.

حمل اللدونة من نجمي المستقبلات بواسطة التلاعب أسعار اطلاق النار متعلق بالخلايا العصبية

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of the olfactory epithelium continuously give rise to new sensory neurons that extend their axons into the olfactory bulb, where they face the challenge to integrate into existing circuitry. Because of this particular feature, the olfactory system represents a unique opportunity to monitor axonal wiring and guidance, and to investigate synapse formation. Here we describe a procedure for in vivo labeling of sensory neurons and subsequent visualization of axons in the olfactory system of larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. To stain sensory neurons in the olfactory organ we adopt the electroporation technique. In vivo electroporation is an established technique for delivering fluorophore-coupled dextrans or other macromolecules into living cells. Stained sensory neurons and their axonal processes can then be monitored in the living animal either using confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy. By reducing the number of labeled cells to few or single cells per animal, single axons can be tracked into the olfactory bulb and their morphological changes can be monitored over weeks by conducting series of in vivo time lapse imaging experiments. While the described protocol exemplifies the labeling and monitoring of olfactory sensory neurons, it can also be adopted to other cell types within the olfactory and other systems.

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

We describe a protocol for in vivo labeling of olfactory sensory neurons by electroporation and subsequent confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy to visualize neuronal morphology and its development over time.

النظام الشمي كنموذج لدراسة أنماط نمو محور عصبي ومورفولوجيا<em&gt; في فيفو</em

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then radial migration in the molecular layer and the Purkinje cell layer to reach the internal granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Default in migratory processes induces either cell death or misplacement of the neurons, leading to deficits in diverse cerebellar functions. Centripetal granule cell migration involves several mechanisms, such as chemotaxis and extracellular matrix degradation, to guide the cells towards their final position, but the factors that regulate cell migration in each cortical layer are only partially known. In our method, acute cerebellar slices are prepared from P10 rats, granule cells are labeled with a fluorescent cytoplasmic marker and tissues are cultured on membrane inserts from 4 to 10 hr before starting real-time monitoring of cell migration by confocal macroscopy at 37 &#176;C in the presence of CO2. During their migration in the different cortical layers of the cerebellum, granule cells can be exposed to neuropeptide agonists or antagonists, protease inhibitors, blockers of intracellular effectors or even toxic substances such as alcohol or methylmercury to investigate their possible role in the regulation of neuronal migration.

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

During postnatal cerebellum development, immature granule cells originating from the germinal zone exhibit distinct modalities of migration to reach their final destination and to establish neuronal networks. This protocol describes the preparation of cerebellar slices and the confocal macroscopic approach used to investigate the factors that regulate neuronal migration.

فيفو السابقين التصوير من بعد الولادة مخيخي الحبيبة الهجرة الخلية باستخدام متحد البؤر الفحص العياني

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then ...

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and columns to facilitate brain wiring during development and information processing in developed animals. Postsynaptic neurons elaborate dendrites in type-specific patterns in specific layers to synapse with appropriate presynaptic terminals. The fly medulla neuropil is composed of 10 layers and about 750 columns; each column is innervated by dendrites of over 38 types of medulla neurons, which match with the axonal terminals of some 7 types of afferents in a type-specific fashion. This report details the procedures to image and analyze dendrites of medulla neurons. The workflow includes three sections: (i) the dual-view imaging section combines two confocal image stacks collected at orthogonal orientations into a high-resolution 3D image of dendrites; (ii) the dendrite tracing and registration section traces dendritic arbors in 3D and registers dendritic traces to the reference column array; (iii) the dendritic analysis section analyzes dendritic patterns with respect to columns and layers, including layer-specific termination and planar projection direction of dendritic arbors, and derives estimates of dendritic branching and termination frequencies. The protocols utilize custom plugins built on the open-source MIPAV (Medical Imaging Processing, Analysis, and Visualization) platform and custom toolboxes in the matrix laboratory language. Together, these protocols provide a complete workflow to analyze the dendritic routing of Drosophila medulla neurons in layers and columns, to identify cell types, and to determine defects in mutants.

Here, we show how to analyze dendritic routing of Drosophila medulla neurons in columns and layers. The workflow includes a dual-view imaging technique to improve the image quality and computational tools for tracing, registering dendritic arbors to the reference column array and for analyzing the dendritic structures in 3D space.

تحليل الجذعية الصرف في الأعمدة والطبقات

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and ...

Assessment of Neuronal Viability Using Fluorescein Diacetate-Propidium Iodide Double Staining in Cerebellar Granule Neuron Culture

Primary cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons (CGNs) have been widely used as an in vitro model in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research. However, the co-existence of glial cells and neurons in CGN culture might lead to biases in the accurate assessment of neuronal viability. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining has been used to measure cell viability by simultaneously evaluating the viable and dead cells. We used FDA-PI double staining to improve the sensitivities of the colorimetric assays and to evaluate neuronal viability in CGNs. Furthermore, we added blue fluorescent DNA stains (e.g., Hoechst) to improve the accuracy. This protocol describes how to improve the accuracy of assessment of neuronal viability by using these methods in CGN culture. Using this protocol, the number of glial cells can be excluded by using fluorescence microscopy. A similar strategy can be applied to distinguish the unwanted glial cells from neurons in various mixed cell cultures, such as primary cortical culture and hippocampal culture.

This protocol describes how to accurately measure neuronal viability using Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining in cultured cerebellar granule neurons, a primary neuronal culture used as an in vitro model in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research.

تقييم الجدوى العصبية باستخدام فلوريسئين دياسيتات-بروبيديوم يوديد تلطيخ مزدوج في المخيخ الحبيبية الثقافة العصبية

Primary cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons (CGNs) have been widely used as an in vitro model in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research. However, the ...