نشكر اللمفاوية وحدة الأورام الخبيثة، إليسا عشرة هاكن، ليديا Scarfò، ماسيمو اليسيو، أنطونيو كونتي، أنجيلا باتشي، وأنجيلا كاتانيو. وأيد هذا المشروع من قبل: Associazione الإيطالية في لا يسر كل من Ricerca سول Cancro جنة العلاقات الصناعية الاسترالية (باحث غرانت والبرنامج الخاص الجزيئية علم الأورام السريري - 5 بالألف # 9965) CS وBA تصميم الدراسة، إجراء التجارب، وتحليل البيانات، وكتب المخطوطة. MTSB، UR، FBPR ساعد في كتابة المخطوطة. PG وFCC تصميم عينات الدراسة المقدمة للمرضى والبيانات السريرية.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

<html> والهدف من هذا المخطوط هو وصف بروتوكول الأمثل لتحديد جزيئات تشارك في التسبب في CLL، حتى لو كان يمكن تمديد هذا النهج لأمراض أخرى و / أو أنواع أخرى عينة 16-18. بمقارنة ملامح البروتين من 2 مجموعات فرعية من المرضى CLL، وحسن مقابل التكهن سيئة 19، أثبتنا أن اختلف...

سرطان الدم الليمفاوي المزمن (CLL)، وسرطان الدم البالغين الأكثر شيوعا في الدول الغربية، مستمد من تراكم حيدة النسيلة الأورام الليمفاوية B + CD5 هو سريريا وغير متجانس جدا. قد تكون موجودة كشكل من أشكال ما قبل بابيضاض الدم، الذي يعرف بأنه الليمفاوية B-خلية وحيدة النسيلة (MBL) 1،2،3. في حالات أخرى يمكن أن يظهر المرض إما مع مسارا سريريا المتراخي، التي يمكن أن تبقى مستقرة لسنوات قبل أن تحتاج العلاج، أو كمرض chemorefractory التدريجي مع التشخيص الكئيب رغم العلاج. أخيرا، قد تقدم إلى سرطان الغدد الليمفاوية وارتفاع درجة قاتلة في كثير من الأحيان (متلازمة-RS ريختر) 2،3،4. عادة ما يتم تصنيف المرضى في اثنين من مجموعات فرعية رئيسية هي: التشخيص الجيد والسيئ، استنادا إلى مجموعة من العوامل النذير الذي يقدم معلومات تكميلية بشأن تنبؤ من نتائج المرض والبقاء على قيد الحياة. الأرجح يعكس عدم التجانس السريرية التجانس البيولوجي. وهناك عدد من الوراثية، microenvironmental وموقد تبين أن العوامل llular لنتفق على التسبب بالمرض رغم عدم وجود آليات موحدة تم العثور على 5. في التفاصيل، وقد أثبتت العديد من الدراسات أن الاختلافات في سياق السريرية للمرض يمكن تفسيره جزئيا من خلال وجود (أو غياب) بعض العلامات البيولوجية التي لها قيمة 6،7،8 النذير. وأظهرت هذه البيانات أن فهم أفضل للبيولوجيا المرض يمكن أن توفر تلميحات إضافية للإدارة السريرية لعلم الأمراض، من خلال تحديد كل من علامات النذير والأهداف العلاجية. الهدف من هذه الورقة هو إظهار كيف يمكن استخدام مزيج من البروتين تقنيات مختلفة لتحديد البروتينات المشاركة في بداية CLL والتقدم. نهجنا يوضح أنه من الممكن للانضمام معا البروتين الأساسي والبيانات السريرية 5. في العمل الحالي، خلايا اللوكيميا الأولية من المرضى المختارين(جيد مقابل التكهن سيئة) هي معزولة ومن ثم يتم استخدام الخلية لست] للحصول على خرائط البروتين. 2DE يسمح توصيف للوضع بروتيوميك من سكان الخلية، بما في ذلك التعديلات بعد متعدية، وبالتالي إعطاء معلومات غير المباشرة على النشاط البيولوجي من كل من البروتين. يتم حلها لست] خلية كاملة قبل أول المدى البعد على أساس نقطة تساوي الكهربية، يليه البعد الثاني تعمل على هلام بولي أكريلاميد الذي يحل البروتينات على أساس الوزن الجزيئي. تحليل مقارن لخرائط البروتين يسمح تحديد البروتينات وأعرب تفاضلي (سواء من حيث الوفرة والتعديلات بعد متعدية) كبقع على هلام التي يمكن أن تقطع وتحليلها بواسطة الطيف الكتلي. دور كل مرشح ثم يمكن استغلالها من قبل فحوصات مختلفة. هذا النهج الذي يقتصر CLL في المخطوطة الحالية، يمكن توسيعها بسهولة إلى أمراض أخرى / عينات، وبالتالي توفير المعلومات حول proteomiج / الاختلافات البيولوجية بين مجموعتين (أي مرضية مقابل المعتاد، مقابل حفز unstimulated والبرية من نوع مقابل ضربة قاضية).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="796">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;">Acetonitril</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">61830025001730&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Ammonium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A6141-500G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">1,4-Dithioerythritol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">D9680-5G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Iodoacetamide</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">I6125-25G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">223506-25G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Trypsin, Sequencing Grade</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ROCHE</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11418475001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#945;-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C2020-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">T6580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:359px;">ZipTip&#181;-C18</td>
			<td>MILLIPORE</td>
			<td>ZTC18M096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">RosetteSep Human B Cell Enrichment Cocktail</td>
			<td>STEMCELL</td>
			<td>15064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">PBS</td>
			<td>EUROCLONE</td>
			<td>ECB4004L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">FBS</td>
			<td>DOMINIQUE DUTSCHER</td>
			<td>S1810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Lymphoprep</td>
			<td>SENTINEL DIAGNOSTICS</td>
			<td>1114547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD19</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07770</td>
			<td>ECD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD5</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07754</td>
			<td>PC5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD3</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07746</td>
			<td>FITC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD14</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>345785</td>
			<td>PE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD16</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07767</td>
			<td>PC5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD56</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07789</td>
			<td>PC5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Ettan IPGphor 3 Isoelectric Focusing Unit</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">GE-Healthcare</td>
			<td>11-0033-64&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Urea</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>U6504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Tris-Hcl Buffer</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>161-0799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>C2020-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">DTT</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D9163-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">IPGstrips</td>
			<td>GE-Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1233-01&#160;</td>
			<td>Linear pH 4-7 18cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">IPGbuffer</td>
			<td>GE-Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-6000-86</td>
			<td>pH 4-7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G6279</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">PROTEAN II XL Cell</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>165-3188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">SDS</td>
			<td>INVITROGEN</td>
			<td>NP0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Acrilamide</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>161-0156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Agarosio</td>
			<td>INVITROGEN</td>
			<td>16500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Methanol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>32213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>631000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Formalin</td>
			<td>BIO-OPTICAL</td>
			<td>05-K01009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>9832500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Sodium Thiosulfate</td>
			<td>FLUKA</td>
			<td>72049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Silver Nitrate</td>
			<td>FLUKA</td>
			<td>85228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Molecular Dynamics Personal SI Laser Densitometer</td>
			<td>Amersham Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ImageMaster 2D Platinum 5.0</td>
			<td>Amersham Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Sodium Carbonate</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>A0250292</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">MALDI-TOF Voyager-DE STR</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Data Explorer software (version 3.2)&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">transwell chambre 6.6 mm diameter</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>3421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">RPMI</td>
			<td>EUROCLONE</td>
			<td>ECB2000L</td>
			<td>WITH L-GLUTAMINE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G1397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">SDF-1</td>
			<td>PREPROTECH</td>
			<td>300-28A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Flat-bottom 96-well plate</td>
			<td>BECTON DICKINSON</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">BSA</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ</td>
			<td>9048-46-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">ICAM-1</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>720-IC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CMFDA</td>
			<td>Life Thechnology</td>
			<td>C7025</td>
			<td>Green</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">IgM</td>
			<td>SOUTHERNBIOTECH</td>
			<td>2020-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Saponine</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>S-7900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Phalloidin&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Thechnology</td>
			<td>A12379</td>
			<td>Alexa fluor 488</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

from a 2de-gel spot to protein function: lesson learned from hs1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

تحديد جزيئات تشارك في بدء الورم والتقدم هو أمر أساسي لفهم البيولوجيا المرض و، نتيجة لذلك، لإدارة السريرية للمرضى. في العمل الحالي سنقوم بشرح النهج بروتيوميك الأمثل للتعرف على الجزيئات المعنية في تطور سرطان الدم الليمفاوي المزمن (CLL). في التفاصيل، يتم حلها لست] خلية اللوكيميا بنسبة 2 الأبعاد الكهربائي (2DE) وتصور على أنها &quot;البقع&quot; على المواد الهلامية 2DE. تحليل مقارن لخرائط البروتين يسمح تحديد البروتينات وأعرب تفاضلي (من حيث وفرة والتعديلات بعد متعدية) التي يتم انتقاؤها، معزولة والتي حددها الطيف الكتلي (MS). ويمكن اختبار وظيفة بيولوجية من المرشحين حددها فحوصات مختلفة (أي الهجرة، والتصاق البلمرة F-أكتين)، التي قمنا الأمثل لخلايا اللوكيميا الأولية.

نحن عزل خلايا B اللوكيميا الأولية تشكل PB المرضى CLL وقمنا بتحليل الخرائط البروتين. عينات (ن = 104) تم تجميعها في اثنين من مجموعات فرعية رئيسية على أساس المظاهر السريرية لكل مريض (التكهن سيئة مقابل التشخيص الجيد) وأجري تحليل مقارن ل2DE المواد الهلامية. <p class="jove_content" styl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at JoVE.com

From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

نحن هنا وصف البروتوكول الذي الأزواج اثنين من التقنيات البروتين، وهما 2 الأبعاد الكهربائي (2DE) والطيف الكتلي (MS)، لتحديد أعرب تفاضلي / البروتينات المعدلة بعد متعدية بين اثنين أو أكثر من مجموعات من العينات الأولية. هذا النهج، جنبا إلى جنب مع التجارب الفنية، ويسمح للتحديد وتوصيف علامات / الأهداف العلاجية النذير.

من بقعة 2DE جل لوظيفة البروتين: الدرس المستفاد من HS1 في سرطان الدم الليمفاوي المزمن

The identification of molecules involved in tumor initiation and progression is fundamental for understanding disease&#8217;s biology and, as a ...

from-2de-gel-spot-to-protein-function-lesson-learned-from-hs1-chronic

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.6K Views.  IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute.  نحن هنا وصف البروتوكول الذي الأزواج اثنين من التقنيات البروتين، وهما 2 الأبعاد الكهربائي (2DE) والطيف الكتلي (MS)، لتحديد أعرب تفاضلي / البروتينات المعدلة بعد متعدية بين اثنين أو أكثر من مجموعات من العينات الأولية. هذا النهج، جنبا إلى جنب مع ال...

Video: From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic processes that prepare the alimentary canal for digestion. Steady progress is being made towards understanding the early biochemical and molecular events underlying taste transduction (for a review, Breslin and Spector, 20081). However, progress to date has largely resulted from animal models. Yet, since marked differences in receptor specificity and receptor density vary among species, human taste transduction will only be understood by using human taste tissue. Here we describe a biopsy technique to collect human fungiform papillae, visible as rounded pink anterior structures, about 0.5 mm in diameter that contain taste buds. These biopsied papillae are used for several purposes including the isolation of viable taste bud cells, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and, through techniques of molecular biology, the identification of taste-specific novel proteins.

Technique to Collect Fungiform Taste Papillae from Human Tongue

Knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying gustatory transduction has recently enjoyed significant advances, largely due to using animal models. However, the wide diversity in taste sensitivity and specificity among mammals warrants studies in human tissue. We describe a biopsy technique to collect living taste cells from the papillae on human tongue.

تقنية لجمع كمئي (التذوق) النتوئات الإنسان من اللسان

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic ...

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown to significantly improve language function in patients with non-fluent aphasia1. In this experiment, we demonstrate the administration of low-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) to an optimal stimulation site in the right hemisphere in patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia. A battery of standardized language measures is administered in order to assess baseline performance. Patients are subsequently randomized to either receive real rTMS or initial sham stimulation. Patients in the real stimulation undergo a site-finding phase, comprised of a series of six rTMS sessions administered over five days; stimulation is delivered to a different site in the right frontal lobe during each of these sessions. Each site-finding session consists of 600 pulses of 1 Hz rTMS, preceded and followed by a picture-naming task. By comparing the degree of transient change in naming ability elicited by stimulation of candidate sites, we are able to locate the area of optimal response for each individual patient. We then administer rTMS to this site during the treatment phase. During treatment, patients undergo a total of ten days of stimulation over the span of two weeks; each session is comprised of 20 min of 1 Hz rTMS delivered at 90% resting motor threshold. Stimulation is paired with an fMRI-naming task on the first and last days of treatment. After the treatment phase is complete, the language battery obtained at baseline is repeated two and six months following stimulation in order to identify rTMS-induced changes in performance. The fMRI-naming task is also repeated two and six months following treatment. Patients who are randomized to the sham arm of the study undergo sham site-finding, sham treatment, fMRI-naming studies, and repeat language testing two months after completing sham treatment. Sham patients then cross over into the real stimulation arm, completing real site-finding, real treatment, fMRI, and two- and six-month post-stimulation language testing.

We explore the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to improve language abilities in patients with chronic stroke and non-fluent aphasia. After identifying a site in the right frontal gyrus for each patient that responds optimally to stimulation, we target this site during ten days of rTMS treatment.

استخدام المتكرر تحفيز المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة لتحسين وظيفة اللغة في مرضى السكتة الدماغية المزمنة مع فقدان القدرة على الكلام غير بطلاقة

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown to significantly improve language function in patients with non-fluent aphasia1. In this ...

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies

Biomarkers are directly-measured biological indicators of disease, health, exposures, or other biological information. In population and social sciences, biomarkers need to be easy to obtain, transport, and analyze. Dried Blood Spots meet this need, and can be collected in the field with high response rates. These elements are particularly important in longitudinal study designs including interventions where attrition is critical to avoid, and high response rates improve the interpretation of results. Dried Blood Spot sample collection is simple, quick, relatively painless, less invasive then venipuncture, and requires minimal field storage requirements (i.e.&#160;samples do not need to be immediately frozen and can be stored for a long period of time in a stable freezer environment before assay). The samples can be analyzed for a variety of different analytes, including cholesterol, C-reactive protein, glycosylated hemoglobin, numerous cytokines, and other analytes, as well as provide genetic material. DBS collection is depicted as employed in several recent studies.

Biomarkers are directly-measured biological indicators of disease or health. In population and social sciences, biomarkers need to be easy to obtain, transport, and analyze. Dried Blood Spot (DBS) collection meets this need, can be collected in the field with high response rates&#160;and analyzed for a variety of biomarkers.

المجففة الدم بقعة مجموعة من المؤشرات الحيوية الصحية لتحقيق أقصى قدر من المشاركة في الدراسات السكانية

Biomarkers are directly-measured biological indicators of disease, health, exposures, or other biological information. In population and social sciences, ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension (UBD). In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response (VMR) and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized in part by pelvic pain. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, a physiological model of urinary bladder pain is used in mice and rats.

الردود المثانة البولية انتفاخ مستدعى الحشوي الحركي نموذجا لألم المثانة في الفئران

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

تقييم وظيفة الأوعية الدموية في المرضى الذين يعانون من مرض الكلى المزمن

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. As this technology expands and improves, the ability to potentially evaluate and improve the quality of substandard lungs prior to transplant is a critical need. In order to more rigorously evaluate these approaches, a reproducible animal model needs to be established that would allow for testing of improved techniques and management of the donated lungs as well as to the lung-transplant recipient. In addition, an EVLP animal model of associated pathologies, e.g., ventilation induced lung injury (VILI), would provide a novel method to evaluate treatments for these pathologies. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP lung program and refinements to this method that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion. We also describe the application of this EVLP system to model VILI in rat lungs. The goal is to provide the research community with key information and &#8220;pearls of wisdom&#8221;/techniques that arose from trial and error and are critical to establishing an EVLP system that is robust and reproducible.

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed lung transplantation in humans to become more readily available by enabling the ability to assess organs and expand the donor pool. Here, we describe the development of a rat EVLP program and refinements that allow for a reproducible model for future expansion.

طريقة معزولة<em&gt; فيفو السابقين</em&gt; الإرواء الرئة في الفئران نموذج: الدروس المستفادة من تطوير برنامج EVLP الجرذ

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed ...

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet

An original piglet model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) associated with chronic Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction is described. Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) was induced in 3-week-old piglets by a progressive obstruction of the pulmonary vascular bed. A ligation of the left Pulmonary Artery (PA) was performed first through a mini-thoracotomy. Second, weekly embolizations of the right lower pulmonary lobe were done under fluoroscopic guidance with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate during 5 weeks. Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (mPAP) measured by ritght heart catheterism, increased progressively, as well as Right Atrial pressure and Pulmonary Vascular Resistances (PVR) after 5 weeks compared to sham animals. Right Ventricular (RV) structural and functional remodeling were assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (RV diameters, RV wall thickness, RV systolic function). RV elastance and RV-pulmonary coupling were assessed by Pressure-Volume Loops (PVL) analysis with conductance method. Histologic study of the lung and the right ventricle were also performed. Molecular analyses on RV fresh tissues could be performed through repeated transcutaneous endomyocardial biopsies. Pulmonary microvascular disease in obstructed and unobstructed territories was studied from lung biopsies using molecular analyses and pathology. Furthermore, the reliability and the reproducibility was associated with a range of PH severity in animals. Most aspects of the human CTEPH disease were reproduced in this model, which allows new perspectives for the understanding of the underlying mechanisms (mitochondria, inflammation) and new therapeutic approaches (targeted, cellular or gene therapies) of the overloaded right ventricle but also pulmonary microvascular disease.

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) and Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction were induced in piglets by progressive obstruction of the pulmonary arteries. Consequences were remarkably similar to those observed in CTEPH patients. This animal model would be a very useful tool for pathophysiology and therapeutic experiments on CTEPH and RV failure.

الانصمام الخثاري المزمن ارتفاع ضغط الدم الرئوي وتقييم الحق البطيني وظيفة في الخنزير الصغير

An original piglet model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) associated with chronic Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction is described. ...

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and progress in this site. The model presented in the current report utilizes human primary bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts as two representative cell types from the marrow niche that influence tumor cell phenotype. The in vitro co-culture conditions described for human leukemic cells with these primary niche components support the generation of a chemoresistant subpopulation of tumor cells that can be efficiently recovered from culture for analysis by diverse techniques. A strict feeding schedule to prevent nutrient fluxes followed by gel type 10 cross-linked dextran (G10) particles recovery of the population of tumor cells that have migrated beneath the adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) or osteoblasts (OB) generating a "phase dim" (PD) population of tumor cells, provides a consistent source of purified therapy resistant leukemic cells. This clinically relevant population of tumor cells can be evaluated by standard methods to investigate apoptotic, metabolic, and cell cycle regulatory pathways as well as providing a more rigorous target in which to test novel therapeutic strategies prior to pre-clinical investigations targeted at minimal residual disease.

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

The current report summarizes a protocol that can be utilized to model the influence of the bone marrow microenvironment niche on leukemic cells with emphasis placed on enrichment of the most chemoresistant subpopulation.

النمذجة العلاج الكيميائي اللوكيميا المقاومة<em&gt; في المختبر</em

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and ...

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans

Tendinopathy, a painful condition that develops in response to tendon degeneration, is on the rise in the developed world due to increasing physical activity and longer life expectancy. Despite its increasing prevalence, the underlying pathogenesis still remains unclear, and treatment is generally symptomatic. Recently, numerous therapeutic options, including growth factors, stem cells, and gene therapy, were investigated in hopes of enhancing the healing potency of the degenerative tendon. However, the majority of these research studies were conducted only on animal models or healthy human tenocytes. Despite some studies using pathological tenocytes, to the best of our knowledge there is currently no protocol describing how to obtain human degenerative tenocytes. The aim of this study is to describe a standard protocol for acquiring human degenerative tenocytes. Initially, the tendon tissue was harvested from a patient with lateral epicondylitis during surgery. Then biopsy samples were taken from the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon corresponding to structural changes observed at the time of surgery. All of the harvested tendons appeared to be dull, gray, friable, and edematous, which made them visually distinct from the healthy ones. Tenocytes were cultured and used for experiments. Meanwhile, half of the harvested tissues were analyzed histologically, and it was shown that they shared the same key features of tendinopathy (angiofibroblastic dysplasia or hyperplasia). A secondary analysis by immunocytochemistry confirmed that the cultured cells were tenocytes with the majority of the cells having positive stains for mohawk and tenomodulin proteins. The qualities of the degenerative nature of tenocytes were then determined by comparing the cells with the healthy control using a proliferation assay or qRT-PCR. The degenerative tenocyte displayed a higher proliferation rate and similar gene expression patterns of tendinopathy that matched previous reports. Overall, this new protocol might provide a useful tool for future studies of tendinopathy.

In vitro use of degenerative tenocytes is essential when investigating the efficacy of novel treatment on tendinopathy. However, most research studies use only the animal model or a healthy tenocyte. We propose the following protocol to isolate human degenerative tenocytes during surgery.

بروتوكول لاكتساب تينوسيتي التنكسية من البشر

Tendinopathy, a painful condition that develops in response to tendon degeneration, is on the rise in the developed world due to increasing physical ...

Protocol to Create Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Mice

Chronic wounds develop as a result of defective regulation in one or more complex cellular and molecular processes involved in proper healing. They impact ~6.5M people and cost ~$40B/year in the US alone. Although a significant effort has been invested in understanding how chronic wounds develop in humans, fundamental questions remain unanswered. Recently, we developed a novel mouse model for diabetic chronic wounds that have many characteristics of human chronic wounds. Using db/db-/- mice, we can generate chronic wounds by inducing high levels of oxidative stress (OS) in the wound tissue immediately after wounding, using a one-time treatment with inhibitors specific to the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase. These wounds have high levels of OS, develop biofilm naturally, become fully chronic within 20 days after treatment and can remain open more for more than 60 days. This novel model has many features of diabetic chronic wounds in humans and therefore can contribute significantly to advancing fundamental understanding of how wounds become chronic. This is a major breakthrough because chronic wounds in humans cause significant pain and distress to patients and result in amputation if unresolved. Moreover, these wounds are very expensive and time-consuming to treat, and lead to significant loss of personal income to patients. Advancements in this field of study through the use of our chronic wound model can significantly improve health care for millions who suffer under this debilitating condition. In this protocol, we describe in great detail the procedure to cause acute wounds to become chronic, which has not been done before.

Chronic wounds are developed from acute wounds on a diabetic mouse model by inducing high levels of oxidative stress after a full-thickness cutaneous wound. The wound is treated with inhibitors for catalase and glutathione peroxidase, resulting in impaired healing and biofilm development by bacteria present in the skin microbiome.

بروتوكول لخلق الجروح المزمنة في الفئران السكري

Chronic wounds develop as a result of defective regulation in one or more complex cellular and molecular processes involved in proper healing. They impact ...