فإن الكتاب أود أن أشكر موريس سميث ومارجا Talikka لاستعراضها من المخطوطة.

<ol>
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وقد تم تمويل هذه الدراسة من قبل فيليب موريس الدولية.

هنا، لقد أثبتنا مدى انطباق الشعب الهوائية عضوي النمط البشري ونماذج الأنسجة الأنفية لتقييم تأثير التعرض المتكرر CS. كبديل لالتجارب على الحيوانات، تم تطوير عدد من النظم التعرض لتقييم السمية من التعرض الهباء الجوي في المختبر (على سبيل المثال، Vitrocell، Cultex، أليس، وما إلى ذلك). يمكن أيضا أن تستخدم هذه الوحدات التعرض لتقييم سمية الملوثات المحمولة جوا، والجسيمات المحمولة جوا، والجسيمات النانوية، وما إلى ذلك وفي هذه الدراسة، استخدمنا نظام Vitrocell التي يمكن أن تستوعب ما يصل إلى 48 عينات مختلفة في وقت واحد، مما يتيح للتجارب على نطاق أوسع وانخفاض التباين بين العلاجات. لكل التعرض الهباء الجوي في المختبر، وخطر التلوث زراعة الأنسجة يبقى خطرا كبيرا الذي يتطلب معالجة دقيقة من مزارع الأنسجة في جميع أنحاء التجارب التخفيف. قياس ترسب الجسيمات في الوقت الحقيقي على توازن دقيق خلال البريدالتجربة xposure تسمح لمراقبة أن جرعات CS المتولدة من نظام التعرض هي مطابقة للتوقعات. لضمان دقة من ترسب الجسيمات قياس و الضبط لقياس عبر الإنترنت بشكل صحيح قبل التعرض غير critial، على سبيل المثال، ووضع مقياس ل0. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، بسبب الاختلاف بين المناطق في توازن دقيق (سم 2) و إدراج زراعة الأنسجة (0.33 سم 2)، ونحن تعديل الحساب النهائي إلى منطقة إدراج الثقافة: 33٪ فقط من ترسب على توازن دقيق تعكس ترسب الفعلي في إدراج الثقافة. قياس طير للتأكد من وظيفة حاجز ضيق تقاطع وتقييم اختلال طبقة الطلائية هو إجراء سهل نسبيا لتنفيذ، والتي نشرنا عنها هنا. ومع ذلك، لأن الشعب الهوائية والأنف نماذج الأنسجة تحتوي على خلايا كأس يتخلل المنتجة للمخاط، يحتاج غسل قمي التي يتعين القيام بها قبل الاتفاقات البيئية المتعددة الأطراف طيرurement. غسل قمي أمر بالغ الأهمية لأن وجود طبقة المخاط وتباين لها سمك يمكن التحيز قياس طير، interferring مع تأثير التعرض CS. هذه الفكرة هي في الاتفاق مع ما جاء عن Hilgendorf والزملاء، والتي تأثرت نفاذية كاتشو-2 خلايا من الرئيسين زراعة مع خط الخلية القدح المنتجة للمخاط HT29 23. يحتاج المخاط ليتم غسلها قبل قياس طير، لأن غسل قمي الحق قبل التعرض قد تتداخل مع ردود الأنسجة لCS. لذلك، يتم إجراء قياس قبل ثلاثة أيام من التعرض، وليس صحيحا قبل التعرض. نحن أظهرت أن النشاط CYP1A1 / CYP1B1 يمكن قياسها من نماذج ثقافة عضوي النمط بعد التعرض CS على الرغم من أن النشاط تم زيادة متواضعة فقط من قبل CS. هذه إشارة ضعيفة يمكن تضخيمها من قبل حضانة أطول من الركيزة CYP1A1 / 1B1 (أي.، وسيفيرين-CEE)، على سبيل المثال ل24 ساعة (لا تظهر البيانات). واحدة من القيود المفروضة على قياس النشاط CYP في العمل الحالي هو غياب التطبيع إلى مستوى البروتين CYP أو إلى عدد خلايا، والتي يمكن أن تؤخذ بعين الاعتبار للدراسات المستقبلية للتأكد من أن تغيير على نشاط الإنزيم لا يتأثر قبل تغيير أي من مستوى البروتين أو عدد خلايا. أبلغنا أن التعرض CS تحول دون الهدبية الضرب في كل من الأنف ونماذج الأنسجة الشعب الهوائية. وقد أجريت ملاحظات مماثلة في نماذج الثدييات وغير الثدييات متنوعة 12. لالهدبية الضرب القياس، وضمان أن يتم التعامل مع الأنسجة ويعامل بطريقة مماثلة أمر بالغ الأهمية، على سبيل المثال إذا تم تنفيذها تغيير المتوسطة، فإنه ينبغي تطبيق لجميع العينات. ذكرت Sutto وزملاؤه أن الرقم الهيدروجيني أثرت على الهدبية الثدييات الضرب تردد 24. وهكذا، عند المقارنة بين الضرب الترددات بين الخلايا المعالجة مع مختلف على compunds / مخاليط، ودرجة الحموضةوينبغي النظر في تعديل للحد من تقلب القياس الهدبية الضرب. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن درجة الحرارة التي يجري القياس أمر بالغ الأهمية أيضا كما تردد من الهدبية الضرب قطرات مع تناقص درجات الحرارة. للحد من تقلب الواجب لهذه التغييرات، حاضنة مرحلة أعلى، مجهزة درجة الحرارة، CO 2، ومراقبة الرطوبة واستخدمت في هذه الدراسة. على الرغم من هذا، لاحظنا أن الهدبية الضرب الترددات في أنسجة الشعب الهوائية بعد التعرض CS كان متغير بدرجة كبيرة (أي، زيادة في إدراج واحد وخفض في إدراج أخرى)، مما يوحي بأن الضرب الهدبي هو الحق مضطرب للغاية بعد التعرض. في المقابل، لاحظنا غياب قابلة للقياس الترددات الهدبية الضرب في أنسجة الأنف بعد التعرض CS، مما يشير إلى أن الاستجابة للأنسجة الأنف هي أكثر حساسية ومتسقة. ويتفق ذلك مع نشر السابق تبين أن الأنسجة الأنفية لديها قدرة أقل على إزالة السموم كمامقارنة مع القصبات الهوائية 25. وأخيرا، فإننا أظهرت أن التعبير الجيني التنميط من الشعب الهوائية عضوي النمط ونماذج الأنسجة الأنفية تتعرض لCS يمكن أن تثبت لها تأثير على التمثيل الغذائي للCS أجنبي بيولوجيا. ومن المثير للاهتمام، وتغيير لوحظ في التمثيل الغذائي أجنبي بيولوجيا في الشعب الهوائية والأنف عضوي النمط في نماذج المختبر تتعرض لCS أن تشبه الوضع في الجسم الحي في المدخنين كما تمت مناقشته بمزيد من التفصيل في منشور السابق 15. ليحلل التعبير الجيني، وذلك باستخدام أداة الروبوتية يجعل تحليل الإنتاجية العالية ممكن. وعلاوة على ذلك، ويزيد من معالجة الروبوتية التلقائي مزيد من الاتساق ودقة النتائج التعبير الجيني. ومع ذلك، كان جمع سريع من عينات الأنسجة حاسم لتجنب تدهور RNA خلال استخراج الحمض النووي الريبي. ويمكن أيضا معالجة RNA والنهج transcriptomic الموصوفة هنا يتم تطبيقها على عينات الأنسجة في الجسم الحي.

Lungs are directly and constantly exposed to inhaled air that may contain diverse toxicants such as pollutants and constituents of cigarette smoke (CS). Studying the impact of exposure to those toxicants on respiratory tissues is most informative when done in a manner that resembles in vivo exposure. Compared with the classical 2D immersed cell cultures (e.g., normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE)), 3D organotypic tissue models better recapitulate the morphological, physiological, and molecular aspects of the human airway epithelium in vivo1,2: the 3D tissue models contain the diversity of the cell types observed in vivo, including differentiated epithelial cells, ciliated and non-ciliated cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. They have functional tight junctions and exhibit a mucociliary phenotype 1-3. Moreover, the cultures can be grown on a permeable porous membrane, in an air-liquid interface, allowing a direct exposure to aerosol at the apical side (whereas the basolateral side is immersed in culture medium) 3-5. Dvorak and colleagues reported that gene expression profiles of bronchial tissue models were similar to those obtained from human bronchial brushings 3. In addition, Mathis and colleagues showed that the responses of these tissue models to CS were similar to the differences observed between bronchial epithelial cells obtained from smokers and cells obtained from non-smokers 6. Finally, because the bronchial tissue models could be cultured for up to several months 4,5, they could potentially be used to examine the effects of long-term exposure of test items. 
Cytotoxicity assessments are common parameters measured following chemical insults or to assess the toxicity of specific compounds or mixtures. For instance, membrane integrity can be measured by a luminescent assay and allows the measurement of a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on the cell culture 7. However, to assess pathophysiological effects of compounds at subtoxic concentrations, other parameters should be measured. For example, tissue integrity determined using the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay ensures the functionality of tight junctions and monitors the disruption of the epithelial layer 8,9. Ciliary beating frequency also allows the measurement of CS-related effects on respiratory tissues. A normal beating frequency for the cilia lining bordering the upper and lower respiratory tract is important to protect against airway infections 10. Each of the ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the respiratory epithelium has 200-300 cilia beating at a particular frequency to eliminate infectious agents or inhaled particulate matter trapped in the mucus released by interspersed goblet cells 11. CS contains chemicals that may inhibit ciliary beating 12, leading to a reduced protection of the respiratory tract. This work shows that ciliary beating can be measured in organotypic tissue models. This approach allows assessment of whether epithelial cells exhibit their normal function in the organotypic tissue culture. CS also activates xenobiotic metabolism responses in the respiratory tract to metabolize tobacco smoke constituents 13. The activity of the phase I xenobiotic metabolism enzymes, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, of the tissue models can be measured. Additionally, as previously reported, global gene expression can be measured in the organotypic bronchial tissue models 6,14,15. A transcriptomic data and network-based systems biology approach is leveraged to assess the impact of CS on xenobiotic metabolism 15. 
The methodologies used to expose organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream CS using an in vitro exposure system and to measure the tissue responses to this exposure compared to fresh air exposure (control) are detailed here.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1545">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:356px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:655px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MucilAir-human fibroblasts-bronchia</td>
			<td>Epithelix S&#225;rl, Geneva, Switzerland</td>
			<td>http://www.epithelix.com/content/view/122/19/lang,en/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MucilAir Culture Medium</td>
			<td>Epithelix S&#225;rl, Geneva, Switzerland</td>
			<td>http://www.epithelix.com/content/view/84/16/lang,en/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VITROCELL</td>
			<td>VITROCELL systems GmbH, Waldkirch, Germany</td>
			<td>http://www.vitrocell.com/index.php?Nav_Nummer=2&#38;R=</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3R4F reference cigarette</td>
			<td>University of Kentucky</td>
			<td>http://www2.ca.uky.edu/refcig/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">30-port carousel smoking machine SM2000</td>
			<td>Philip Morris, Int.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CiliaMetrix camera and software</td>
			<td>La Haute &#201;cole de Gestion (HESGE), Geneva, Switzlerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
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			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>http://www.wpiinc.com/products/physiology/stx2-chopstick-electrode-set-for-evom2/</td>
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			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>http://www.wpiinc.com/products/physiology/evom2-evom2-epithelial-voltohmmeter-for-teer/</td>
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			<td>http://www.roche.com/products/product-details.htm?region=us&#38;type=product&#38;id=66</td>
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			<td>http://www.genomics.agilent.com/en/Bioanalyzer-System/2100-Bioanalyzer-Instruments/?cid=AG-PT-106</td>
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</table>

impact assessment of repeated exposure of organotypic 3d bronchial and nasal tissue culture models to whole cigarette smoke

Cigarette smoke (CS) has a major impact on lung biology and may result in the development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or lung cancer. To understand the underlying mechanisms of disease development, it would be important to examine the impact of CS exposure directly on lung tissues. However, this approach is difficult to implement in epidemiological studies because lung tissue sampling is complex and invasive. Alternatively, tissue culture models can facilitate the assessment of exposure impacts on the lung tissue. Submerged 2D cell cultures, such as normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures, have traditionally been used for this purpose. However, they cannot be exposed directly to smoke in a similar manner to the in vivo exposure situation. Recently developed 3D tissue culture models better reflect the in vivo situation because they can be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Their basal sides are immersed in the culture medium; whereas, their apical sides are exposed to air. Moreover, organotypic tissue cultures that contain different type of cells, better represent the physiology of the tissue in vivo. In this work, the utilization of an in vitro exposure system to expose human organotypic bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream CS is demonstrated. Ciliary beating frequency and the activity of cytochrome P450s (CYP) 1A1/1B1 were measured to assess functional impacts of CS on the tissues. Furthermore, to examine CS-induced alterations at the molecular level, gene expression profiles were generated from the tissues following exposure. A slight increase in CYP1A1/1B1 activity was observed in CS-exposed tissues compared with air-exposed tissues. A network-and transcriptomics-based systems biology approach was sufficiently robust to demonstrate CS-induced alterations of xenobiotic metabolism that were similar to those observed in the bronchial and nasal epithelial cells obtained from smokers.

في نتائج المبينة أدناه، وكانت الأنسجة عضوي النمط الخلايا الظهارية الإنسان الأساسية معزولة عن صحي وعدم التدخين، والجهات المانحة القوقازية وكان يعاد تشكيلها باستخدام الخلايا الليفية 15. 3D الشعب الهوائية ونماذج الأنسجة الأنفية في الشعب الهوائية في المختبر ونماذج عضوي النمط الأنف تشبه على المستوى الخلوي والجهاز التنفسي ظهارة الإنسان (الشكل 2). التعرض CS الشعب الهوائية عضوي ونماذج الأنسجة الأنفية يمكن أن يتعرض مرارا وتكرارا لتعميم CS في واجهة الهواء السائل. وصفت الإجراء التجريبي التعرض لدخان المستخدمة في النتائج يتضح هنا في الشكل 1. تسجيل الهدبية الضرب وسجلت أهداب الضرب في الأنسجة المعرضة للهواء كما هو موضح في الفيديو. وارتبط التعرض CS مع انخفاض وتيرة الهدبية الضرب: ذروة أقوى لوحظ حولولم يلاحظ 4 هرتز في الشام المكشوفة وقبل التعرض لفترة أطول بعد التعرض CS (الشكل 3). وهذا من شأنه خفض سرعة جعل أهداب الضرب أقل كفاءة لإزالة المخاط والعوامل المعدية (22). قياس طير وCYP1A1 / النشاط 1B1 وقد تم قياس طير 48 ساعة بعد التعرض الماضي لضمان الأنسجة لا تزال الوظيفية. تم قياس CYP1A1 / 1B1 النشاط أيضا 48 ساعة بعد نهاية التعرض كما هو موضح في الشكل رقم 1. وكانت القيم طير في الأنسجة CS تتعرض-لا تختلف كثيرا بالمقارنة مع الأنسجة المعرضة للهواء مؤكدا أنه لا يوجد أي تأثير السامة للخلايا كبير من الدخان في هذا التركيز. في 48 ساعة بعد التعرض، CYP1A1 / 1B1 نشاط الأنسجة وزادت قليلا، مما يشير إلى زيادة متواضعة من آلية الدفاع الأنسجة بعد التعرض (الشكل 4). ملامح التعبير الجيني والنظم القائمة على شبكة ثنائية<html> نهج ology لدراسة تأثير التعرض CS على تغيير الأيض أجنبي بيولوجيا تم جمع الأنسجة في 48 ساعة نقاط الوقت بعد التعرض لل. وفي وقت لاحق، تم إجراء تحليل ميكروأري لتوليد ملامح التعبير الجيني للCS- والأنسجة المعرضة للهواء. تم التحقيق تأثير التعرض CS على عملية التمثيل الغذائي أجنبي بيولوجيا باستخدام نهج بيولوجيا النظم القائمة على شبكة الاستدانة من ملامح الجينات التعبير وكما ذكرت في وقت سابق 15. باستخدام نهج بيولوجيا النظم القائمة على شبكة يدل على أن آثار التعرض CS على مستوى العقد العمود الفقري في نموذج الشبكة الأيض أجنبي بيولوجيا كانت مرتبطة بشكل رائع بين في التجارب المختبرية ومجموعات البيانات الجسم الحي (الشكل 5). في المقابل، على مستوى كل فرد التغييرات الجينات التعبير، لوحظت الارتباطات الفقيرة بين في المختبر (CS-تتعرض مقابل المعرضة للهواء) والحية (المدخنين مقابل غير المدخنين). r.within صفحة = &quot;دائما&quot;&gt; <img alt="الشكل (1)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig1.jpg" /> الشكل 1. إجراء تخطيطي من التعرض المتكرر للCS إلى نماذج الأنسجة الشعب الهوائية عضوي النمط المختصرات:. CYP، السيتوكروم P450s. CS، ودخان السجائر. طير، المقاومة الكهربائية بطريق الظهارة. <img alt="الشكل 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig2.jpg" /> الشكل 2. عضوي الشعب الهوائية والأنف نماذج زراعة الأنسجة الظهارية. الكرتون توضح الشعب الهوائية (A)، والأنف (ب) زراعة الأنسجة إدراج في واجهة الهواء السائل. نماذج في المختبر الواردة الخلايا المهدبة هو مبين في طبقة قمية من الهيماتوكسيلين ويوزين الخلايا الملون (C للالشعب الهوائية، D لالأنف) كما ذكرت سابقا 15. وكان نماذج مثقف بالاشتراك مع الخلايا الليفية التي تعتبر مهمة<html> لنمو وتمايز الخلايا الظهارية (المشار إليها السهام). تلطيخ علامات النسب مجرى الهواء: P63 (E للالشعب الهوائية، F عن طريق الأنف) وMuc5AC (G للالشعب الهوائية، H لالأنف) وترد كما ذكرت سابقا 15. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">يرجى النقر هنا لمشاهدة نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a> <img alt="الشكل (3)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig3.jpg" /> تم قياس الشكل 3. سيليا الضرب التردد. سيليا تردد الضرب (البرازيلي) في المعرضة للهواء وثقافة قبل وبعد التعرض. انخفضت كان ينظر الاتحاد البرازيلي بعد التعرض CS (وتظهر نتائج تمثيلية من اثنين إدراج كما تكرار 1 (R1) وتكرار 2 (R2)). إعلان / 52325 / 52325fig4.jpg &quot;/&gt; الشكل 4. قياس CYP1A1 / النشاط CYP1B1 وتير. بانيلس اليسار تشير إلى النشاط CYP1A1 / CYP1B1 في الشعب الهوائية (A)، والأنف (B) نماذج الأنسجة. لوحات اليمين تشير إلى قياس طير في الشعب الهوائية (C)، والأنف (D) نماذج الأنسجة. وأظهرت وسائل ± SD. الاختصارات: CS، ودخان السجائر. CYP، السيتوكروم P450. طير، المقاومة الكهربائية بطريق الظهارة. RLU، وحدة luminescense النسبية. <img alt="الرقم 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig5.jpg" /> واستخدمت الشكل النظم القائمة على شبكة 5. نهج الأحياء لتقييم تأثير CS التعرض في سياق عملية الأيض أجنبي بيولوجيا، والتغيرات في مستويات التعبير الجيني لحساب تفعيل العقدة العمود الفقري للنموذج الشبكة أجنبي بيولوجيا الأيض (A) </<html> قوية&gt; كما ورد في منشور السابق 15. ويوضح الشكل على اليمين مفهوم الكمي من العقد العمود الفقري، والمعروف أيضا باسم &quot;قيمة العمود الفقري شبكة التفاضلي،&quot; باستخدام نهج NPA. والأشكال البيضاوية الزرقاء تمثل النشاط من العقد العمود الفقري (أي.، وطبقة وظيفية) والكرات الخضراء تمثل التعبير عن الجينات (أي.، وطبقة النسخي). آثار التعرض CS في أنسجة الشعب الهوائية عضوي النمط (في المختبر، CS-تتعرض مقابل المعرضة للهواء) وتمت مقارنة في ح 48 من تال للتعرض لتلك التدخين على الشعب الهوائية الظهارية البشرية التي جمعتها القصبات والأنف الظهارية التي كتبها burshing على المحارة أدنى (GSE16008 ) (في الجسم الحي، مقابل المدخنين غير المدخنين) (B). إدراجات، والارتباط من التعبير الجيني يتغير بين في التجارب المختبرية ومجموعات البيانات الجسم الحي. الاختصارات: CS، ودخان السجائر. NPA، شبكة اضطراب السعة.ove.com/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig5large.jpg &quot;الهدف =&quot; _ فارغة &quot;&gt; الرجاء انقر هنا لمشاهدة نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke at JoVE.com

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke

The aim of this protocol is to expose human organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) at the air-liquid interface. The impact of CS on the tissues is then investigated using a cytochrome P450 activity assay, a cilia beating measurement, and a systems biology approach.

تقييم تأثير التعرض المتكرر من عضوي النمط 3D الشعبي والأنف زراعة الأنسجة نماذج لكامل دخان السجائر

Cigarette smoke (CS) has a major impact on lung biology and may result in the development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ...

impact-assessment-repeated-exposure-organotypic-3d-bronchial-nasal

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

11.0K Views.  Philip Morris Products S.A.. The aim of this protocol is to expose human organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) at the air-liquid interface. The impact of CS on the tissues is then investigated using a cytochrome P450 activity assay, a cilia beating measurement, and a systems biology approach.

Video: Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoking is associated with human cancers. It has been reported that most of the lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking 5,6,7,12. Although tobacco tars and related products in the particle phase of cigarette smoke are major causes of carcinogenic and mutagenic related diseases, cigarette smoke contains significant amounts of free radicals that are also considered as an important group of carcinogens9,10. Free radicals attack cell constituents by damaging protein structure, lipids and DNA sequences and increase the risks of developing various types of cancers. Inhaled radicals produce adducts that contribute to many of the negative health effects of tobacco smoke in the lung3. Studies have been conducted to reduce free radicals in cigarette smoke to decrease risks of the smoking-induced damage. It has been reported that haemoglobin and heme-containing compounds could partially scavenge nitric oxide, reactive oxidants and carcinogenic volatile nitrosocompounds of cigarette smoke4. A 'bio-filter' consisted of haemoglobin and activated carbon was used to scavenge the free radicals and to remove up to 90% of the free radicals from cigarette smoke14. However, due to the cost-ineffectiveness, it has not been successfully commercialized. Another study showed good scavenging efficiency of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine8. In the present study, we report a protocol for introducing common natural antioxidant extracts into the cigarette filter for scavenging gas phase free radicals in cigarette smoke and measurement of the scavenge effect on gas phase free radicals in mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) using spin-trapping Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy1,2,14. We showed high scavenging capacity of lycopene and grape seed extract which could point to their future application in cigarette filters. An important advantage of these prospective scavengers is that they can be obtained in large quantities from byproducts of tomato or wine industry respectively11,13

Spin-trapping ESR spectroscopy was used to study the effect of plant antioxidants lycopene, pycnogenol and grape seed extract on scavenging gas-phase free radicals in cigarette smoke.

بروتوكول لكشف ونبش النفايات الغاز مرحلة الجذور الحرة في دخان السجائر العادي

Cigarette smoking is associated with human cancers. It has been reported that most of the lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking 5,6,7,12.  ...

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

هندسة الأنسجة ل3D الإنسان<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; نظام ورم اختبار

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Sample Preparation Strategies for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of 3D Cell Culture Models

Three dimensional cell cultures are attractive models for biological research. They combine the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of cell culture with some of the spatial and molecular complexity of tissue. For example, many cell lines form 3D structures given appropriate in vitro conditions. Colon cancer cell lines form 3D cell culture spheroids, in vitro mimics of avascular tumor nodules. While immunohistochemistry and other classical imaging methods are popular for monitoring the distribution of specific analytes, mass spectrometric imaging examines the distribution of classes of molecules in an unbiased fashion. While MALDI mass spectrometric imaging was originally developed to interrogate samples obtained from humans or animal models, this report describes the analysis of in vitro three dimensional cell cultures, including improvements in sample preparation strategies. Herein is described methods for growth, harvesting, sectioning, washing, and analysis of 3D cell cultures via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) imaging. Using colon carcinoma 3D cell cultures as a model system, this protocol demonstrates the ability to monitor analytes in an unbiased fashion across the 3D cell culture system with MALDI-MSI.

Immortalized cancer cell lines can be grown as 3D cell cultures, a valuable model for biological research. This protocol describes mass spectrometry imaging of 3D cell cultures, including improvements in the sample preparation platform. The goal of this protocol is to instruct users to prepare 3D cell cultures for mass spectrometry imaging analysis.

عينة استراتيجيات التحضير للتصوير الطيف الكتلي لل3D الثقافة خلية نماذج

Three dimensional cell cultures are attractive models for biological research. They combine the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of cell culture with ...

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both cartilage and skin analogs were fabricated after bioink pre-cellularization utilizing a novel passive mixing unit technique. This technique was developed with the aim to simplify the steps involved in the mixing of a cell suspension into a highly viscous bioink. The resolution of filaments deposited through bioprinting necessitates the assurance of uniformity in cell distribution prior to printing to avoid the deposition of regions without cells or retention of large cell clumps that can clog the needle. We demonstrate the ability to rapidly blend a cell suspension with a bioink prior to bioprinting of both cartilage and skin analogs. Both tissue analogs could be cultured for up to 4 weeks. Histological analysis demonstrated both cell viability and deposition of tissue specific extracellular matrix (ECM) markers such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen I respectively.

Cartilage and skin analogs were bioprinted using a nanocellulose-alginate based bioink. The bioinks were cellularized prior to printing via a single step passive mixing unit. The constructs were demonstrated to be uniformly cellularized, have high viability, and exhibit favorable markers of differentiation.

بيوبرينتينج الغضاريف والجلد الأنسجة النظير استخدام سلبية رواية خلط وحدة تقنية بريسيلولاريزيشن بيوينك

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both ...

A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

Electronic cigarettes are the most popular tobacco product among middle and high schoolers and are the most popular alternative tobacco product among adults. High quality, reproducible research on the consequences of electronic cigarette use is essential for understanding emerging public health concerns and crafting evidence based regulatory policy. While a growing number of papers discuss electronic cigarettes, there is little consistency in methods across groups and very little consensus on results. Here, we describe a programmable laboratory device that can be used to create extracts of conventional cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette aerosol. This protocol details instructions for the assembly and operation of said device, and demonstrates the use of the generated extract in two sample applications: an in vitro cell viability assay and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. This method provides a tool for making direct comparisons between conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, and is an accessible entry point into electronic cigarette research.

Here, we describe a programmable laboratory device that can be used to create extracts of conventional cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette aerosol. This method provides a useful tool for making direct comparisons between conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, and is an accessible entry point into electronic cigarette research.

متحكم يعمل الجهاز لتوليد السائل مقتطفات من الهباء الجوي السجائر الإلكترونية ودخان السجائر التقليدية

Electronic cigarettes are the most popular tobacco product among middle and high schoolers and are the most popular alternative tobacco product among ...

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Due to the rapid development and implementation of a diverse array of engineered nanomaterials (ENM), exposure to ENM is inevitable and the development of robust, predictive in vitro test systems is essential. Hepatic toxicology is key when considering ENM exposure, as the liver serves a vital role in metabolic homeostasis and detoxification as well as being a major site of ENM accumulation post exposure. Based upon this and the accepted understanding that 2D hepatocyte models do not accurately mimic the complexities of intricate multi-cellular interactions and metabolic activity observed in vivo, there is a greater focus on the development of physiologically relevant 3D liver models tailored for ENM hazard assessment purposes in vitro. In line with the principles of the 3Rs to replace, reduce and refine animal experimentation, a 3D HepG2 cell-line based liver model has been developed, which is a user friendly, cost effective system that can support both extended and repeated ENM exposure regimes (&#8804;14 days). These spheroid models (&#8805;500 &#181;m in diameter) retain their proliferative capacity (i.e., dividing cell models) allowing them to be coupled with the &#8216;gold standard&#8217; micronucleus assay to effectively assess genotoxicity in vitro. Their ability to report on a range of toxicological endpoints (e.g., liver function, (pro-)inflammatory response, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity) has been characterized using several ENMs across both acute (24 h) and long-term (120 h) exposure regimes. This 3D in vitro hepatic model has the capacity to be utilized for evaluating more realistic ENM exposures, thereby providing a future in vitro approach to better support ENM hazard assessment in a routine and easily accessible manner.

This procedure was established to be used for developing advanced 3D hepatic cultures in vitro, which can provide a more physiologically relevant assessment of the genotoxic hazards associated with nanomaterial exposures over both an acute or long-term, repeated dose regimes.

نماذج متقدمة الكبد 3D لاختبار السمية الجينية في المختبر بعد التعرض للمواد النانوية على المدى الطويل

Due to the rapid development and implementation of a diverse array of engineered nanomaterials (ENM), exposure to ENM is inevitable and the development of ...

An Open Source Technology Platform to Manufacture Hydrogel-Based 3D Culture Models in an Automated and Standardized Fashion

Current mixing steps of viscous materials rely on repetitive and time-consuming tasks which are performed mainly manually in a low throughput mode. These issues represent drawbacks in workflows that can ultimately result in irreproducibility of research findings. Manual-based workflows are further limiting the advancement and widespread adoption of viscous materials, such as hydrogels used for biomedical applications. These challenges can be overcome by using automated workflows with standardized mixing processes to increase reproducibility. In this study, we present step-by-step instructions to use an open source protocol designer, to operate an open source workstation, and to identify reproducible mixtures. Specifically, the open source protocol designer guides the user through the experimental parameter selection and generates a ready-to-use protocol code to operate the workstation. This workstation is optimized for pipetting of viscous materials to enable automated and highly reliable handling by the integration of temperature docks for thermoresponsive materials, positive displacement pipettes for viscous materials, and an optional tip touch dock to remove excess material from the pipette tip. The validation and verification of mixtures are performed by a fast and inexpensive absorbance measurement of Orange G. This protocol presents results to obtain 80% (v/v) glycerol mixtures, a dilution series for gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), and double network hydrogels of 5% (w/v) GelMA and 2% (w/v) alginate. A troubleshooting guide is included to support users with protocol adoption. The described workflow can be broadly applied to a number of viscous materials to generate user-defined concentrations in an automated fashion.

This protocol serves as a comprehensive tutorial for standardized and reproducible mixing of viscous materials with a novel open source automation technology. Detailed instructions are provided on the operation of a newly developed open source workstation, the usage of an open source protocol designer, and the validation and verification to identify reproducible mixtures.

منصة تقنية مفتوحة المصدر لتصنيع نماذج ثقافة 3D القائمة على الهيدروجيل بطريقة آلية وموحدة

Current mixing steps of viscous materials rely on repetitive and time-consuming tasks which are performed mainly manually in a low throughput mode. These ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Human Gingival Epithelial Cells using Y-27632

The gingival tissue is the first structure that protects periodontal tissues and plays meaningful roles in many oral functions. The gingival epithelium is an important structure of gingival tissue, especially in the repair and regeneration of periodontal tissue. Studying the functions of gingival epithelial cells has crucial scientific value, such as repairing oral defects and detecting the compatibility of biomaterials. As human gingival epithelial cells are highly differentiated keratinized cells, their lifespan is short, and they are difficult to passage. So far, there are only two ways to isolate and culture gingival epithelial cells, a direct explant method and an enzymatic method. However, the time required to obtain epithelial cells using the direct explant method is longer, and the cell survival rate of the enzymatic method is lower. Clinically, the acquisition of gingival tissue is limited, so a stable, efficient, and simple in vitro isolation and culture system is needed. We improved the traditional enzymatic method by adding Y-27632, a Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, which can selectively promote the growth of epithelial cells. Our modified enzymatic method simplifies the steps of the traditional enzymatic method and increases the efficiency of culturing epithelial cells, which has significant advantages over the direct explant method and the enzymatic method.

Here we present a modified method for the isolation and culture of human gingival epithelial cells by adding the Rock inhibitor, Y-27632, to the traditional method. This method is easier, less time-consuming, enhances stem cell properties, and produces larger numbers of high-potential epithelial cells both for the laboratory and for clinical applications.

عزل وثقافة الخلايا الظهارية البشرية الأولية باستخدام Y-27632

The gingival tissue is the first structure that protects periodontal tissues and plays meaningful roles in many oral functions. The gingival epithelium is ...

جيل قابل للتطوير من كرويات الخلايا الموحدة باستخدام جهاز تجميع صوتي 3D

Three-Dimensional Acoustic Assembly Device for Mass Manufacturing of Cell Spheroids

Cell spheroids are promising three-dimensional (3D) models that have gained wide applications in many biological fields. This protocol presents a method for manufacturing high-quality and high-throughput cell spheroids using a 3D acoustic assembly device through maneuverable procedures. The acoustic assembly device consists of three lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers, each arranged in the X/Y/Z plane of a square polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) chamber. This configuration enables the generation of a 3D dot-array pattern of levitated acoustic nodes (LANs) when three signals are applied. As a result, cells in the gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) solution can be driven to the LANs, forming uniform cell aggregates in three dimensions. The GelMA solution is then UV-photocured and crosslinked to serve as a scaffold that supports the growth of cell aggregates. Finally, masses of matured spheroids are obtained and retrieved by subsequently dissolving the GelMA scaffolds under mild conditions. The proposed new 3D acoustic cell assembly device will enable the scale-up fabrication of cell spheroids, and even organoids, offering great potential technology in the biological field.

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: تطوير طريقة تجميع صوتية خالية من السقالات لثقافة كروية خلية 3D عالية الجودة 

Cell spheroids have been considered one potential model in the field of biological applications. This article describes protocols for scalably generating cell spheroids using a 3D acoustic assembly device, which provides an efficient method for the robust and rapid fabrication of uniform cell spheroids.

جهاز تجميع صوتي ثلاثي الأبعاد للتصنيع الشامل للكرويات الخلوية

Cell spheroids are promising three-dimensional (3D) models that have gained wide applications in many biological fields. This protocol presents a method ...