著者は、原稿の彼らのレビューのためにモーリス·スミスとマルヤTalikkaに感謝したいと思います。

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+approach+to+assess+the+toxicity+of+inhaled+tobacco+smoke+components:+nicotine,+cadmium,+formaldehyde+and+urethane.">An in vitro approach to assess the toxicity of inhaled tobacco smoke components: nicotine, cadmium, formaldehyde and urethane.</a> Toxicolog. 244, 66-76 (2008).</li><li>Mathis, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+bronchial+epithelial+cells+exposed+in+vitro+to+cigarette+smoke+at+the+air-liquid+interface+resemble+bronchial+epithelium+from+human+smokers.">Human bronchial epithelial cells exposed in vitro to cigarette smoke at the air-liquid interface resemble bronchial epithelium from human smokers.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physio. 304, L489-L503 (2013).</li><li>Cho, M. -. 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Methods for establishing primary cultures.</a> Methods in molecular biolog. 188, 115-137 (2002).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ISO 3402: Tobacco and tobacco products -- Atmosphere for conditioning and testing. , (1999).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. , (2011).</li><li>Gautier, L., Moller, M., Friis-Hansen, L., Knudsen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+mapping+of+probes+to+genes+for+Affymetrix+chips.">Alternative mapping of probes to genes for Affymetrix chips.</a> BMC Bioinformatic. 5, 111 (2004).</li><li>Hermida, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confero:+an+integrated+contrast+data+and+gene+set+platform+for+computational+analysis+and+biological+interpretation+of+omics+data.">Confero: an integrated contrast data and gene set platform for computational analysis and biological interpretation of omics data.</a> BMC genomic. 14, 514 (2013).</li><li>Thomson, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+biological+impact+using+transcriptomic+data+and+mechanistic+network+models.">Quantitative assessment of biological impact using transcriptomic data and mechanistic network models.</a> Toxicology and applied pharmacolog. 272, 863-878 (2013).</li><li>Teff, Z., Priel, Z., Gheber, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+forces+applied+by+cilia+depend+linearly+on+their+frequency+due+to+constant+geometry+of+the+effective+stroke.">The forces applied by cilia depend linearly on their frequency due to constant geometry of the effective stroke.</a> Biophysical journa. 94, 298-305 (2008).</li><li>Hilgendorf, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caco-2+versus+Caco-2/HT29-MTX+co-cultured+cell+lines:+permeabilities+via+diffusion,+inside-+and+outside-directed+carrier-mediated+transport.">Caco-2 versus Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-cultured cell lines: permeabilities via diffusion, inside- and outside-directed carrier-mediated transport.</a> J Pharm Sc. 89, 63-75 (2000).</li><li>Sutto, Z., Conner, G. 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この研究は、フィリップモリスインターナショナルによって資金を供給された。

ここでは繰り返さCS暴露の影響を評価するために、人間の器官の気管支および鼻組織モデルの適用可能性を実証した。動物実験の代替として、露光システムの数は、インビトロでのエアロゾル暴露の毒性評価のために開発された（ 例えば 、Vitrocell、Cultex、ALICE、等）。これらの露出モジュールはまた、本研究では等大気汚染物質、浮遊微小粒子、ナノ粒子の毒性学的評価のために利用することができ、我々は、大規模実験との間の低い変動性を考慮し、同時に48の異なるサンプルまで収容することができVitrocellシステムを使用しトリートメント。 インビトロでのすべてのエアロゾル暴露のために、組織培養の汚染の危険性は、その緩和の実験を通して組織培養物の慎重な取り扱いが要求される大きなリスク残る。 電子天秤の間にリアルタイムで粒子沈着を測定するxposure実験は、露光システムから生成されたCS用量は期待に適合していることを監視することができます。段取りオンライン測定を正確に露光する前には、 例えば 、critialなぜなら微量天秤（cm 2）との面積の差により、さらに0にスケールを設定し、測定された粒子の沈着の精度を確保するため組織培養インサート（0.33 cm 2）を 、我々は、培養インサートの領域に最終的な計算を調整する：天秤上の堆積のわずか33％が、培養インサートの実際の堆積を反映する。 タイトジャンクショ​​ンのバリア機能を確認すると、上皮層の破壊を評価するためにTEERの測定は、私たちがここで報告された、実装するための比較的簡単な手順である。気管支および鼻組織モデルは、粘液産生散在杯細胞を含有してので、頂端洗浄TEER measの前に実行される必要があるurement。粘液層の存在およびその厚缶バイアスTEERの測定のばらつきは、CS暴露の影響をinterferringのでアピカル洗浄が重要である。この概念はのどぐろしたCaco-2細胞の透過性、粘液産生杯細胞株HT29 23との共培養によって影響された同僚によって報告されたものと一致している。粘液は、右露光前頂端洗浄CSに対する組織反応を妨害する可能性があるため、事前のTEER測定を洗い流される必要がある。したがって、測定は3日間の曝露の前に行われ、露光前、右されていません。 我々は、活性は軽度にしかCSによって増加したが、CYP1A1 / CYP1B1活性がCS曝露後の器官培養モデルから測定することができることを示した。この弱い信号のために、例えば、CYP1A1 / 1B1の基質（ すなわち 、ルシフェリン-CEE）のより長いインキュベーションによって増幅することができる24時間後（データは示さず）。本研究におけるCYP活性測定の限界の一つは、CYPタンパク質のレベルまたは酵素活性に変化が影響を受けないことを保証するために、将来の研究のために考慮することができる細胞数に正規化が存在しないことであるタンパク質レベルまたは細胞数のいずれかの変化によって。 私たちは、CS曝露が鼻および気管支組織モデルの両方に繊毛運動を阻害したことを報告した。同様の観察は、多様な哺乳動物および非哺乳動物のモデル12で行った。繊毛運動の測定のために、組織は同様の方法で処理し、処理されることを保証することは培​​地交換が実施される場合、例えば、それは、すべてのサンプルに適用されるべき、重要である。 Suttoらは、pHが、周波数24を破って、哺乳動物の毛様体に影響を与えたことを報告した。したがって、異なるcompunds /混合物で処理した細胞との間の拍動頻度を比較した場合、pHは調整は、繊毛運動測定のばらつきを最小限にするために考慮されるべきである。繊毛運動の周波数は温度の低下と共に低下するとまた、測定を行う際の温度も重要である。本研究で使用した温度、CO 2、及び湿度制御が装備これらの変更、ステージトップインキュベーターによるばらつきを最小限にすることができる。それにもかかわらず、我々は、CS曝露後の気管支組織中の周波数を破っ繊毛の繊毛運動は、露光後の非常に乱れた権利であることを示唆している、高度に可変（ すなわち一つのインサートが増加し、他のインサートの減少）であったことを観察した。対照的に、我々は、鼻組織の反応の感受性と一致していることを示唆し、CS曝露後鼻組織に測定可能な繊毛運動周波数が存在しないことを観察した。これは、鼻組織のように解毒する低い能力を有することを示した以前の出版物と一致している気管支25と比較した。 最後に、CSに曝露された器官の気管支および鼻組織モデルからの遺伝子発現プロファイリングは、生体異物代謝にCSの影響を実証することを示した。興味深いことに、CSに曝露しビトロモデルにおける器官気管支及び鼻内異物代謝において観察された変化は、以前の刊行物15に詳細に説明するように喫煙者におけるインビボの状況と似ている。遺伝子発現解析のために、ロボティック機器を使用するハイスループット分析を可能にする。また、自動ロボットハンドリングはさらに、遺伝子発現の結果の一貫性及び精度が向上する。それにもかかわらず、組織サンプルの迅速な収集はRNA抽出中にRNAの分解を避けるために重要であった。ここで説明するRNA処理とトランスクリプトームアプローチはまた、 インビボでの組織サンプルに適用することができる。

Lungs are directly and constantly exposed to inhaled air that may contain diverse toxicants such as pollutants and constituents of cigarette smoke (CS). Studying the impact of exposure to those toxicants on respiratory tissues is most informative when done in a manner that resembles in vivo exposure. Compared with the classical 2D immersed cell cultures (e.g., normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE)), 3D organotypic tissue models better recapitulate the morphological, physiological, and molecular aspects of the human airway epithelium in vivo1,2: the 3D tissue models contain the diversity of the cell types observed in vivo, including differentiated epithelial cells, ciliated and non-ciliated cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. They have functional tight junctions and exhibit a mucociliary phenotype 1-3. Moreover, the cultures can be grown on a permeable porous membrane, in an air-liquid interface, allowing a direct exposure to aerosol at the apical side (whereas the basolateral side is immersed in culture medium) 3-5. Dvorak and colleagues reported that gene expression profiles of bronchial tissue models were similar to those obtained from human bronchial brushings 3. In addition, Mathis and colleagues showed that the responses of these tissue models to CS were similar to the differences observed between bronchial epithelial cells obtained from smokers and cells obtained from non-smokers 6. Finally, because the bronchial tissue models could be cultured for up to several months 4,5, they could potentially be used to examine the effects of long-term exposure of test items. 
Cytotoxicity assessments are common parameters measured following chemical insults or to assess the toxicity of specific compounds or mixtures. For instance, membrane integrity can be measured by a luminescent assay and allows the measurement of a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on the cell culture 7. However, to assess pathophysiological effects of compounds at subtoxic concentrations, other parameters should be measured. For example, tissue integrity determined using the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay ensures the functionality of tight junctions and monitors the disruption of the epithelial layer 8,9. Ciliary beating frequency also allows the measurement of CS-related effects on respiratory tissues. A normal beating frequency for the cilia lining bordering the upper and lower respiratory tract is important to protect against airway infections 10. Each of the ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the respiratory epithelium has 200-300 cilia beating at a particular frequency to eliminate infectious agents or inhaled particulate matter trapped in the mucus released by interspersed goblet cells 11. CS contains chemicals that may inhibit ciliary beating 12, leading to a reduced protection of the respiratory tract. This work shows that ciliary beating can be measured in organotypic tissue models. This approach allows assessment of whether epithelial cells exhibit their normal function in the organotypic tissue culture. CS also activates xenobiotic metabolism responses in the respiratory tract to metabolize tobacco smoke constituents 13. The activity of the phase I xenobiotic metabolism enzymes, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, of the tissue models can be measured. Additionally, as previously reported, global gene expression can be measured in the organotypic bronchial tissue models 6,14,15. A transcriptomic data and network-based systems biology approach is leveraged to assess the impact of CS on xenobiotic metabolism 15. 
The methodologies used to expose organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream CS using an in vitro exposure system and to measure the tissue responses to this exposure compared to fresh air exposure (control) are detailed here.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1545">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:356px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:655px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MucilAir-human fibroblasts-bronchia</td>
			<td>Epithelix S&#225;rl, Geneva, Switzerland</td>
			<td>http://www.epithelix.com/content/view/122/19/lang,en/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MucilAir Culture Medium</td>
			<td>Epithelix S&#225;rl, Geneva, Switzerland</td>
			<td>http://www.epithelix.com/content/view/84/16/lang,en/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VITROCELL</td>
			<td>VITROCELL systems GmbH, Waldkirch, Germany</td>
			<td>http://www.vitrocell.com/index.php?Nav_Nummer=2&#38;R=</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3R4F reference cigarette</td>
			<td>University of Kentucky</td>
			<td>http://www2.ca.uky.edu/refcig/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">30-port carousel smoking machine SM2000</td>
			<td>Philip Morris, Int.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CiliaMetrix camera and software</td>
			<td>La Haute &#201;cole de Gestion (HESGE), Geneva, Switzlerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica DMIL microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica, Heerbrugg, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LED light source</td>
			<td>Titan Tool Supplies, Buffalo, NY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chopstick Electrode STX-2</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>http://www.wpiinc.com/products/physiology/stx2-chopstick-electrode-set-for-evom2/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EVOMXTM Epithelial Voltohmmeter&#160;</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>http://www.wpiinc.com/products/physiology/evom2-evom2-epithelial-voltohmmeter-for-teer/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Luciferin Detection Reagent&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MagNA Lyser Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>http://www.roche.com/products/product-details.htm?region=us&#38;type=product&#38;id=66</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">chloroform&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/288306?lang=en&#38;region=</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAcube&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right">9001882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NanoDrop</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>http://www.nanodrop.com/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer&#160;</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>http://www.genomics.agilent.com/en/Bioanalyzer-System/2100-Bioanalyzer-Instruments/?cid=AG-PT-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Affymetrix GeneChip High throughput 3&#8217;IVT Express Kit</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>http://www.affymetrix.com/catalog/prod370001/AFFY/High-Throughput-(HT)-Whole-Transcript-(WT)-Kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scanner 3000 7G&#160;</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>http://www.affymetrix.com/catalog/131503/AFFY/Scanner-3000-7G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

impact assessment of repeated exposure of organotypic 3d bronchial and nasal tissue culture models to whole cigarette smoke

Cigarette smoke (CS) has a major impact on lung biology and may result in the development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or lung cancer. To understand the underlying mechanisms of disease development, it would be important to examine the impact of CS exposure directly on lung tissues. However, this approach is difficult to implement in epidemiological studies because lung tissue sampling is complex and invasive. Alternatively, tissue culture models can facilitate the assessment of exposure impacts on the lung tissue. Submerged 2D cell cultures, such as normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures, have traditionally been used for this purpose. However, they cannot be exposed directly to smoke in a similar manner to the in vivo exposure situation. Recently developed 3D tissue culture models better reflect the in vivo situation because they can be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Their basal sides are immersed in the culture medium; whereas, their apical sides are exposed to air. Moreover, organotypic tissue cultures that contain different type of cells, better represent the physiology of the tissue in vivo. In this work, the utilization of an in vitro exposure system to expose human organotypic bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream CS is demonstrated. Ciliary beating frequency and the activity of cytochrome P450s (CYP) 1A1/1B1 were measured to assess functional impacts of CS on the tissues. Furthermore, to examine CS-induced alterations at the molecular level, gene expression profiles were generated from the tissues following exposure. A slight increase in CYP1A1/1B1 activity was observed in CS-exposed tissues compared with air-exposed tissues. A network-and transcriptomics-based systems biology approach was sufficiently robust to demonstrate CS-induced alterations of xenobiotic metabolism that were similar to those observed in the bronchial and nasal epithelial cells obtained from smokers.

以下に記載された結果では、器官、組織、初代ヒト上皮細胞、健康、禁煙、白人ドナーから単離され、線維芽細胞15を使用して再構成しただった。 3D気管支及び鼻の組織モデル 体外気管支及び鼻の器官のモデルでは 、細胞レベル、人間の気道上皮（ 図2）に似ている。 CS暴露 器官気管支及び鼻組織モデルを繰り返し、空気 - 液体界面で主流CSに曝露することができる。ここに示された結果のために使用される煙曝露実験手順は、 図1に示されている。 繊毛運動の記録 繊毛の鼓動は、ビデオに示すように、空気に露出した組織で記録した。 CS露光は繊毛運動頻度の減少に関連した強いピークは周りを観察露出した偽および暴露前4ヘルツのCS曝露（ 図3）の後にはもはや観察されない。この低減された周波数は、粘液と感染性物質22を除去することが少ない効率的な鼓動繊毛になるだろう。 TEER及びCYP1A1 / 1B1活性の測定 TEERは、組織がまだ機能していることを確認するために、最後の曝露の48時間後に測定した。 CYP1A1 / 1B1活性を図1に示すように、露光の終了の48時間後に測定した。CS曝露組織におけるTEER値は、煙の大 ​​きな細胞毒性効果がないことを確認した空気に露出した組織と比較して有意差はなかったこの濃度で。 48時間の露光後に、組織のCYP1A1 / 1B1活性がわずかに露出（ 図4）は、以下の組織防御機構の適度な増加を示し、増加した。 遺伝子発現プロファイルおよびネットワークベースのシステムは、双方向異物代謝の変化のCS曝露の影響を研究する学問のアプローチ 組織は48時間の露光後の時点で採取した。次いで、マイクロアレイ分析、遺伝子発現CS-のプロファイルと空気曝露組織を生成するために実施した。生体異物代謝にCS暴露の影響は、遺伝子発現プロファイルから、15以前報告されたように活用ネットワークベースのシステム生物学のアプローチを用いて調べた。ネットワークベースのシステム生物学のアプローチを使用して、生体異物の代謝ネットワークモデルにおけるバックボーンノードのレベルでのCS曝露の影響がうまく（ 図5） のin vitroおよびin vivoの間でデータセットに相関していたことを示している。対照的に、各個々の遺伝子発現の変化のレベルで、貧弱な相関は、インビトロ （空気曝露対CS曝露）およびインビボ （非喫煙者対喫煙者）との間で観察された。 図1.器官気管支組織モデルへのCSの反復暴露の概略手順略語：。CYP、チトクロームP450の。 CS、たばこの煙。 TEER、経上皮電気抵抗。 <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig2.jpg" /> 図2.器官気管支及び鼻上皮組織培養モデル。漫画気管支（A）を説明し、気液界面での鼻（B）組織培養インサート。以前に15報告されているようにin vitroモデルは、ヘマトキシリン＆エオシン染色された細胞の先端層に示す繊毛細胞（気管支用のC、鼻用D）を含有していた。モデルは、重要である線維芽細胞と共培養した<html>上皮細胞（矢印）の増殖および分化のために。気道系統マーカーの染色：以前に15報告されているようにP63（鼻用気管支ためのE、F）およびMUC5AC（気管支用のGは 、鼻用H）が示されている。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig3.jpg" /> 図3繊毛拍動頻度。繊毛ビート周波数（CBF）は、露光前後大気曝露および培養物中で測定した。 （2挿入から代表的な結果がレプリケート1（R1）として示され、2（R2）を複製している）CBFがCS暴露後に見られた減少した。 広告/ 52325 / 52325fig4.jpg &quot;/&gt; 図4. CYP1A1 / CYP1B1活性の測定とTEER。左pannelsは気管支（A）におけるCYP1A1 / CYP1B1の活動を示し、鼻（B）は、組織モデル。右のパネルは、気管支（C）および鼻（D）組織モデルにおけるTEER測定を示す。 ±SDが示されていることを意味します。略語：CS、たばこの煙。 CYP、チトクロームP450。 TEER、経上皮電気抵抗。 RLU、相対luminescenseユニット。 <img alt="図5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig5.jpg" /> 異物代謝の文脈におけるCS暴露の影響評価のために、図5のネットワーク·ベースのシステム生物学アプローチ。遺伝子発現レベルの変化は、生体異物の代謝ネットワークモデルのバックボーンノードの活性化（A）を計算するために使用された</<html> strong&gt;の前の出版物15で報告されたように。右の図は、NPAアプローチを使用して &quot;、差動ネットワークバックボーン値」としても知られ、バックボーンノードの定量化の概念を示す図である。青色の楕円は、バックボーン·ノードの活性を表す（ すなわち 、機能層）および緑色ボールの遺伝子の発現を表す（ すなわち 、転写層）。曝露後の48時間での器官型気管支組織におけるCS曝露の影響は、（ 試験管内で、空気に露出対CS-露光）下甲（GSE16008をburshingことで気管支鏡検査と鼻上皮によって収集されたヒト気管支上皮に喫煙のものと比較した）（ インビボ、喫煙者対非喫煙者）（B）。インセット、 インビトロおよびインビボのデータセット中の間の遺伝子発現の変化の相関。略語：CS、たばこの煙。 NPA、ネットワーク摂動振幅。ove.com/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig5large.jpg「ターゲット= &quot;_空白&quot;&gt;この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke at JoVE.com

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke

The aim of this protocol is to expose human organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) at the air-liquid interface. The impact of CS on the tissues is then investigated using a cytochrome P450 activity assay, a cilia beating measurement, and a systems biology approach.

全体タバコ煙への器官型3D気管支及び鼻腔組織培養モデルの反復暴露の影響評価

Cigarette smoke (CS) has a major impact on lung biology and may result in the development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ...

impact-assessment-repeated-exposure-organotypic-3d-bronchial-nasal

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

11.1K ビュー.  Philip Morris Products S.A.. The aim of this protocol is to expose human organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) at the air-liquid interface. The impact of CS on the tissues is then investigated using a cytochrome P450 activity assay, a cilia beating measurement, and a systems biology approach.

ビデオ: Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoking is associated with human cancers. It has been reported that most of the lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking 5,6,7,12. Although tobacco tars and related products in the particle phase of cigarette smoke are major causes of carcinogenic and mutagenic related diseases, cigarette smoke contains significant amounts of free radicals that are also considered as an important group of carcinogens9,10. Free radicals attack cell constituents by damaging protein structure, lipids and DNA sequences and increase the risks of developing various types of cancers. Inhaled radicals produce adducts that contribute to many of the negative health effects of tobacco smoke in the lung3. Studies have been conducted to reduce free radicals in cigarette smoke to decrease risks of the smoking-induced damage. It has been reported that haemoglobin and heme-containing compounds could partially scavenge nitric oxide, reactive oxidants and carcinogenic volatile nitrosocompounds of cigarette smoke4. A 'bio-filter' consisted of haemoglobin and activated carbon was used to scavenge the free radicals and to remove up to 90% of the free radicals from cigarette smoke14. However, due to the cost-ineffectiveness, it has not been successfully commercialized. Another study showed good scavenging efficiency of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine8. In the present study, we report a protocol for introducing common natural antioxidant extracts into the cigarette filter for scavenging gas phase free radicals in cigarette smoke and measurement of the scavenge effect on gas phase free radicals in mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) using spin-trapping Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy1,2,14. We showed high scavenging capacity of lycopene and grape seed extract which could point to their future application in cigarette filters. An important advantage of these prospective scavengers is that they can be obtained in large quantities from byproducts of tomato or wine industry respectively11,13

Spin-trapping ESR spectroscopy was used to study the effect of plant antioxidants lycopene, pycnogenol and grape seed extract on scavenging gas-phase free radicals in cigarette smoke.

たばこの主流煙のフリーラジカルを検出し、気相を清掃するためのプロトコル

Cigarette smoking is associated with human cancers. It has been reported that most of the lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking 5,6,7,12.  ...

生物工学

Electric Field-controlled Directed Migration of Neural Progenitor Cells in 2D and 3D Environments

Endogenous electric fields (EFs) occur naturally in vivo and play a critical role during tissue/organ development and regeneration, including that of the central nervous system1,2. These endogenous EFs are generated by cellular regulation of ionic transport combined with the electrical resistance of cells and tissues. It has been reported that applied EF treatment can promote functional repair of spinal cord injuries in animals and humans3,4. In particular, EF-directed cell migration has been demonstrated in a wide variety of cell types5,6, including neural progenitor cells (NPCs)7,8. Application of direct current (DC) EFs is not a commonly available technique in most laboratories. We have described detailed protocols for the application of DC EFs to cell and tissue cultures previously5,11. Here we present a video demonstration of standard methods based on a calculated field strength to set up 2D and 3D environments for NPCs, and to investigate cellular responses to EF stimulation in both single cell growth conditions in 2D, and the organotypic spinal cord slice in 3D. The spinal cordslice is an ideal recipient tissue for studying NPC ex vivo behaviours, post-transplantation, because the cytoarchitectonic tissue organization is well preserved within these cultures9,10. Additionally, this ex vivo model also allows procedures that are not technically feasible to track cells in vivo using time-lapse recording at the single cell level. It is critically essential to evaluate cell behaviours in not only a 2D environment, but also in a 3D organotypic condition which mimicks the in vivo environment. This system will allow high-resolution imaging using cover glass-based dishes in tissue or organ culture with 3D tracking of single cell migration in vitro and ex vivo and can be an intermediate step before moving onto in vivo paradigms.

This protocol demonstrates methods used to establish 2D and 3D environments in custom-designed electrotactic chambers, which can track cells in vivo/ex vivo using time-lapse recording at the single cell level, in order to investigate galvanotaxis/electrotaxis and other cellular responses to direct current (DC) electric fields (EFs).

2Dと3D環境での神経前駆細胞の電界制御監督移行

Endogenous electric fields (EFs) occur naturally in vivo and play a critical role during tissue/organ development and regeneration, including that of the ...

Protocol for Relative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Tri-leaflet Polymer Valves

Limitations of currently available prosthetic valves, xenografts, and homografts have prompted a recent resurgence of developments in the area of tri-leaflet polymer valve prostheses. However, identification of a protocol for initial assessment of polymer valve hydrodynamic functionality is paramount during the early stages of the design process. Traditional in vitro pulse duplicator systems are not configured to accommodate flexible tri-leaflet materials; in addition, assessment of polymer valve functionality needs to be made in a relative context to native and prosthetic heart valves under identical test conditions so that variability in measurements from different instruments can be avoided. Accordingly, we conducted hydrodynamic assessment of i) native (n = 4, mean diameter, D = 20 mm), ii) bi-leaflet mechanical (n= 2, D = 23 mm) and iii) polymer valves (n = 5, D = 22 mm) via the use of a commercially available pulse duplicator system (ViVitro Labs Inc, Victoria, BC) that was modified to accommodate tri-leaflet valve geometries. Tri-leaflet silicone valves developed at the University of Florida comprised the polymer valve group. A mixture in the ratio of 35:65 glycerin to water was used to mimic blood physical properties. Instantaneous flow rate was measured at the interface of the left ventricle and aortic units while pressure was recorded at the ventricular and aortic positions. Bi-leaflet and native valve data from the literature was used to validate flow and pressure readings. The following hydrodynamic metrics were reported: forward flow pressure drop, aortic root mean square forward flow rate, aortic closing, leakage&#160;and regurgitant volume, transaortic closing, leakage, and total energy losses. Representative results indicated that hydrodynamic metrics from the three valve groups could be successfully obtained by incorporating a custom-built assembly into a commercially available pulse duplicator system and subsequently, objectively compared to provide insights on functional aspects of polymer valve design.

There has been renewed interest in developing polymer valves. Here, the objectives are to demonstrate the feasibility of modifying a commercial pulse duplicator to accommodate tri-leaflet geometries and to define a protocol to present polymer valve hydrodynamic data in comparison to native and prosthetic valve data collected under near-identical conditions.

トライリーフレットポリマーバルブの相対的な流体力学的評価のためのプロトコル

Limitations of currently available prosthetic valves, xenografts, and homografts have prompted a recent resurgence of developments in the area of ...

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

人間の3次元の組織工学<em&gt; in vitroで</em&gt;腫瘍テストシステム

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Sample Preparation Strategies for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of 3D Cell Culture Models

Three dimensional cell cultures are attractive models for biological research. They combine the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of cell culture with some of the spatial and molecular complexity of tissue. For example, many cell lines form 3D structures given appropriate in vitro conditions. Colon cancer cell lines form 3D cell culture spheroids, in vitro mimics of avascular tumor nodules. While immunohistochemistry and other classical imaging methods are popular for monitoring the distribution of specific analytes, mass spectrometric imaging examines the distribution of classes of molecules in an unbiased fashion. While MALDI mass spectrometric imaging was originally developed to interrogate samples obtained from humans or animal models, this report describes the analysis of in vitro three dimensional cell cultures, including improvements in sample preparation strategies. Herein is described methods for growth, harvesting, sectioning, washing, and analysis of 3D cell cultures via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) imaging. Using colon carcinoma 3D cell cultures as a model system, this protocol demonstrates the ability to monitor analytes in an unbiased fashion across the 3D cell culture system with MALDI-MSI.

Immortalized cancer cell lines can be grown as 3D cell cultures, a valuable model for biological research. This protocol describes mass spectrometry imaging of 3D cell cultures, including improvements in the sample preparation platform. The goal of this protocol is to instruct users to prepare 3D cell cultures for mass spectrometry imaging analysis.

3次元細胞培養モデルの質量分析イメージング用試料調製の戦略

Three dimensional cell cultures are attractive models for biological research. They combine the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of cell culture with ...

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding

The glycoprotein family of collagens represents the main structural proteins in the human body, and are key components of biomaterials used in modern tissue engineering. A technical bottleneck is the deposition of collagen in vitro, as it is notoriously slow, resulting in sub-optimal formation of connective tissue and subsequent tissue cohesion, particularly in skin models. Here, we describe a method which involves the addition of differentially-sized sucrose co-polymers to skin cultures to generate macromolecular crowding (MMC), which results in a dramatic enhancement of collagen deposition. Particularly, dermal fibroblasts deposited a significant amount of collagen I/IV/VII and fibronectin under MMC in comparison to controls.
The protocol also describes a method to decellularize crowded cell layers, exposing significant amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) which were retained on the culture surface as evidenced by immunocytochemistry. Total matrix mass and distribution pattern was studied using interference reflection microscopy. Interestingly, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and co-cultures produced cell-derived matrices (CDM) of varying composition and morphology. CDM could be used as &#34;bio-scaffolds&#34; for secondary cell seeding, where the current use of coatings or scaffolds, typically from xenogenic animal sources, can be avoided, thus moving towards more clinically relevant applications.
In addition, this protocol describes the application of MMC during the submerged phase of a 3D-organotypic skin co-culture model which was sufficient to enhance ECM deposition in the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ), in particular, collagen VII, the major component of anchoring fibrils. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of anchoring fibrils in cultures developed with MMC, as compared to controls. This is significant as anchoring fibrils tether the dermis to the epidermis, hence, having a pre-formed mature DEJ may benefit skin graft recipients in terms of graft stability and overall wound healing. Furthermore, culture time was condensed from 5 weeks to 3 weeks to obtain a mature construct, when using MMC, reducing costs.

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding

We present a protocol to obtain cell-derived matrices rich in extracellular matrix proteins, using macromolecular crowders (MMC). In addition, we present a protocol which incorporates MMC in 3D organotypic skin co-culture generation, which reduces culture time while maintaining maturity of construct.

2Dと3Dの肌の改善<em&gt;インビトロ</em分子クラウディングの使用&gt;モデル

The glycoprotein family of collagens represents the main structural proteins in the human body, and are key components of biomaterials used in modern ...

A Microfluidic Platform for High-throughput Single-cell Isolation and Culture

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet high-throughput, method to perform single-cell culture experiments. Here, we report a microfluidic chip-based strategy for high-efficiency single-cell isolation (~77%) and demonstrate its capability of performing long-term single-cell culture (up to 7 d) and cellular heterogeneity analysis using clonogenic assay. These applications were demonstrated with KT98 mouse neural stem cells, and A549 and MDA-MB-435 human cancer cells. High single-cell isolation efficiency and long-term culture capability are achieved by using different sizes of microwells on the top and bottom of the microfluidic channel. The small microwell array is designed for precisely isolating single-cells, and the large microwell array is used for single-cell clonal culture in the microfluidic chip. This microfluidic platform constitutes an attractive approach for single-cell culture applications, due to its flexibility of adjustable cell culture spaces for different culture strategies, without decreasing isolation efficiency.

Here, we present a protocol for isolating and culturing single cells with a microfluidic platform, which utilizes a new microwell design concept to allow for high-efficiency single cell isolation and long-term clonal culture.

ハイスループットシングルセルの単離および培養のためのマイクロ流体プラットフォーム

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet ...

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both cartilage and skin analogs were fabricated after bioink pre-cellularization utilizing a novel passive mixing unit technique. This technique was developed with the aim to simplify the steps involved in the mixing of a cell suspension into a highly viscous bioink. The resolution of filaments deposited through bioprinting necessitates the assurance of uniformity in cell distribution prior to printing to avoid the deposition of regions without cells or retention of large cell clumps that can clog the needle. We demonstrate the ability to rapidly blend a cell suspension with a bioink prior to bioprinting of both cartilage and skin analogs. Both tissue analogs could be cultured for up to 4 weeks. Histological analysis demonstrated both cell viability and deposition of tissue specific extracellular matrix (ECM) markers such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen I respectively.

Cartilage and skin analogs were bioprinted using a nanocellulose-alginate based bioink. The bioinks were cellularized prior to printing via a single step passive mixing unit. The constructs were demonstrated to be uniformly cellularized, have high viability, and exhibit favorable markers of differentiation.

軟骨と皮膚組織類縁ミキシング ユニット Bioink Precellularization の小説のパッシブ バイオプリンティング

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both ...

A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

Electronic cigarettes are the most popular tobacco product among middle and high schoolers and are the most popular alternative tobacco product among adults. High quality, reproducible research on the consequences of electronic cigarette use is essential for understanding emerging public health concerns and crafting evidence based regulatory policy. While a growing number of papers discuss electronic cigarettes, there is little consistency in methods across groups and very little consensus on results. Here, we describe a programmable laboratory device that can be used to create extracts of conventional cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette aerosol. This protocol details instructions for the assembly and operation of said device, and demonstrates the use of the generated extract in two sample applications: an in vitro cell viability assay and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. This method provides a tool for making direct comparisons between conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, and is an accessible entry point into electronic cigarette research.

Here, we describe a programmable laboratory device that can be used to create extracts of conventional cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette aerosol. This method provides a useful tool for making direct comparisons between conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, and is an accessible entry point into electronic cigarette research.

マイクロ コント ローラーは従来のタバコの煙、電子たばこエアロゾル液体抽出物の世代のデバイスを運営

Electronic cigarettes are the most popular tobacco product among middle and high schoolers and are the most popular alternative tobacco product among ...

Handling and Assessment of Human Primary Prostate Organoid Culture

This paper describes a detailed protocol for three-dimensional (3D) culturing, handling, and evaluation of human primary prostate organoids. The process involves seeding of epithelial cells sparsely in a 3D matrix gel on a 96-well microplate with media changes to cultivate expansion into organoids. Morphology is then assessed by whole-well capturing of z-stack images. Compression of z-stacks creates a single in-focus image from which organoids are measured to quantify a variety of outputs, including circularity, roundness, and area.DNA, RNA, and protein can be collected from organoids recovered from the matrix gel. Cell populations of interest can be assessed by organoid dissociation and flow cytometry. Formalin-fixation-paraffin-embedding (FFPE) followed by sectioning is used for the histological assessment and antibody staining. Whole-mount immunofluorescent staining preserves organoid morphology and facilitates observation of protein localization in organoids in situ. Commercial assays that are traditionally used for 2D monolayer cells can be modified for 3D organoids. Used together, the techniques in this protocol provide a robust toolbox to quantify prostate organoid growth, morphologic characteristics, and expression of differentiation markers.

Here, we present a protocol to guide human primary prostate organoid handling then suggest endpoints to assess phenotype. Seeding, culture maintenance, recovery from matrix gel, morphologic quantification, embedding and sectioning, FFPE sectioning, whole-mount staining, and application of commercial assays are described.

処理と人間プライマリ前立腺培養の評価

This paper describes a detailed protocol for three-dimensional (3D) culturing, handling, and evaluation of human primary prostate organoids. The process ...

全体タバコ煙への器官型3D気管支及び鼻腔組織培養モデルの反復暴露の影響評価

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

たばこの主流煙のフリーラジカルを検出し、気相を清掃するためのプロトコル

2Dと3D環境での神経前駆細胞の電界制御監督移行

トライリーフレットポリマーバルブの相対的な流体力学的評価のためのプロトコル

人間の3次元の組織工学

3次元細胞培養モデルの質量分析イメージング用試料調製の戦略

2Dと3Dの肌の改善

ハイスループットシングルセルの単離および培養のためのマイクロ流体プラットフォーム

軟骨と皮膚組織類縁ミキシングユニット Bioink Precellularization の小説のパッシブバイオプリンティング

マイクロコントローラーは従来のタバコの煙、電子たばこエアロゾル液体抽出物の世代のデバイスを運営

処理と人間プライマリ前立腺培養の評価

全体タバコ煙への器官型3D気管支及び鼻腔組織培養モデルの反復暴露の影響評価

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

たばこの主流煙のフリーラジカルを検出し、気相を清掃するためのプロトコル

2Dと3D環境での神経前駆細胞の電界制御監督移行

トライリーフレットポリマーバルブの相対的な流体力学的評価のためのプロトコル

人間の3次元の組織工学

3次元細胞培養モデルの質量分析イメージング用試料調製の戦略

2Dと3Dの肌の改善

ハイスループットシングルセルの単離および培養のためのマイクロ流体プラットフォーム

軟骨と皮膚組織類縁ミキシング ユニット Bioink Precellularization の小説のパッシブ バイオプリンティング

マイクロ コント ローラーは従来のタバコの煙、電子たばこエアロゾル液体抽出物の世代のデバイスを運営

処理と人間プライマリ前立腺培養の評価

軟骨と皮膚組織類縁ミキシングユニット Bioink Precellularization の小説のパッシブバイオプリンティング

マイクロコントローラーは従来のタバコの煙、電子たばこエアロゾル液体抽出物の世代のデバイスを運営