This work has been funded by the National Research Foundation grant NRF-CRP4-2008-02 (J.T.) and Tier 1 grant RG 51/13.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

تقدم هذه الورقة بروتوكول تجريبي لإعداد العينات وتحليل oligomerization من البروتين غشاء صغير في المنظفات باستخدام توازن الترسيب. بروتوكول صفها صالح -وعلى simpler- للبروتينات قابلة للذوبان على حد سواء، كما لا يشترط الخطوة كثافة مطابقة. في الواقع، يتكون النظام من خلال خليط من الم...

تنبيذ فائق التحليلية 1-5 هو واحد من أهم الأساليب لدراسة تفاعلات الجزيئات في ظل الظروف الفسيولوجية، ويجري في متناول كل من التفاعلات الضعيفة والقوية. هذه الطريقة خالية من التسمية ويستخدم امتصاص الضوء أو تدخل، وحتى النظم البصرية مضان يمكن استخدامها للوصول إلى نطاقات التركيز على مدى عدة أوامر من حجم 6. هذه الطريقة مفيدة خصوصا لأن معظم العمليات الكيميائية الحيوية تعتمد على التفاعلات عكسها. رياضيات الكيمياء وقوة هذه التفاعلات يجب أن يتميز من الناحية الكمية لفهم العمليات البيولوجية، ويوجد عدد من الطرق لهذا الغرض 7 و 8. ومع ذلك، تفاعلات عابرة يصعب دراسة 9. اختيار طريقة لوصف تفاعلات الجزيئات يعتمد على طبيعته ثابتة أو متغيرة. في الحالة الأولى، sedim<html> ويستخدم entation سرعة (SV)، حيث يتم قياس معدل النقل شعاعي ومجزأة المجمعات على أساس الاختلافات في كتلة ازدهار والشكل. في المقابل، الجمعيات الديناميكية التي عكسها على مقياس الساعة من التجربة لا يمكن فصلها جسديا. في هذه الحالة، الذاتي أو مغاير التفاعلات التي تؤدي إلى تفاعلات غير التساهمية هي في التوازن الذي يعتمد على تركيز البروتين الكلي. هذه التفاعلات الديناميكية يمكن دراستها من قبل كل من توازن الترسيب (SE) وسرعة الترسيب (SV) 10. ومع ذلك، الأسلوب الأول هو أبسط لأداء ويوصف هنا. في SE، يتم تنفيذ الطرد المركزي على سرعة منخفضة بما فيه الكفاية بحيث يتم التوصل إلى توازن بين نشر والترسيب. في هذه المرحلة، والوضع توازن إشارة ضوئية (UV-VIS) كدالة للمسافة شعاعي، ويمكن تحليلها باستخدام نماذج الحرارية المحددة مسبقا للجمعيات 11. ve_content &quot;&gt; في هذه الورقة، وقدم دراسة الترسيب التوازن للجمعية الذاتي للبروتين الغشاء الفيروسية التي تشكل أيون القنوات. وبسبب للا مائية لها، يتم تشغيل التجربة في وجود المنظفات، وفي هذه الحالة كثافة لديها مذيب لتكون مطابقة لتلك التي من المنظفات. ومع ذلك، وصف بروتوكول من شأنه متطابقة في حالة وجود البروتين للذوبان في الماء، إلا أنه لا مطابقة كثافة المذيبات سيكون مطلوبا. يتم ترميز البروتين المستخدمة في الجهاز التنفسي البشري الفيروس المخلوي (hRSV)، وهو pneumovirus يلفها عائلة الفيروسات المخاطانية الذي يسبب انخفاض مرض الجهاز التنفسي عند الرضع والمسنين والسكان المناعة في جميع أنحاء العالم 12. ما يصل إلى 64 مليون سهم سجلت حالات العدوى hRSV و160،000 حالة وفاة تحدث سنويا. الجينوم hRSV المحاضر 11 البروتينات، بما في ذلك البروتينات الغشاء ثلاثة F، G، والصغيرة مسعور (SH). ويشارك البروتين SHفي التسبب في العدوى RSV. كان RSV تفتقر إلى الجين SH (RSVΔSH) قابلة للحياة، وتسبب تشكيل syncytia ونما وكذلك البرية من نوع (WT) فيروس 13-16. ومع ذلك، تكرار فيروس RSVΔSH 10 أضعاف أقل كفاءة من WT في الجهاز التنفسي العلوي 15 و 16. أيضا، تم الموهن فيروس RSVΔSH في الماوس في الجسم الحي ونماذج الشمبانزي 13 و 17. البروتين SH هو (RSV فرعية A) 64 أو 65 (RSV فرعية B) الأحماض الأمينية نوع طويل II بروتين الغشاء لا يتجزأ التي تتراكم في الغالب في أغشية مقصورة جولجي 18. البروتين SH وتوقع واحد عبر الغشاء (TM) المجال حلزونية 19 التي يتم حفظها للغاية 20،21. تتوجه C- وN-محطة المجالات extramembrane lumenally / خارج الخلية وcytoplasmically، على التوالي. كلا مجال TM الاصطناعية (بقايا 18-43) وكامل طول البروتين SH وقد ثبت لتشكيل homopentamers في مجموعة متنوعة من المنظفات. شكل homopentameric هي المسؤولة عن النشاط قناة في طبقات ثنائية الدهون مستو 22،23. تم تحديد الاتجاه الصحيح للأحادية TM في طبقة ثنائية الدهون أولا باستخدام الموقع ازدواج اللون الأشعة تحت الحمراء محدد 23، والذي أظهر صاحب-22 ليكون في lumenal، على مقربة من بين حلزونية، والتوجه. وأكد نفس TM التوجه المجال عن طريق دراسات الرنين المغناطيسي النووي التي أعيد بناؤها في pentameric ل-حلزونية حزمة من البروتين كامل طول في dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) المذيلات 22. في هذا النموذج &quot;مذيلة&quot;، وكان يحيط واحد أ- نطاق TM حلزونية N-الميؤوس من قبل لحلزون، وC-عضال لا شفاء منه موسعة ب-دبوس الشعر. بقايا protonatable اثنين من البروتين SH، صاحب-22 وصاحب-51، وتقع في المجال TM (الموجهة lumenally)، وفي غيض من extramembrane-C محطة β دبوس (بعيدا عن مسام قناة)، على التوالي. في بيئى bicellarnment، ومع ذلك، فإن TM-α الحلزون يمتد حتى صاحب-51، وكلاهما صاحب المخلفات يمكن الوصول إلى تجويف القناة 24 ساعة. هيكل قناة يتبنى بنية تشبه القمع 22، حيث المنطقة أضيق (سر-29 إلى السيستئين-45) واصطف 22 مع سلاسل الجانب مسعور (إيل-32، إيل 36، إيل 40 ولوي-44)، و إيل-36 يحدد أضيق نقطة في تجويف القناة. يقع له-22 في أكبر افتتاح هذا القمع، في حين أن صاحب-51 هو في غيض من أصغر الافتتاح. في هذه الورقة، وقد استخدمت الطرد المركزي التحليلي في وضع الترسيب التوازن لتحديد ما إذا كان إضافة بروتون صاحب يؤثر على استقرار مخموس البروتين SH. في هذه الحالة، كان يذوب البروتين SH في المنظفات C14-البيتين، والتي تم استخدامها سابقا لإظهار أن أشكال البروتين SH الأوليغومرات pentameric 22.

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sedimentation equilibrium of a small oligomer-forming membrane protein: effect of histidine protonation on pentameric stability

تنبيذ فائق التحليلية (AUC) يمكن استخدامها لدراسة التفاعلات بين الجزيئات عكسها على مجموعة واسعة من نقاط القوة التفاعل وتحت الظروف الفسيولوجية. وهذا يجعل من الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة وسيلة لاختيار لتقييم كمي رياضيات الكيمياء والديناميكا الحرارية من هومو ومغاير الجمعية التي هي عابرة وقابلة للانتكاس في العمليات الكيميائية الحيوية. في طريقة الترسيب التوازن (SE)، توازن بين نشر والترسيب ويقدم لمحة بوصفها وظيفة من المسافة الشعاعية التي تعتمد على نموذج جمعية محدد. هنا، يتم وصف بروتوكول مفصلة SE لتحديد حجم ومونومر-مونومر الطاقة جمعية صغيرة قليل وحدات البروتين غشاء باستخدام نابذة فائقة السرعة التحليلية. AUC-ES هي خالية من التسمية، استنادا فقط على المبادئ الفيزيائية، ويمكن استخدامها على كل من المياه القابلة للذوبان البروتينات والأغشية. ويرد مثال على هذا الأخير، ومسعور (SH) بروتين صغير في الفيروس المخلوي التنفسي للإنسان (hRSV)، وهو حمض أميني ببتيد 65-مع-α حلزونية عبر الغشاء (TM) مجال واحد التي تشكل القنوات الأيونية pentameric. وتظهر بيانات الهيكلي القائم NMR التي البروتين SH اثنين protonatable صاحب المخلفات في مجال الغشاء لها التي يتم الموجهة التي تواجه تجويف القناة. وقد تم تصميم التجارب SE لتحديد كيفية تأثير درجة الحموضة ثابتة الجمعيات وحجم بلازميدة قليلة القسيمات من البروتين SH. في حين تم الحفاظ على شكل pentameric في جميع الحالات، تم تخفيض ثابتة ارتباطه في انخفاض الرقم الهيدروجيني. هذه البيانات هي في الاتفاق مع تبعية درجة الحموضة المماثلة الملحوظة للنشاط قناة SH، بما يتفق مع التوجه lumenal من اثنين صاحب المخلفات في البروتين SH. قد تواجه هذا الأخير التنافر الكهربائي وتقليل الاستقرار قليل وحدات في انخفاض الرقم الهيدروجيني. وباختصار، هذا الأسلوب هو المعمول به كلما معلومات كمية عن التغييرات الطفيفة جمعية البروتين البروتين في الظروف الفسيولوجية يجب أن تقاس.

الملف الشخصى شعاعي توزيع C14SB المذيلات المنظفات في 50 ملي تريس، 100 ملي مول كلوريد الصوديوم 7.3 درجة الحموضة أشكال والأسي ضحلة جدا التي يمكن تركيبها على نموذج الخطي (الشكل 7A). يرتبط المنحدر من هذا التوزيع عكسيا مع D 2 تركيز O (الشكل 7B). النقطة التي المن...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability at JoVE.com

Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability

Sedimentation equilibrium (SE) can be used to study protein-protein interactions in a physiological environment. This manuscript describes the use of this technique to determine the effect of pH on the stability of a homo-pentamer formed by the small hydrophobic (SH) protein encoded by the human syncytial respiratory virus (hRSV).

الترسيب التوازن من البروتين غشاء صغير قليل وحدات تشكيل: تأثير الحامض الأميني إضافة بروتون على Pentameric الاستقرار

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) can be used to study reversible interactions between macromolecules over a wide range of interaction strengths and ...

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10.5K Views.  Nanyang Technological University. Sedimentation equilibrium (SE) can be used to study protein-protein interactions in a physiological environment. This manuscript describes the use of this technique to determine the effect of pH on the stability of a homo-pentamer formed by the small hydrophobic (SH) protein encoded by the human syncytial respiratory virus (hRSV).

Video: Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability

Iridium(III) Luminescent Probe for Detection of the Malarial Protein Biomarker Histidine Rich Protein-II

This work outlines the synthesis of a non-emissive, cyclometalated Ir(III) complex, Ir(ppy)2(H2O)2+ (Ir1), which elicits a rapid, long-lived phosphorescent signal when coordinated to a histidine-containing protein immobilized on the surface of a magnetic particle. Synthesis of Ir1, in high yields,is complete O/N&#160;and involves splitting of the parent cyclometalated Ir(III) chloro-bridged dimer into two equivalents of the solvated complex. To confirm specificity, several amino acids were probed for coordination activity when added to the synthesized probe, and only histidine elicited a signal response. Using BNT-II, a branched peptide mimic of the malarial biomarker Histidine Rich Protein II (pfHRP-II), the iridium probe was validated as a tool for HRP-II detection. Quenching effects were noted in the BNT-II/Ir1 titration when compared to L-Histidine/Ir1, but these were attributed to steric hindrance and triplet state quenching. Biolayer interferometry was used to determine real-time kinetics of interaction of Ir1 with BNT-II. Once the system was optimized, the limit of detection of rcHRP-II using the probe was found to be 12.8 nM in solution. When this protein was immobilized on the surface of a 50 &#181;m magnetic agarose particle, the limit of detection was 14.5 nM. The robust signal response of this inorganic probe, as well as its flexibility of use in solution or immobilized on a surface, can lend itself toward a variety of applications, from diagnostic use to imaging.

IridiumIII Luminescent Probe for Detection of the Malarial Protein Biomarker Histidine Rich Protein-II

Robust detection reagents are of increasing necessity for developing new malaria diagnostic tools. An iridium(III) probe was designed that emits long-lasting luminescent signal in the presence of a histidine-rich malarial protein biomarker. Detection of the protein either in solution or immobilized on a magnetic particle affords flexibility in application.

الايريديوم (III) الفلورسنت التحقيق للكشف عن البروتين ملاريا العلامات البيولوجية الحامض الأميني ريتش بروتين-II

This work outlines the synthesis of a non-emissive, cyclometalated Ir(III) complex, Ir(ppy)2(H2O)2+ (Ir1), which elicits a rapid, long-lived ...

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver chloride electrode is used extensively for potentiometric measurement of chloride ions concentration in electrolyte. In this measurement, long-term and continuous monitoring is limited due to the inherent drift and the requirement of a stable reference electrode. We utilized the chronopotentiometric approach to minimize drift and avoid the use of a conventional reference electrode. A galvanostatic pulse is applied to an Ag/AgCl electrode which initiates a faradic reaction depleting the Cl&#713; ions near the electrode surface. The transition time, which is the time to completely deplete the ions near the electrode surface, is a function of the ion concentration, given by the Nernst equation. The square root of the transition time is in linear relation to the chloride ion concentration. Drift of the response over two weeks is negligible (59 &#181;M/day) when measuring 1 mM [Cl&#713;]using a current pulse of 10 Am-2. This is a dynamic measurement where the moment of transition time determines the response and thus is independent of the absolute potential. Any metal wire can be used as a pseudo-reference electrode, making this approach feasible for long-term measurement inside concrete structures.

Dynamic measurement of chloride ions is presented. Transition time of an Ag/AgCl electrode, during a chronopotentiometric technique, can give the concentration of chloride ions in electrolyte. This method does not require a stable conventional reference electrode.

ديناميكية الكهروكيميائية قياس كلوريد الأيونات

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver ...

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Ion channel gating is a stimulus-driven orchestration of protein motions that leads to transitions between closed, open, and desensitized states. Fundamental to these transitions is the intrinsic flexibility of the protein, which is critically modulated by membrane lipid-composition. To better understand the structural basis of channel function, it is necessary to study protein dynamics in a physiological membrane environment. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is an important tool to characterize conformational transitions between functional states. In comparison to NMR and X-ray crystallography, the information obtained from EPR is intrinsically of lower resolution. However, unlike in other techniques, in EPR there is no upper-limit to the molecular weight of the protein, the sample requirements are significantly lower, and more importantly the protein is not constrained by the crystal lattice forces. Therefore, EPR is uniquely suited for studying large protein complexes and proteins in reconstituted systems. In this article, we will discuss general protocols for site-directed spin labeling and membrane reconstitution using a prokaryotic proton-gated pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel (pLGIC) from Gloeobacter violaceus (GLIC) as an example. A combination of steady-state Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulsed (Double Electron Electron Resonance-DEER) EPR approaches will be described that will enable a complete quantitative characterization of channel dynamics.

This article describes methods for site-directed spin labeling and reconstitution of pentameric ligand-gated channels for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance studies. This protocol can be adapted for any membrane protein. The reconstitution method described here can also be used for patch-clamp measurements of macroscopic and single-channel currents in a defined lipid system.

موقع إخراج صفها سبين والثوري دراسات طيفية القنوات Pentameric يجند بوابات ايون

Ion channel gating is a stimulus-driven orchestration of protein motions that leads to transitions between closed, open, and desensitized states. ...

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several technological changes to fulfill environmental and economic requirements. These developments have resulted in increasingly severe operating conditions whose suitability for conventional and alternative fuels needs to be addressed. For example, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) introduced as biodiesel are more prone to oxidation and may lead to deposit formation. Although several methods exist to evaluate fuel stability (induction period, peroxides, acids, and insolubles), no technique allows one to monitor the real-time oxidation mechanism and to measure the formation of oxidation intermediates that may lead to deposit formation. In this article, we developed an advanced oxidation procedure (AOP) based on two existing reactors. This procedure allows the simulation of different oxidation conditions and the monitoring of the oxidation progress by the means of macroscopic parameters, such as total acid number (TAN) and advanced analytical methods like gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared - Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR). We successfully applied AOP to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics of a model molecule (methyl oleate) and commercial diesel and biodiesel fuels. These developments represent a key strategy for fuel quality monitoring during logistics and on-board utilization.

Oxidation stability of transport fuels has become a concern for future fuel development. This work presents an original methodology developed by IFP Energies Nouvelles for assessing fuel stability using two different reactors. This methodology was successfully applied to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics and pathways of model molecules and commercial fuels.

المنهج التجريبي الأصلي لتقييم النقل الاستقرار الوقود

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several ...

Application and Methodology of the Non-destructive 19F Time-domain NMR Technique to Measure the Content in Fluorine-containing Drug Products

Here, we describe a protocol developed by our group that uses low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure the average content of fluorinated drugs in their formulated drug product forms: tablets or capsules. This method is specific to fluorinated drugs because it detects only the content of fluorine, avoiding interference from the excipients that lack fluorine. The advantages of measuring the active content of fluorinated drugs using low-field 19F TD-NMR versus high-field 19F solid-state (SS) NMR are the simplicity of the method; the low cost; and the non-destructive nature of the technique, with all samples recoverable in intact forms (e.g., powders, tablets, and capsules), making this technique affordable for any laboratory.
We have tested the method with three fluorinated drug products available on the market - cinacalcet, lansoprazole, and ciprofloxacin - with doses ranging from 15 to 500 mg. The results of the analyses, measured by low-field 19F TD-NMR, supported the reported label claims for the average drug content.
Based on the simplicity and reproducibility of the analysis, we envision this methodology being implemented in any laboratory, including manufacturing plants, as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool in the pharmaceutical industry.

Application and Methodology of the Non-destructive 19F Time-domain NMR Technique to Measure the Content in Fluorine-containing Drug Products

A simple and non-destructive technique that measures the average content of drug substances in formulated drug products containing fluorine using low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is presented here. The technique can be applied to the development and manufacturing of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.

التطبيق ومنهجية تقنية الرنين المغناطيسي المجال الوقت غير مدمرة 19و لقياس المحتوى الموجود في المنتجات الدوائية التي تحتوي على الفلور

Here, we describe a protocol developed by our group that uses low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure the ...

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

The chemical bonding of particulate photocatalysts to supporting material surfaces is of great importance in engineering more efficient and practical photocatalytic structures. However, the influence of such chemical bonding on the optical and surface properties of the photocatalyst and thus its photocatalytic activity/reaction selectivity behavior has not been systematically studied. In this investigation, TiO2 has been supported on the surface of SiO2 by means of two different methods: (i) by the in situ formation of TiO2 in the presence of sand quartz via a sol-gel method employing tetrabutyl orthotitanium (TBOT); and (ii) by binding the commercial TiO2 powder to quartz on a surface silica gel layer formed from the reaction of quartz with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). For comparison, TiO2 nanoparticles were also deposited on the surfaces of a more reactive SiO2 prepared by a hydrolysis-controlled sol-gel technique as well as through a sol-gel route from TiO2 and SiO2 precursors. The combination of TiO2 and SiO2, through interfacial Ti-O-Si bonds, was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and the photocatalytic activities of the obtained composites were tested for photocatalytic degradation of NO according to the ISO standard method (ISO 22197&#8722;1). The electron microscope images of the obtained materials showed that variable photocatalyst coverage of the support surface can successfully be achieved but the photocatalytic activity towards NO removal was found to be affected by the preparation method and the nitrate selectivity is adversely affected by Ti-O-Si bonding.

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

The focus of the present work is to establish means to generate and quantify levels of Ti-O-Si linkages and to correlate these with the photocatalytic properties of the supported TiO2.

تأثير الترابط الكيميائي بين السطوح في تيو<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; -SiO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; المركبات على أدائها لأداء أكاسيد النيتروجين

The chemical bonding of particulate photocatalysts to supporting material surfaces is of great importance in engineering more efficient and practical ...

The Effect of Charging and Discharging Lithium Iron Phosphate-graphite Cells at Different Temperatures on Degradation

The effect of charging and discharging lithium iron phosphate-graphite cells at different temperatures on their degradation is evaluated systematically. The degradation of the cells is assessed by using 10 charging and discharging temperature permutations ranging from -20 &#176;C to 30 &#176;C. This allows an analysis of the effect of charge and discharge temperatures on aging, and their associations. A total of 100 charge/discharge cycles were carried out. Every 25 cycles a reference cycle was performed to assess the reversible and irreversible capacity degradation. A multi-factor analysis of variance was used, and the experimental results were fitted showing: i) a quadratic relationship between the rate of degradation and the temperature of charge, ii) a linear relationship with the temperature of discharge, and iii) a correlation between the temperature of charge and discharge. It was found that the temperature combination for charging at +30 &#176;C and discharging at -5 &#176;C led to the highest rate of degradation. On the other hand, the cycling in a temperature range from -20 &#176;C to 15 &#176;C (with various combinations of temperatures of charge and discharge), led to a much lower degradation. Additionally, when the temperature of charge is 15 &#176;C, it was found that the degradation rate is nondependent on the temperature of discharge.

This article describes the effect of dissimilar charging/discharging temperatures on the degradation of lithium iron phosphate-graphite pouch cells, aiming at simulating close to real case scenarios. In total, 10 temperature combinations are investigated in the range -20 to 30 &#176;C in order to analyze the impact of temperature on degradation.

تأثير الشحن والتفريغ خلايا الليثيوم الجرافيت فوسفات الحديد عند درجات حرارة مختلفة على تدهور

The effect of charging and discharging lithium iron phosphate-graphite cells at different temperatures on their degradation is evaluated systematically. ...

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bis(thiourea) Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

In this work, the effects on the preparation of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals when illuminated with ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of 367 nm using the chemical bath deposition technique are studied comparatively. Two experiments are performed to make a comparison: one without UV light and the other with the aid of UV light. Both experiments are performed under equal conditions, at a temperature of 343 K and with a pH of 3.2. The precursors used are cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and thiourea [CS(NH2)2], which are dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water with an acidic pH. In this experiment, the interaction of electromagnetic radiation is sought at the moment the chemical reaction is carried out. The results demonstrate the existence of an interaction between the crystals and the UV light; the UV light assistance causes crystal growths in an acicular shape. Also, the final product obtained is cadmium sulfide and shows no evident difference when synthesized with or without the use of UV light.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bisthiourea Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

This article presents a protocol for the synthesis of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals by chemical bath deposition. Two experiments are described: one aided by ultraviolet light compared to one without ultraviolet light.

تأثير الإشعاع فوق البنفسجي على ترسب المواد الكيميائية حمام بلورات كلوريد الكادميوم Bis(thiourea) وفي الحصول على الأقراص المضغوطة اللاحقة

In this work, the effects on the preparation of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals when illuminated with ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Extraction of Lignin with High &amp;#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

استخراج اللجنين مع المحتوى العالي من β-س-4 استخراج الإيثانول معتدل وأثره على العائد ديبوليميريزيشن

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

Niobium Oxide Films Deposited by Reactive Sputtering: Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate

Reactive sputtering is a versatile technique used to form compact films with excellent homogeneity. In addition, it allows easy control over deposition parameters such as gas flow rate that results in changes on composition and thus in the film required properties. In this report, reactive sputtering is used to deposit niobium oxide films. A niobium target is used as metal source and different oxygen flow rates to deposit niobium oxide films. The oxygen flow rate was changed from 3 to 10 sccm. The films deposited under low oxygen flow rates show higher electrical conductivity and provide better perovskite solar cells when used as electron transport layer.

Here, we present a protocol for niobium oxide films deposition by reactive sputtering with different oxygen flow rates for use as an electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells.

أفلام أكسيد النيوبيوم المودعة من قبل اخرق التفاعلية: تاثير معدل تدفق الأكسجين

Reactive sputtering is a versatile technique used to form compact films with excellent homogeneity. In addition, it allows easy control over deposition ...