وأيد هذا البحث من قبل ترويج للدراسات الدكتوراه (PODS) الأول والثاني جوائز من مؤسسة للعلاج الطبيعي ومنح اعتماد-A-دوك من قسم التربية والتعليم في الجمعية الأمريكية للعلاج الطبيعي لباربرا سارجنت.

<ol>
	<li>Gibson, E. J., Pick, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An Ecological Approach to Perception, Learning and Development. , (2000).</li><li>Thelen, E., Smith, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. , (1994).</li><li>Sargent, B., Schweighofer, N., Kubo, M., Fetters, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infant+exploratory+learning:+influence+on+leg+joint+coordination.">Infant exploratory learning: influence on leg joint coordination.</a> PLoS One. 9 (3), e91500 (2014).</li><li>Rovee-Collier, C. K., Gekoski, M. J., Reese, H. W., Lipsitt, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+economics+of+infancy:+A+review+of+conjugate+reinforcement.">The economics of infancy: A review of conjugate reinforcement.</a> Adv Child Dev Behav. 13, 195-255 (1979).</li><li>Heathcock, J. C., Bhat, A. N., Lobo, M. A., Galloway, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+performance+of+infants+born+preterm+and+full-term+in+the+mobile+paradigm:+learning+and+memory.">The performance of infants born preterm and full-term in the mobile paradigm: learning and memory.</a> Phys. Ther. 84 (9), 808-821 (2004).</li><li>Haley, D. W., Weinberg, J., Grunau, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortisol,+contingency+learning,+and+memory+in+preterm+and+full-term+infants.">Cortisol, contingency learning, and memory in preterm and full-term infants.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31 (1), 108-117 (2006).</li><li>Angulo-Kinzler, R., Ulrich, B. D., Thelen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-month-old+infants+can+select+specific+leg+motor+solutions.">Three-month-old infants can select specific leg motor solutions.</a> Motor Control. 6 (1), 52-68 (2002).</li><li>Tiernan, C. W., Angulo-Barroso, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constrained+motor-perceptual+task+in+infancy:+effects+of+sensory+modality.">Constrained motor-perceptual task in infancy: effects of sensory modality.</a> J. Mot. Behav. 40 (2), 133-142 (2008).</li><li>Chen, Y., Fetters, L., Holt, K., Saltzman, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+the+mobile+move:+constraining+task+and+environment.">Making the mobile move: constraining task and environment.</a> Infant Behav. Dev. 25 (2), 195-220 (2002).</li><li>Ohr, P. S., Fagen, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioning+and+long-term+memory+in+three-month-old+infants+with+Down+syndrome.">Conditioning and long-term memory in three-month-old infants with Down syndrome.</a> Am. J. Ment. Retard. 96 (2), 151-162 (1991).</li><li>Thelen, E., Hidden Ulrich, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=skills:+A+dynamical+system+analysis+of+treadmill+stepping+in+the+first+year.">skills: A dynamical system analysis of treadmill stepping in the first year.</a> Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 56 (1), 1-98 (1991).</li><li>Soderkvist, I., Wedin, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determining+the+movements+of+the+skeleton+using+well-configured+markers.">Determining the movements of the skeleton using well-configured markers.</a> J. Biomech. 26 (12), 1473-1477 (1993).</li><li>Schneider, K., Zernicke, R. F., Ulrich, B. D., Jensen, J. L., Thelen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+movement+control+in+infants+through+the+analysis+of+limb+intersegmental+dynamics.">Understanding movement control in infants through the analysis of limb intersegmental dynamics.</a> J. Mot. Behav. 22 (4), 493-520 (1990).</li><li>Jensen, J. L., Schneider, K., Ulrich, B. D., Zernicke, R. F., Thelen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+dynamics+of+the+leg+movement+patterns+of+human+infants:+I.+the+effects+of+posture+on+spontaneous+kicking.">Adaptive dynamics of the leg movement patterns of human infants: I. the effects of posture on spontaneous kicking.</a> J. Mot. Behav. 26 (4), 303-312 (1994).</li><li>Fetters, L., Sapir, I., Chen, Y. P., Kubo, M., Tronick, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+kicking+in+full-term+and+preterm+infants+with+and+without+white+matter+disorder.">Spontaneous kicking in full-term and preterm infants with and without white matter disorder.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 52 (6), 524-536 (2010).</li><li>Emmerick, R., Wagenaar, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+walking+velocity+on+relative+phase+dynamics+in+the+trunk+in+human+walking.">Effects of walking velocity on relative phase dynamics in the trunk in human walking.</a> J. Biomech. 29 (9), 1175-1184 (1996).</li><li>Kelso, J. A., Scholz, J. P., Schoner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonequilibrium+phase+transitions+in+coordinated+biological+motion:+critical+fluctuations.">Nonequilibrium phase transitions in coordinated biological motion: critical fluctuations.</a> Physics Letters A. 134 (6), 8-12 (1986).</li><li>Schneider, K., Zernicke, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass,+center+of+mass,+and+moment+of+inertia+estimates+for+infant+limb+segments.">Mass, center of mass, and moment of inertia estimates for infant limb segments.</a> J. Biomech. 25 (2), 145-148 (1992).</li><li>Sun, H., Jensen, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body+segment+growth+during+infancy.">Body segment growth during infancy.</a> J. Biomech. 27 (3), 265-275 (1994).</li><li>Murray, R. M., Li, Z., Sastry, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A Mathematical Introduction to Robotic Manipulation. , (1994).</li><li>Galloway, J. C., Koshland, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+coordination+of+shoulder,+elbow+and+wrist+dynamics+during+multijoint+arm+movements.">General coordination of shoulder, elbow and wrist dynamics during multijoint arm movements.</a> Exp. Brain Res. 142 (2), 163-180 (2002).</li><li>Angulo-Kinzler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+and+selection+of+intralimb+coordination+patterns+in+3-month+old+infants.">Exploration and selection of intralimb coordination patterns in 3-month old infants.</a> J. Mot. Behav. 33, 363-376 (2001).</li><li>Fetters, L., Chen, Y. P., Jonsdottir, J., Tronick, E. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kicking+coordination+captures+differences+between+full-term+and+premature+infants+with+white+matter+disorder.">Kicking coordination captures differences between full-term and premature infants with white matter disorder.</a> Hum. Mov. Sci. 22, 729-748 (2004).</li><li>Jeng, S., Chen, L., Yau, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+analysis+of+kicking+movements+in+preterm+infants+with+very+low+birth+weight+and+full-term+infants.">Kinematic analysis of kicking movements in preterm infants with very low birth weight and full-term infants.</a> Phys. Ther. 82, 148-159 (2002).</li><li>Jensen, J. L., Thelen, E., Ulrich, B. D., Schneider, K., Zernicke, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+dynamics+of+the+leg+movement+patterns+of+human+infants:+III.+age-related+differences+in+limb+control.">Adaptive dynamics of the leg movement patterns of human infants: III. age-related differences in limb control.</a> J. Mot. Behav. 27, 366-374 (1995).</li><li>Piek, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+quantitative+analysis+of+spontaneous+kicking+in+two-month-old+infants.">A quantitative analysis of spontaneous kicking in two-month-old infants.</a> Hum. Mov. Sci. 15, 707-726 (1996).</li><li>Thelen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+origins+of+motor+coordination:+Leg+movements+in+human+infants.">Developmental origins of motor coordination: Leg movements in human infants.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 18, 1-22 (1985).</li><li>Vaal, J., van Soest, A. J., Hopkins, B., Sie, L. T. L., van der Knaap, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+spontaneous+leg+movements+in+infants+with+and+without+periventricular+leukomalacia.">Development of spontaneous leg movements in infants with and without periventricular leukomalacia.</a> Exp. Brain Res. 135, 94-105 (2000).</li></ol>

أعلنت أي تضارب في المصالح.

تصميم المهام اكتشاف والتعلم للأطفال الصغار المهام اكتشاف والتعلم للأطفال الصغار يجب أن تكون مصممة بعناية للتأكد من أن الأطفال يكتشفون مستقل للطوارئ. في العديد من النماذج النقالة في بداية حالة الاستحواذ، وترد الرضع إما أن المحم?...

إجراءات مهمة محددة تبرز من الحركات العفوية في مرحلة الطفولة. وقد اقترح أن إجراءات مهمة محددة تبرز من خلال عملية 1،2 التعلم الاكتشاف. اكتشاف المهام من قبل الأطفال الرضع لأنها عفوية التحرك واستكشاف الإجراءات التي تنتج آثار جديدة في البيئة. إجراءات مهمة محددة تظهر وكأنها الرضع استغلال الصلات بين أفعالهم وآثارها على العالم من حولهم. ومع ذلك، لا يعرف إلا القليل عن العمليات الدقيقة التي الرضع استكشاف واستغلال لتعلم لتعديل حركاتهم العفوية لتنفيذ إجراءات مهمة محددة. هنا يتم وصف أسلوب الذي الرضع بعمر 3-4 أشهر تتعلم مهمة قبل اكتشاف وألقت القبض على حركات الساق لتحديد عملية التعلم. <img alt="الشكل 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52841/52841fig1.jpg" /> الشكل 1: الرضع تنشيط الركل مهمة النقالة. </قوية&gt; مركز ينبعث منها ضوء الصمام الثنائي (LED) التي تعلق على جسم جامد من كل قدم (دائرة صفراء) ينشط المحمول عندما يعبر عتبة الظاهرية (خط متقطع أحمر). إعادة طبع بإذن من سارجنت وآخرون. 3 هذه المهمة التعلم اكتشاف يستخدم لتنشيط المحمول الرضع التي تدور وتلعب الموسيقى على أساس عمل المحطة المحددة للرضع 3. الرضع وضعت مستلق تحت المحمول تفعيلها عن طريق تحريك أقدامهم عموديا عبر عتبة الظاهرية (الشكل 1). هذا نموذج فريد من نوعه في أنه الرضع اكتشاف مستقل أن الإجراءات ساقهم تفعيل المحمول، يتم تعقب حركات الساق الرضع &quot;باستخدام نظام التقاط الحركة مما يسمح لتقدير حجم عملية التعلم. ويتضمن البروتوكول التجريبي يومين من جمع البيانات. يوم 1 يتكون من حالة أساسية 2 دقيقة في الرضيع الذي يبدأ من تلقاء أنفسهم ولكن الإجراءات ساقهلا يمكن تفعيل الرضع المحمول، تليها 6 دقائق حالة الاستحواذ في الإجراءات التي الرضيع الساق تفعيل الرضع المحمول في حالة الرضيع يتحرك قدميه عموديا لعبور عتبة افتراضية. هذا البروتوكول يسمح لتقدير حجم الأعمال الساق عفوية الرضع وكذلك الكمي لمختلف جوانب الحركات الرضع استكشاف العلاقة بين الإجراءات الساق وتفعيل الرضع المحمول. في يوم 2، بالإضافة إلى حالة أساسية 2 دقيقة و 6 دقائق حالة الشراء، يتم إضافة شرط انقراض 2 دقيقة في الإجراءات التي الرضيع الساق لا تفعيل الرضع المحمول. وهذا يسمح لتقدير حجم كيف الرضع تتغير الإجراءات ساقهم عندما يتم التوقف عن الاستجابة البيئية تعلمت بالفعل. في النماذج السابقة الرضع النقالة، وتواتر حركة الساق 4-6، والورك والركبة زوايا محددة 7،8، أو ركل لوحة 9 كانت reinforcإد مع حركة النقالة. تم تحديد أداء كل يوم حيث أن زيادة هذه الإجراءات الساق خلال الاستحواذ أو الانقراض حالة بالمقارنة مع حالة الأساس 4-9. التعلم عبر أيام كان يعرف بأنه زيادة في هذه الإجراءات الساق خلال خط الأساس أو الاستحواذ حالة من يوم 2 أو 3 والشرط الأساس من يوم 1 5،6. وتوضح هذه النماذج النقالة السابقة التي الرضع تزيد من وتيرة الإجراءات الساق التي عززت تفعيل المحمول، إلا أنها لا توفر معلومات عن حركة الخيارات الرضع لديهم المتاحة لهم عندما تعلم المهمة. على سبيل المثال، إذا تم تعزيز معدل الركل والرضع اظهار الاداء والتعلم عندما يزيد معدل الركل بهم إما عند التعامل مع الهاتف الجوال أو الهاتف النقال عندما لم يعد ينشط. هذا يدل على أن الأطفال الرضع يمكن صقل معدل الركل، ولكن من غير المعروف إذا الرضع يمكن صقل نمط أو عزم الدوران الإنتاج التنسيق ساقهم إلى generatالإجراءات الساق الإلكترونية التي ليست ضمن المفضل حركة ذخيرتهم. هذا النموذج المحمول هي فريدة من نوعها في ذلك الرضع مطلوبة لإثبات عمل المحطة أكثر دقة لتفعيل المحمول مما كانت عليه في النماذج النقالة السابقة. في هذا النموذج المحمول، ويتم احتساب ارتفاع كل قدم فوق الطاولة خلال الشرط الأساس 2 دقيقة باستخدام بيانات الموقع من التي ينبعث منها ضوء الصمام الثنائي (LED) تعلق على كل قدم. ثم يتم وضع عتبة افتراضية موازية لطاولة في الارتفاع الذي يقع ضمن النطاق العلوي من ارتفاع كلا القدمين أثناء حالة خط الأساس. خلال الاستحواذ، تدور المحمولة وتلعب الموسيقى إذا إما القدم يعبر عتبة. بعد 3 ثوان، توقف النقالة وينشط إلا إذا كان الرضيع يتحرك القدم تحت عتبة، ثم ينتقل القدم عموديا ومرة ​​أخرى تعبر العتبة. لتفعيل المحمول لأكبر قدر من الوقت، تحتاج الرضع لتحريك القدم فوق عتبة والحفاظ عليه ضد المرقإيتي لمدة 3 ثوان، ثم التحرك بسرعة القدم تحت عتبة ومرة أخرى تحريكه فوق عتبة والاحتفاظ بها هناك لمدة 3 ثوان، الخ. وهذا يتطلب عمل المحطة أكثر دقة من مجرد زيادة معدل الركل. <img alt="الرقم 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52841/52841fig2.jpg" /> الشكل 2: بيانات الموقع التي لم تتم تصفيتها من المؤثرات نهاية (أقدام) من الرضع تمثيلي بيانات الموقع غير مرشح من يوم 2 لرضيع يبلغ من العمر 3 أشهر الذين تظاهروا التعلم القائم على معايير التعلم الفردية. الخط الأحمر هو بيانات موقف ض تنسيق من الصمام الثنائي الباعثة للضوء (LED) وضعت في القدم اليمنى. الخط الأزرق هو البيانات الموقف من LED على القدم اليسرى. خط أسود سميك هو الجدول. خط منقط هو عتبة افتراضية وضعت 14 سم فوق الطاولة كما فردي المقررة لكل الرضع على أساس ارتفاع لها خلال الركل الأساسحالة من يوم 1. X-محور هو الوقت المسمى بنسبة 2 فترات دقيقة. لاحظ كيف الرضيع يتحرك قدميه خلال خط الأساس عندما لا يتم تنشيط الهاتف النقال وخلال ثانية 30 الأول من الاستحواذ 1، ثم قال انه يحتفظ باستمرار كلا القدمين من على الطاولة ويتحرك قدميه حق حول عتبة 5½ دقيقة المقبل حتى المحمول لم يعد ينشط خلال حالة انقراض. الميزة الثانية الفريدة لهذا النموذج المحمول هو أن يتم متابعة عمل كل الرضيع الساق باستخدام أحدث ما وصلت إليه تقنيات التقاط الحركة لتحديد كيفية الرضع استخدام خيارات حركتهم لتعلم المهمة. يتم تضمين بيانات الموقع التي لم تتم تصفيتها من الصمام في كل قدم الذي ينشط النقال من الرضع ممثل واحد في الشكل 2. لاحظ كيف الرضيع يتحرك قدميه على ارتفاعات مختلفة فوق الطاولة خلال خط الأساس والجزء الأول من الشراء، ولكن بعد ذلك يتحرك كلا القدمين حق حول عتبة خلال ما تبقى من كوندي اكتسابنشوئها حتى الهاتف النقال لم يعد ينشط خلال الانقراض. هذا هو واحد من العديد من الاستراتيجيات الحركة المحتملة لإنجاز المهمة التعلم الاكتشاف. استراتيجيات يمكن قياسها كميا عن طريق حساب الكينماتيكا وحركية ثلاثية الأبعاد باستخدام بيانات الموقع تم الحصول عليها من نظام التقاط الحركة. على وجه التحديد، وكميا في العملية التعليمية من حيث النسبة المئوية لتعزيز العمل الساق (٪ RLA)، أي ما يعادل مدة التنشيط المحمول، وموقف الفرق من المؤثرات نهاية (أقدام) التي تنشط الهاتف النقال، وأنماط التنسيق الهيب الركبة والورك والركبة العزم المشتركة.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Optotrak Certus Position Sensor, Far Focus, with stand</td>
			<td>Northern Digital Inc</td>
			<td align="right">8800852</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optotrak Data Acquisition Unit II (ODAU II)</td>
			<td>Northern Digital Inc</td>
			<td align="right">8800767</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optotrak Vinten Stand, Certus with Quick Fix Adapter</td>
			<td>Northern Digital Inc</td>
			<td align="right">8800855.002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Certus S-Type, Standard Configuration</td>
			<td>Northern Digital Inc</td>
			<td align="right">8800761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Marker (7 mm) pair, c/w RJII connector and 8 ft cable</td>
			<td>Northern Digital Inc</td>
			<td align="right">8001029.001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AC Line Cord, Medical Grade, North America</td>
			<td>Northern Digital Inc</td>
			<td align="right">7500010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cubic Reference Emitter Kit - Certus</td>
			<td>Northern Digital Inc</td>
			<td align="right">8800768</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 Pylon IEEE 1394 cameras</td>
			<td>Basler</td>
			<td>A6021c</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vixia HG10 camcorder</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td>2183B001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive Disks</td>
			<td>MVAP Medical Supplies</td>
			<td>E401-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reversible head support</td>
			<td>Eddie Bauer</td>
			<td align="right">52556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Softstrap Strap</td>
			<td>Sammons Preston</td>
			<td>A34960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Pediatric Scale</td>
			<td>Healthometer</td>
			<td>Model 524KL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantifying learning in young infants: tracking leg actions during a discovery-learning task

إجراءات مهمة محددة تبرز من حركة عفوية في مرحلة الطفولة. وقد اقترح أن إجراءات مهمة محددة تبرز من خلال عملية التعلم الاكتشاف. هنا يتم وصف أسلوب الذي الرضع بعمر 3-4 أشهر تتعلم مهمة قبل اكتشاف وألقت القبض على حركات الساق لتحديد عملية التعلم. هذه المهمة التعلم اكتشاف يستخدم لتنشيط المحمول الرضع التي تدور وتلعب الموسيقى على أساس عمل المحطة محدد من الأطفال الرضع. الرضع مستلق تفعيل المحمول عن طريق تحريك أقدامهم عموديا عبر عتبة افتراضية. هذا نموذج فريد من نوعه في أنه الرضع اكتشاف مستقل أن الإجراءات ساقهم تفعيل المحمول، يتم تعقب حركات الساق الرضع &quot;باستخدام نظام التقاط الحركة مما يسمح لتقدير حجم عملية التعلم. على وجه التحديد، وكميا التعلم من حيث مدة التنشيط المحمول، وتباين الموقف من المؤثرات نهاية (أقدام) التي تنشط المحمول، والتغيرات في الفخذ الركبة COORDINAأنماط نشوئها، والتغييرات في الورك والركبة عزم العضلات. توضح هذه المعلومات التنقيب الرضع والاستغلال على التفاعل بين الشخص والبيئة القيود التي تدعم عمل مهمة محددة. بحث لاحق باستخدام هذه الطريقة يمكن تحقيق العاهات كيف محددة من مجموعات مختلفة من الأطفال المعرضين للخطر لاضطرابات الحركة تؤثر على عملية التعلم بالاكتشاف للعمل مهمة محددة.

يمكن قياس عملية التعلم من الأطفال الصغار من حيث RLA٪، موقف الفرق من المؤثرات نهاية (أقدام)، والورك الركبة معاملات زاوية الارتباط، والورك والركبة العزم المشتركة. ويقدم كل مستوى من مستويات تحليل معلومات فريدة حول كيفية الرضع استكشاف العلاقة بين الإجراءات الساق وتفعيل ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task at JoVE.com

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

قياس التعلم في الرضع يونغ: تطبيقات تتبع الساق خلال مهمة للتعلم ديسكفري

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

quantifying-learning-young-infants-tracking-leg-actions-during

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.5K Views.  University of Southern California. A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

Video: Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

P50 Sensory Gating in Infants

Attentional deficits are common in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, autism, bipolar mood disorder, and schizophrenia. There has been increasing interest in the neurodevelopmental components of these attentional deficits; neurodevelopmental meaning that while the deficits become clinically prominent in childhood or adulthood, the deficits are the results of problems in brain development that begin in infancy or even prenatally. Despite this interest, there are few methods for assessing attention very early in infancy. This report focuses on one method, infant auditory P50 sensory gating.
Attention has several components. One of the earliest components of attention, termed sensory gating, allows the brain to tune out repetitive, noninformative sensory information. Auditory P50 sensory gating refers to one task designed to measure sensory gating using changes in EEG. When identical auditory stimuli are presented 500 ms apart, the evoked response (change in the EEG associated with the processing of the click) to the second stimulus is generally reduced relative to the response to the first stimulus (i.e. the response is &#34;gated&#34;). When response to the second stimulus is not reduced, this is considered a poor sensory gating, is reflective of impaired cerebral inhibition, and is correlated with attentional deficits.
Because the auditory P50 sensory gating task is passive, it is of potential utility in the study of young infants and may provide a window into the developmental time course of attentional deficits in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. The goal of this presentation is to describe the methodology for assessing infant auditory P50 sensory gating, a methodology adapted from those used in studies of adult populations.

Methods to record auditory P50 sensory gating, a physiological marker of cerebral inhibition which reflects early stages of attention, are described.

P50 الحسية المحاصرة في الرضع

Attentional deficits are common in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, autism, bipolar mood ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

العمل باستخدام التهديد الاحتمالات لتقييم القلق والخوف وخلال التهديد غير مؤكد وبعض

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي التحقق من fNIRS القياسات خلال مهمة الطبيعي

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

A طريقة لإسكات العصبية عن بعد آخر في القوارض وخلال مراحل متقطعة التعلم

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental paradigms and analysis tools have been limited to constrained laboratory tasks and contexts due to technical limitations imposed by the available set of measuring and analysis techniques and the age of the subjects. These limitations severely limit the study of developmental neural dynamics and associated neural networks engaged in cognition, perception and action in infants performing &#8220;in action and in context&#8221;. This protocol presents a novel approach to study infants and young children as they freely organize their own behavior, and its consequences in a complex, partly unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. The proposed methodology integrates synchronized high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), video recording and behavioral analysis to capture brain activity and movement non-invasively in freely-behaving infants. This setup allows for the study of neural network dynamics in the developing brain, in action and context, as these networks are recruited during goal-oriented, exploration and social interaction tasks.

This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording.

مقاربة الرواية التجريبية والتحليلية لالمتعدد الوسائط العصبية فك نوايا خلال التفاعل الاجتماعي في التصرف بحرية-الرضع الإنسان

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

The &quot;Motor&quot; in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

"السيارات" في موتور الضمني تسلسل التعلم: فعل مسلسل التنقل سيرا على الأقدام وقت المهمة

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

تتبع العين خلال فهم اللغة يقع بصريا: المرونة والتقييدات في الكشف عن السياق البصرية آثار

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

تتبع العين لتمييز حركات العين Oculomotor تستند إلى الفهم وتنازلية أثناء القراءة

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we straightforwardly measure infants&#8217; success in learning a novel category while relying only on their looking behavior. Moreover, the paradigm can directly measure the impact of different auditory signals on the infant categorization across a range of ages. For instance, we assessed how 2-year-olds learn categories in a variety of labeling environments: in our task, 2-year-olds successfully learned categories when all exemplars were labeled&#160;or the first two exemplars were labeled, but they failed to categorize when no exemplars were labeled or only the final two exemplars were labeled. To determine infants&#8217; success in such tasks, researchers can examine both the overall preference displayed by infants in each condition and infants&#8217; pattern of looking over the course of the test phase, using an eye-tracker to provide fine-grained time-course data. Thus, we present a powerful paradigm for identifying the role of language, or any auditory signal, in infants&#8217; object category learning.

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants&#039; Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Here we present a protocol for familiarization-test paradigms which provide a direct test of infant categorization and help to define the role of language in early category learning.

تحديد دور اللغة في تصنيف كائن الرضع مع نماذج تتبع العين

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we ...

Fully Automated Leg Tracking in Freely Moving Insects using Feature Learning Leg Segmentation and Tracking (FLLIT)

The Drosophila model has been invaluable for the study of neurological function and for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie neurodegeneration. While fly techniques for the manipulation and study of neuronal subsets have grown increasingly sophisticated, the richness of the resultant behavioral phenotypes has not been captured at a similar detail. To be able to study subtle fly leg movements for comparison amongst mutants requires the ability to automatically measure and quantify high-speed and rapid leg movements. Hence, we developed a machine-learning algorithm for automated leg claw tracking in freely walking flies, Feature Learning-based Limb segmentation and Tracking (FLLIT). Unlike most deep learning methods, FLLIT is fully automated and generates its own training sets without a need for user annotation, using morphological parameters built into the learning algorithm. This article describes an in depth protocol for carrying out gait analysis using FLLIT. It details the procedures for camera setup, arena construction, video recording, leg segmentation and leg claw tracking. It also gives an overview of the data produced by FLLIT, which includes raw tracked body and leg positions in every video frame, 20 gait parameters, 5 plots and a tracked video. To demonstrate the use of FLLIT, we quantify relevant diseased gait parameters in a fly model of Spinocerebellar ataxia 3.

Fully Automated Leg Tracking in Freely Moving Insects using Feature Learning Leg Segmentation and Tracking FLLIT

We describe detailed protocols for using FLLIT, a fully automated machine learning method for leg claw movement tracking in freely moving Drosophila melanogaster and other insects. These protocols can be used to quantitatively measure subtle walking gait movements in wild type flies, mutant flies and fly models of neurodegeneration.

تتبع الساق الآلي بالكامل في الحشرات المتحركة بحرية باستخدام ميزة تعلم الساق التقسيم وتتبع (FLLIT)

The Drosophila model has been invaluable for the study of neurological function and for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie ...