وقدم الدعم المالي من قبل جامعة مينيسوتا (بدء الأموال) وصندوق بحوث البترول ACS (54225-DNI3). ودعمت مشتريات معدات لمنشأة قسم الكيمياء NMR من خلال منحة مقدمة من المعاهد الوطنية للصحة (S10OD011952) مع مطابقة الأموال من جامعة مينيسوتا. ونحن نعترف مركز مينيسوتا NMR لدرجات حرارة عالية NMR. تم توفير التمويل لNMR الأجهزة من قبل مكتب نائب مدير الجامعة للأبحاث، كلية الطب، كلية العلوم البيولوجية، NIH، NSF، ومؤسسة مينيسوتا الطبية. نشكر جون والزر (إكسون موبيل) للحصول على هدية من نظرة خاطفة الإنتاجية العالية المجاذيف التحريك.

<ol>
	<li>Gibson, V. C., Spitzmesser, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+Non-Metallocene+Olefin+Polymerization+Catalysis.">Advances in Non-Metallocene Olefin Polymerization Catalysis.</a> Chem. Rev. 103 (1), 283-316 (2002).</li><li>Coates, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precise+Control+of+Polyolefin+Stereochemistry+Using+Single-Site+Metal+Catalysts.">Precise Control of Polyolefin Stereochemistry Using Single-Site Metal Catalysts.</a> Chem. Rev. 100 (4), 1223-1252 (2000).</li><li>Resconi, L., Cavallo, L., Fait, A., Piemontesi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selectivity+in+Propene+Polymerization+with+Metallocene+Catalysts.">Selectivity in Propene Polymerization with Metallocene Catalysts.</a> Chem. Rev. 100 (4), 1253-1346 (2000).</li><li>Valente, A., Mortreux, A., Visseaux, M., Zinck, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinative+Chain+Transfer+Polymerization.">Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization.</a> Chem. Rev. 113 (5), 3836-3857 (2013).</li><li>Sita, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+Uno+Plures+(&amp;#34;Out+of+One,+Many&amp;#34;):+New+Paradigms+for+Expanding+the+Range+of+Polyolefins+through+Reversible+Group+Transfers.">Ex Uno Plures (&amp;#34;Out of One, Many&amp;#34;): New Paradigms for Expanding the Range of Polyolefins through Reversible Group Transfers.</a> Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 48 (14), 2464-2472 (2009).</li><li>Kempe, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+Polymerize+Ethylene+in+a+Highly+Controlled+Fashion?.">How to Polymerize Ethylene in a Highly Controlled Fashion?.</a> Chem. Eur. J. 13 (10), 2764-2773 (2007).</li><li>van Meurs, M., Britovsek, G. J. P., Gibson, V. C., Cohen, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyethylene+Chain+Growth+on+Zinc+Catalyzed+by+Olefin+Polymerization+Catalysts:+A+Comparative+Investigation+of+Highly+Active+Catalyst+Systems+across+the+Transition+Series.">Polyethylene Chain Growth on Zinc Catalyzed by Olefin Polymerization Catalysts: A Comparative Investigation of Highly Active Catalyst Systems across the Transition Series.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (27), 9913-9923 (2005).</li><li>Wei, J., Zhang, W., Sita, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aufbaureaktion+Redux:+Scalable+Production+of+Precision+Hydrocarbons+from+AlR3+(R=Et+or+iBu)+by+Dialkyl+Zinc+Mediated+Ternary+Living+Coordinative+Chain-Transfer+Polymerization.">Aufbaureaktion Redux: Scalable Production of Precision Hydrocarbons from AlR3 (R=Et or iBu) by Dialkyl Zinc Mediated Ternary Living Coordinative Chain-Transfer Polymerization.</a> Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 49 (10), 1768-1772 (2010).</li><li>Arriola, D. J., Carnahan, E. M., Hustad, P. D., Kuhlman, R. L., Wenzel, T. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+Production+of+Olefin+Block+Copolymers+via+Chain+Shuttling+Polymerization.">Catalytic Production of Olefin Block Copolymers via Chain Shuttling Polymerization.</a> Science. 312 (5774), 714-719 (2006).</li><li>Mazzolini, J., Espinosa, E., D'Agosto, F., Boisson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalyzed+chain+growth+(CCG)+on+a+main+group+metal:+an+efficient+tool+to+functionalize+polyethylene.">Catalyzed chain growth (CCG) on a main group metal: an efficient tool to functionalize polyethylene.</a> Polymer Chemistry. 1 (6), 793-800 (2010).</li><li>Britovsek, G. J. P., Cohen, S. A., Gibson, V. C., van Meurs, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+Catalyzed+Polyethylene+Chain+Growth+on+Zinc:+A+Study+of+the+Factors+Delineating+Chain+Transfer+versus+Catalyzed+Chain+Growth+in+Zinc+and+Related+Metal+Alkyl+Systems.">Iron Catalyzed Polyethylene Chain Growth on Zinc: A Study of the Factors Delineating Chain Transfer versus Catalyzed Chain Growth in Zinc and Related Metal Alkyl Systems.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (34), 10701-10712 (2004).</li><li>Gibson, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shuttling+Polyolefins+to+a+New+Materials+Dimension.">Shuttling Polyolefins to a New Materials Dimension.</a> Science. 312 (5774), 703-704 (2006).</li><li>Chenal, T., Olonde, X., Pelletier, J. -. F., Bujadoux, K., Mortreux, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+polyethylene+chain+growth+on+magnesium+catalyzed+by+lanthanidocene:+A+living+transfer+polymerization+for+the+synthesis+of+higher+dialkyl-magnesium.">Controlled polyethylene chain growth on magnesium catalyzed by lanthanidocene: A living transfer polymerization for the synthesis of higher dialkyl-magnesium.</a> Polymer. 48 (7), 1844-1856 (2007).</li><li>Busico, V., Cipullo, R., Chadwick, J. C., Modder, J. F., Sudmeijer, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Regiochemical+and+Stereochemical+Errors+on+the+Course+of+Isotactic+Propene+Polyinsertion+Promoted+by+Homogeneous+Ziegler-Natta+Catalysts.">Effects of Regiochemical and Stereochemical Errors on the Course of Isotactic Propene Polyinsertion Promoted by Homogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts.</a> Macromolecules. 27 (26), 7538-7543 (1994).</li><li>Annunziata, L., Duc, M., Carpentier, J. -. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chain+Growth+Polymerization+of+Isoprene+and+Stereoselective+Isoprene-Styrene+Copolymerization+Promoted+by+an+ansa-Bis(indenyl)allyl-Yttrium+Complex.">Chain Growth Polymerization of Isoprene and Stereoselective Isoprene-Styrene Copolymerization Promoted by an ansa-Bis(indenyl)allyl-Yttrium Complex.</a> Macromolecules. 44 (18), 7158-7166 (2011).</li><li>Kretschmer, W. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+Chain+Transfer+between+Organoyttrium+Cations+and+Aluminum:+Synthesis+of+Aluminum-Terminated+Polyethylene+with+Extremely+Narrow+Molecular-Weight+Distribution.">Reversible Chain Transfer between Organoyttrium Cations and Aluminum: Synthesis of Aluminum-Terminated Polyethylene with Extremely Narrow Molecular-Weight Distribution.</a> Chem. Eur. J. 12 (35), 8969-8978 (2006).</li><li>Britovsek, G. J. P., Cohen, S. A., Gibson, V. C., Maddox, P. J., van Meurs, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron-Catalyzed+Polyethylene+Chain+Growth+on+Zinc:+Linear+&#945;-Olefins+with+a+Poisson+Distribution.">Iron-Catalyzed Polyethylene Chain Growth on Zinc: Linear &#945;-Olefins with a Poisson Distribution.</a> Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 41 (3), 489-491 (2002).</li><li>Xiao, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Linear-Hyperbranched+Multiblock+Polyethylene+Produced+from+Ethylene+Monomer+Alone+via+Chain+Walking+and+Chain+Shuttling+Polymerization.">A Novel Linear-Hyperbranched Multiblock Polyethylene Produced from Ethylene Monomer Alone via Chain Walking and Chain Shuttling Polymerization.</a> Macromolecules. 42 (6), 1834-1837 (2009).</li><li>Simon, L. C., Mauler, R. S., De Souza, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+the+alkylaluminum+cocatalyst+on+ethylene+polymerization+by+a+nickel-diimine+complex.">Effect of the alkylaluminum cocatalyst on ethylene polymerization by a nickel-diimine complex.</a> J. Polym. Sci. A Polym Chem. 37 (24), 4656-4663 (1999).</li><li>Hue, R. J., Cibuzar, M. P., Tonks, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Polymeryl+Chain+Transfer+Between+Group+10+Metals+and+Main+Group+Alkyls+during+Ethylene+Polymerization.">Analysis of Polymeryl Chain Transfer Between Group 10 Metals and Main Group Alkyls during Ethylene Polymerization.</a> ACS Catalysis. 4 (11), 4223-4231 (2014).</li><li>Johnson, L. K., Killian, C. M., Brookhart, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Pd(II)-+and+Ni(II)-Based+Catalysts+for+Polymerization+of+Ethylene+and+.alpha.-Olefins.">New Pd(II)- and Ni(II)-Based Catalysts for Polymerization of Ethylene and .alpha.-Olefins.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (23), 6414-6415 (1995).</li><li>Ittel, S. D., Johnson, L. K., Brookhart, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Late-Metal+Catalysts+for+Ethylene+Homo-+and+Copolymerization.">Late-Metal Catalysts for Ethylene Homo- and Copolymerization.</a> Chem. Rev. 100 (4), 1169-1204 (2000).</li><li>Bautista, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+Diels-Alder+Cycloadditions+of+exo-Imidazolidin-2-one+Dienes.">Synthesis and Diels-Alder Cycloadditions of exo-Imidazolidin-2-one Dienes.</a> J. Org. Chem. 76 (19), 7901-7911 (2011).</li><li>Rulke, R. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMR+study+on+the+coordination+behavior+of+dissymmetric+terdentate+trinitrogen+ligands+on+methylpalladium(II)+compounds.">NMR study on the coordination behavior of dissymmetric terdentate trinitrogen ligands on methylpalladium(II) compounds.</a> Inorg. Chem. 32 (25), 5769-5778 (1993).</li><li>Ward, L. G. L., Pipal, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anhydrous+Nickel+(II)+Halides+and+their+Tetrakis+(Ethanol)+and+1,2-Dimethoxyethane+Complexes.">Anhydrous Nickel (II) Halides and their Tetrakis (Ethanol) and 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Complexes.</a> Inorg. Syntheses. 13, 154-164 (1972).</li><li>Galland, G. B., de Souza, R. F., Mauler, R. S., Nunes, F. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=13C+NMR+Determination+of+the+Composition+of+Linear+Low-Density+Polyethylene+Obtained+with+[&#951;3-Methallyl-nickel-diimine]PF6+Complex.">13C NMR Determination of the Composition of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Obtained with [&#951;3-Methallyl-nickel-diimine]PF6 Complex.</a> Macromolecules. 32 (5), 1620-1625 (1999).</li><li>Cotts, P. M., Guan, Z., McCord, E., McLain, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Branching+Topology+in+Polyethylenes+As+Revealed+by+Light+Scattering+and+13C+NMR.">Novel Branching Topology in Polyethylenes As Revealed by Light Scattering and 13C NMR.</a> Macromolecules. 33 (19), 6945-6952 (2000).</li><li>Wiedemann, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monofunctional+hyperbranched+ethylene+oligomers.">Monofunctional hyperbranched ethylene oligomers.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (5), 2078-2085 (2014).</li><li>Mayo, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chain+Transfer+in+the+Polymerization+of+Styrene:+The+Reaction+of+Solvents+with+Free+Radicals1.">Chain Transfer in the Polymerization of Styrene: The Reaction of Solvents with Free Radicals1.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65 (12), 2324-2329 (1943).</li></ol>

الكتاب تعلن أي مصلحة مالية المتنافسة.

A-استبدال الميثيل الموجبة [α-diimine] NiBr 2 تم فحص الاثيلين البلمرة حافزا تفعيلها مع MAO لاختصاصه لpolymerizations نقل سلسلة الاثيلين. تم رصد ردود الفعل عبر قياسات امتصاص الغاز لتحديد معدل ومدى البلمرة ومحفز العمر، والوزن الجزيئي للتم تحديدها عن طريق اللو...

البولي أوليفينات هي فئة هامة من البوليمرات الصناعية مع الاستخدامات في اللدائن الحرارية واللدائن. وقد أدى التقدم الكبير في تصميم المواد الحفازة موقع واحد لإنتاج البولي أوليفينات إلى القدرة على ضبط الوزن الجزيئي، التشتت المتعدد، والبوليمر المجهرية، مما يؤدي إلى مجموعة واسعة من التطبيقات المحتملة. 1-3 وفي الآونة الأخيرة، نقل سلسلة و وقد وضعت سلسلة polymerizations مكوكية لإعطاء الطريق إضافي لتعديل خصائص البوليمر دون الحاجة إلى تعديل المحفز 4-6 هذا النظام يستخدم موقع واحد المعادن الانتقالية محفز وكاشف نقل سلسلة (CTR)، والذي هو عادة لالرئيسي ألكيل مجموعة المعادن. خلال هذه البلمرة، وسلسلة البوليمر المتزايد قادرة على نقل من الحافز إلى الظهور، حيث لا تزال سلسلة البوليمر نائمة حتى يتم نقله إلى محفز. وفي الوقت نفسه، يمكن للمجموعة ألكيل التي تم نقلها إلى محفز بدء الشرجسلسلة البوليمر ذر. في بلمرة نقل سلسلة، يمكن محفز واحد بدء عدد أكبر من سلاسل مقارنة البلمرة المحفزة القياسية. يتم إنهاء سلاسل البوليمر مع المعدن نقل السلسلة؛ ولمزيد من نهاية مجموعة functionalization ممكن. هذا النظام يمكن استخدامه لتغيير الوزن الجزيئي وتوزيع الوزن الجزيئي من البولي أوليفينات، من 7 إلى تحفيز AUFBAU مثل النمو سلسلة ألكيل على المعادن المجموعة الرئيسية و 8 و لتركيب البوليمرات التي تشمل أنظمة multicatalyst، مثل بوليمرات كتلة 9، 10 وقد لوحظ polymerizations نقل سلسلة الأكثر شيوعا مع الفلزات الإنتقالية وقت مبكر (HF، عنصر الزركون) وalkylzinc أو alkylaluminum الكواشف، على الرغم من أن الأمثلة موجودة عبر سلسلة معدنية تمر بمرحلة انتقالية. 5،7،8،11-16 في النظم حافزا المعادن الانتقال المبكر نموذجية، سلسلة نقل سريع وفعال وعكسها مما يؤدي إلى ضيق توزيع الوزن الجزيئي. الفصلوقد لوحظ عين نقل / مكوكية في منتصف إلى أواخر المعادن انتقالية (مثل الكروم، الحديد، وشركة ني) مع مجموعة 2 و 12 ألكيلات المعادن، على الرغم من أن معدلات نقل تختلف اختلافا كبيرا بالمقارنة مع المعادن في وقت مبكر. 4،7، 17-19 اثنين من العوامل الرئيسية التي على ما يبدو اللازمة لنقل سلسلة كفاءة: مباراة جيدة من السندات المعدنية الكربون طاقات تفارق لمحفز بلمرة ونقل سلسلة الكاشف، وبيئة الفراغية الملائمة لتعزيز ثنائي الجزيء تشكيل / كسر-سد ألكيل سيطة متعلق بنظام المعدنين 20 في حالة الفلزات الإنتقالية وقت متأخر، إذا كان حافزا لا تحتوي على ما يكفي الأكبر الفراغية، بيتا هيدريد (β-H) القضاء سيكون إنهاء المسار السائد، وسوف نقل سلسلة عموما خارج المنافسة. هنا نحن تقريرا عن دراسة لنقل متعلق بنظام المعدنين سلسلة من النيكل لالزنك في مكررا (2،6-dimethylphenyl) نظام محفز -2،3-butanediimine مع diethylzinc (زي نت 2) من خلال SMAليرة لبنانية على نطاق ردود الفعل الإنتاجية العالية. وسيتم تحديد نقل سلسلة من خلال دراسة التغيرات في الوزن الجزيئي (M ث) ومؤشر التبعثر من البولي ايثيلين الناتج من خلال التحليل اللوني نفوذي-. كما سيتم تحديدها من خلال سلسلة نقل 13 تحليل C NMR من نسبة الفينيل لغايات سلسلة المشبعة بوصفها وظيفة من نقل سلسلة تركيز عامل. كما سيتم تقديم تحليل متعمق الحركي لمعدلات انتشار ونقل السلسلة.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:675px;" width="674">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:209px;">Endeavor Pressure Reactor</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Biotage</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">EDV-1N-L</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Blade Impellers</td>
			<td>Biotage</td>
			<td>900543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Glass Liners</td>
			<td>Biotage</td>
			<td>900676</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">2,3-butanedione, 99%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A14217</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">2,6-dimethylaniline, 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D146005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">formic acid, 95%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F0507</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">methanol, 99.8%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>179337</td>
			<td>ACS Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">nickel (II) bromide, 99%</td>
			<td>Strem</td>
			<td>28-1140</td>
			<td>anhydrous, hygroscopic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">triethylorthoformate, 98%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>304050</td>
			<td>dried with K2CO3 and distilled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">1,2-dimethoxyethane, 99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>259527</td>
			<td>dried with Na/Benzophenone and distilled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">pentane, 99%</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>P399</td>
			<td>HPLC Grade *</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">dichloromethane, 99.5%</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>D37</td>
			<td>ACS Reagent *</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">toluene, 99.8%</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>T290</td>
			<td>HPLC Grade *</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">methylaluminoxane</td>
			<td>Albemarle</td>
			<td>MAO</td>
			<td>pyrophoric, 30% in toluene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">diethylzinc, 95%</td>
			<td>Strem</td>
			<td>93-3030</td>
			<td>pyrophoric</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>296104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-D2, 99.6%</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotopes</td>
			<td>DLM-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ethylene polymerizations using parallel pressure reactors and a kinetic analysis of chain transfer polymerization

ونحن لشرح طريقة لالإنتاجية العالية حافزا فحص باستخدام مفاعل ضغط مواز بدءا من تخليق الأولي من النيكل-α diimine الاثيلين البلمرة محفز. polymerizations الأولية مع زمام المبادرة حافزا لظروف التفاعل الأمثل، بما في ذلك تركيز محفز، والضغط الاثيلين وفترة رد الفعل. باستخدام بيانات الغاز امتصاص لردود الفعل هذه، وهو إجراء لحساب المعدل الأولي من الانتشار (ك ع) وتقدم. باستخدام الظروف الأمثل، وقدرة النيكل α-diimine البلمرة حافزا للخضوع لنقل سلسلة مع diethylzinc (زي نت 2) خلال الاثيلين البلمرة تم التحقيق. إجراء لتقييم قدرة المحفز للخضوع لنقل سلسلة (من الوزن الجزيئي و13 C NMR البيانات)، وحساب درجة نقل السلسلة، وحساب معدلات نقل سلسلة (ك ه) قدم.

وقدم استهلاك غاز الاثيلين مقابل الوقت في الشكل رقم 1 لضغوط الاثيلين مختلفة اختبارها. وتستخدم هذه البيانات لتحديد ظروف التفاعل الوجه الأمثل. وقدم استهلاك غاز الاثيلين مقابل الوقت في الشكل 2A للعينات وحده حافز، والذي يستخدم لحساب معدل الانتشار (ك <su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization at JoVE.com

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

ويرد بروتوكول لتحليل الإنتاجية العالية من محفز بلمرة، polymerizations نقل سلسلة، وتوصيف البولي ايثيلين، وردود الفعل التحليل الحركي.

Polymerizations الإثيلين عن طريق المفاعلات الضغط الموازية وتحليل الحركية من سلسلة البلمرة نقل

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel ...

ethylene-polymerizations-using-parallel-pressure-reactors-kinetic

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Chemistry

Gases

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

12.7K Views.  University of Minnesota - Twin Cities.  ويرد بروتوكول لتحليل الإنتاجية العالية من محفز بلمرة، polymerizations نقل سلسلة، وتوصيف البولي ايثيلين، وردود الفعل التحليل الحركي. 

Video: Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Steady-state, Pre-steady-state, and Single-turnover Kinetic Measurement for DNA Glycosylase Activity

Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) excises the mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA. Kinetic characterization of OGG1 is undertaken to measure the rates of 8-oxoG excision and product release. When the OGG1 concentration is lower than substrate DNA, time courses of product formation are biphasic; a rapid exponential phase (i.e. burst) of product formation is followed by a linear steady-state phase. The initial burst of product formation corresponds to the concentration of enzyme properly engaged on the substrate, and the burst amplitude depends on the concentration of enzyme. The first-order rate constant of the burst corresponds to the intrinsic rate of 8-oxoG excision and the slower steady-state rate measures the rate of product release (product DNA dissociation rate constant, koff). Here, we describe steady-state, pre-steady-state, and single-turnover approaches to isolate and measure specific steps during OGG1 catalytic cycling. A fluorescent labeled lesion-containing oligonucleotide and purified OGG1 are used to facilitate precise kinetic measurements. Since low enzyme concentrations are used to make steady-state measurements, manual mixing of reagents and quenching of the reaction can be performed to ascertain the steady-state rate (koff). Additionally, extrapolation of the steady-state rate to a point on the ordinate at zero time indicates that a burst of product formation occurred during the first turnover (i.e. y-intercept is positive). The first-order rate constant of the exponential burst phase can be measured using a rapid mixing and quenching technique that examines the amount of product formed at short time intervals (&lt;1 sec) before the steady-state phase and corresponds to the rate of 8-oxoG excision (i.e. chemistry). The chemical step can also be measured using a single-turnover approach where catalytic cycling is prevented by saturating substrate DNA with enzyme (E&gt;S). These approaches can measure elementary rate constants that influence the efficiency of removal of a DNA lesion.

Time courses for the glycosylase activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase are biphasic exhibiting a burst of product formation and a linear steady-state phase. Utilizing quench-flow techniques, the burst and the steady-state rates can be measured, which correspond to excision of 8-oxoguanine and release of the glycosylase from the product DNA, respectively.

ثابت للدولة، قبل المطرد للدولة، واحدة دوران قياس الحركية للنشاط الحمض النووي Glycosylase

Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) excises the mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA. Kinetic characterization ...

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

One of the main benefits to using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers in hydrogel formation is synthetic versatility. The ability to draw from a large variety of PEG molecular weights and configurations (arm number, arm length, and branching pattern) affords researchers tight control over resulting hydrogel structures and properties, including Young&#8217;s modulus and mesh size. This video will illustrate a rapid, efficient, solvent-free, microwave-assisted method to methacrylate PEG precursors into poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM). This synthetic method provides much-needed starting materials for applications in drug delivery and regenerative medicine. The demonstrated method is superior to traditional methacrylation methods as it is significantly faster and simpler, as well as more economical and environmentally friendly, using smaller amounts of reagents and solvents. We will also demonstrate an adaptation of this technique for on-resin methacrylamide functionalization of peptides. This on-resin method allows the N-terminus of peptides to be functionalized with methacrylamide groups prior to deprotection and cleavage from resin. This allows for selective addition of methacrylamide groups to the N-termini of the peptides while amino acids with reactive side groups (e.g.&#160;primary amine of lysine, primary alcohol of serine, secondary alcohols of threonine, and phenol of tyrosine) remain protected, preventing functionalization at multiple sites. This article will detail common analytical methods (proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (;H-NMR) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF)) to assess the efficiency of the functionalizations. Common pitfalls and suggested troubleshooting methods will be addressed, as will modifications of the technique which can be used to further tune macromer functionality and resulting hydrogel physical and chemical properties. Use of synthesized products for the formation of hydrogels for drug delivery and cell-material interaction studies will be demonstrated, with particular attention paid to modifying hydrogel composition to affect mesh size, controlling hydrogel stiffness and drug release.

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

This video will illustrate a rapid, efficient method to methacrylate poly(ethylene glycol), enabling chain polymerizations and hydrogel synthesis. It will demonstrate how to similarly introduce methacrylamide functionalities into peptides, detail common analytical methods to assess functionalization efficiency, provide suggestions for troubleshooting and advanced modifications, and demonstrate typical hydrogel characterization techniques.

Functionalization بمساعدة الميكروويف بولي (جلايكول الإثيلين) وعلى الراتنج الببتيدات للاستخدام في سلسلة Polymerizations وتشكيل هيدروجيل

One of the main benefits to using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers in hydrogel formation is synthetic versatility. The ability to draw from a large ...

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus was constructed to visually determine the composition of multiphase systems without physical sampling. Specifically, the sapphire cell enables visual data collection from multiple loadings to solve a set of material balances to precisely determine phase composition. Ternary phase diagrams can then be established to determine the proportion of each component in each phase at a given condition. In principle, any ternary system can be studied although ternary systems (gas-liquid-liquid) are the specific examples discussed herein. For instance, the ternary THF-Water-CO2 system was studied at 25 and 40&#160;&#176;C and is described herein. Of key importance, this technique does not require sampling. Circumventing the possible disturbance of the system equilibrium upon sampling, inherent measurement errors, and technical difficulties of physically sampling under pressure is a significant benefit of this technique. Perhaps as important, the sapphire cell also enables the direct visual observation of the phase behavior. In fact, as the CO2 pressure is increased, the homogeneous THF-Water solution phase splits at about 2 MPa. With this technique, it was possible to easily and clearly observe the cloud point and determine the composition of the newly formed phases as a function of pressure.
The data acquired with the sapphire cell technique can be used for many applications. In our case, we measured swelling and composition for tunable solvents, like gas-expanded liquids, gas-expanded ionic liquids and Organic Aqueous Tunable Systems (OATS)1-4. For the latest system, OATS, the high-pressure sapphire cell enabled the study of (1) phase behavior as a function of pressure and temperature, (2) composition of each phase (gas-liquid-liquid) as a function of pressure and temperature and (3) catalyst partitioning in the two liquid phases as a function of pressure and composition. Finally, the sapphire cell is an especially effective tool to gather accurate and reproducible measurements in a timely fashion.

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus is a unique tool to study, without sampling, phase behavior under a wide range of pressures. Using a cathetometer, very precise volume measurements can be recorded to measure liquid expansion and phase composition. Thus, this synthetic method enables the study of (1) phase equilibria of multi-component mixtures and (2) the partition behavior of catalyst or model compounds as a function of pressure.

ارتفاع ضغط سيل الياقوت للمرحلة التوازنات قياسات CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; / العضوية / أنظمة المياه

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus was constructed to visually determine the composition of multiphase systems without physical sampling. ...

Chemical Gardens as Flow-through Reactors Simulating Natural Hydrothermal Systems

Here we report experimental simulations of hydrothermal chimney growth using injection chemical garden methods. The versatility of this type of experiment allows for testing of various proposed ocean / hydrothermal fluid chemistries that could have driven reactions toward the origin of life in environments on the early Earth, early Mars, or even other worlds such as the icy moons of the outer planets. We show experiments that include growth of chemical garden structures under anoxic conditions simulating the early Earth, inclusion of trace components of phosphates / organics in the injection solution to incorporate them into the structure, a switch of the injection solution to introduce a secondary precipitating anion, and the measurement of membrane potentials generated by chemical gardens. Using this method, self-assembling chemical garden structures were formed that mimic the natural chimneys precipitated at submarine hydrothermal springs, and these precipitates can be used successfully as flow-through reactors by feeding through multiple successive &#8220;hydrothermal&#8221; injections.

We describe chemical garden formation via injection experiments that allow for laboratory simulations of natural chemical garden systems that form at submarine hydrothermal vents.

حدائق الكيميائية كما تدفق من خلال المفاعلات محاكاة الأنظمة الحرارية المائية الطبيعية

Here we report experimental simulations of hydrothermal chimney growth using injection chemical garden methods. The versatility of this type of experiment ...

Tuning a Parallel Segmented Flow Column and Enabling Multiplexed Detection

Active flow technology (AFT) is new form of column technology that was designed to overcome flow heterogeneity to increase separation performance in terms of efficiency and sensitivity and to enable multiplexed detection. This form of AFT uses a parallel segmented flow (PSF) column. A PSF column outlet end-fitting consists of 2 or 4 ports, which can be multiplexed to connect up to 4 detectors. The PSF column not only allows a platform for multiplexed detection but also the combination of both destructive and non-destructive detectors, without additional dead volume tubing, simultaneously. The amount of flow through each port can also be adjusted through pressure management to suit the requirements of a specific detector(s). To achieve multiplexed detection using a PSF column there are a number of parameters which can be controlled to ensure optimal separation performance and quality of results; that is tube dimensions for each port, choice of port for each type of detector and flow adjustment. This protocol is intended to show how to use and tune a PSF column functioning in a multiplexed mode of detection.

Here, we present a protocol for the operation and tuning of parallel segmented flow chromatography columns to enable multiplexed detection.

ضبط عمود مقطع التدفق الموازي وتمكين الكشف المضاعفة

Active flow technology (AFT) is new form of column technology that was designed to overcome flow heterogeneity to increase separation performance in terms ...

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with facile control over network structure and programming of an aligned monodomain. Tailored LCE networks were synthesized using routine mixing of commercially available starting materials and pouring monomer solutions into molds to cure. An initial polydomain LCE network is formed via a self-limiting thiol-acrylate Michael-addition reaction. Strain-to-failure and glass transition behavior were investigated as a function of crosslinking monomer, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). An example non-stoichiometric system of 15 mol% PETMP thiol groups and an excess of 15 mol% acrylate groups was used to demonstrate the robust nature of the material. The LCE formed an aligned and transparent monodomain when stretched, with a maximum failure strain over 600%. Stretched LCE samples were able to demonstrate both stress-driven thermal actuation when held under a constant bias stress or the shape-memory effect when stretched and unloaded. A permanently programmed monodomain was achieved via a second-stage photopolymerization reaction of the excess acrylate groups when the sample was in the stretched state. LCE samples were photo-cured and programmed at 100%, 200%, 300%, and 400% strain, with all samples demonstrating over 90% shape fixity when unloaded. The magnitude of total stress-free actuation increased from 35% to 115% with increased programming strain. Overall, the two-stage TAMAP methodology is presented as a powerful tool to prepare main-chain LCE systems and explore structure-property-performance relationships in these fascinating stimuli-sensitive materials.

A novel methodology is presented to synthesize and program main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers using commercially available starting monomers. A wide range of thermomechanical properties was tailored by adjusting the amount of crosslinker, while the actuation performance was dependent on the amount of applied strain during programming.

توليف للبرمجة الرئيسية سلسلة اللدائن السائل البلوري باستخدام مرحلتين ثيول-اكريليت رد الفعل

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline ...

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.

A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

نقل ذرة الراديكالي بلمرة Functionalized الفينيل مونمرات عن طريق Perylene بمثابة حفاز ضوئي ضوء مرئي

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

توليف سطحي من المذيلات تشبه دودة من الضوء المرئي وساطة التشتت البلمرة عن طريق Photoredox محفز

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

This detailed protocol describes the new Spin Saturation Transfer Difference Nuclear Magnetic Resonance protocol (SSTD NMR), recently developed in our group to study processes of mutual-site chemical exchange that are difficult to analyze by traditional methods. As the name suggests, this method combines the Spin Saturation Transfer method used for small molecules, with the Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR method employed for the study of protein-ligand interactions, by measuring transient spin saturation transfer along increasing saturation times (build-up curves) in small organic and organometallic molecules undergoing chemical exchange.
Advantages of this method over existing ones are: there is no need to reach coalescence of the exchanging signals; the method can be applied as long as one signal of the exchanging sites is isolated; there is no need to measure T1 or reach steady state saturation; rate constant values are measured directly, and T1 values are obtained in the same experiment, using only one set of experiments.
To test the method, we have studied the dynamics of the hindered rotation of N,N-dimethylamides, for which much data is available for comparison. The thermodynamic parameters obtained using SSTD are very similar to the reported ones (spin-saturation transfer techniques and line-shape analysis). The method can be applied to more challenging substrates that cannot be studied by previous methods.
We envisage that the simple experimental set up and the wide applicability of the method to a great variety of substrates will make this a common technique amongst organic and organometallic chemists without extensive expertise in NMR.

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

A detailed protocol describing the SSTD NMR method is presented here to help new users apply this new method to obtain the kinetic parameters of their own systems undergoing chemical exchange.

تدور نقل التشبع الفرق NMR (SSTD NMR): أداة جديدة الحصول الحركية معلمات من عمليات التبادل الكيميائي

This detailed protocol describes the new Spin Saturation Transfer Difference Nuclear Magnetic Resonance protocol (SSTD NMR), recently developed in our ...

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic nature of the monomer is conserved. The resulting polymer, polynorbornene, has a very high glass transition temperature, Tg, and interesting optical and electrical properties. However, the polymerization of functional norbornenes by this mechanism is complicated by the fact that the endo substituted norbornene monomer has, in general, a very low reactivity. Furthermore, the separation of the endo substituted monomer from the exo monomer is a tedious task. Here, we present a simple protocol for the polymerization of substituted norbornenes (endo:exo ca. 80:20) bearing either a carboxylic acid or a pendant double bond. The process does not require that both isomers be separated, and proceeds with low catalyst loadings (0.01 to 0.02 mol%). The polymer bearing pendant double bonds can be further transformed in high yield, to afford a polymer bearing pendant epoxy groups. These simple procedures can be applied to prepare polynorbornenes with a variety of functional groups, such as esters, alcohols, imides, double bonds, carboxylic acids, bromo-alkyls, aldehydes and anhydrides.

We describe the catalytic insertion polymerization of 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid and 5-vinyl-2-norbornene to form functional polymers with a very high glass transition temperature.

بروتوكول بسيطة وفعالة لالتحفيزي الإدراج بلمرة Norbornenes وظيفية

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...