The Swedish EPA (Naturv&#229;rdsverket) (agreement 2208-13-001) and Centre for Chemical Pesticides (CKB) are gratefully acknowledged for funding this project. We thank M&#228;rit Peterson, Henrik Jernstedt, Emma Gurnell and Elin Paulsson at the OMK-lab, SLU, for skillful assistance with analytical support and supply of pesticide standards.

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<li>Escher, B. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evaluation+of+contaminant+removal+of+reverse+osmosis+and+advanced+oxidation+in+full-scale+operation+by+combining+passive+sampling+with+chemical+analysis+and+bioanalytical+tools%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environ.+Sci.+Technol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evaluation of contaminant removal of reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation in full-scale operation by combining passive sampling with chemical analysis and bioanalytical tools.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 5387-5394 (2011).</li>
<li>Pesce, S., Morin, S., Lissalde, S., Montuelle, B., Mazzella, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Combining+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+samplers+%28POCIS%29+with+toxicity+testing+to+evaluate+pesticide+mixture+effects+on+natural+phototrophic+biofilms%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environ.+Pollut%22%5BJournal%5D)">Combining polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) with toxicity testing to evaluate pesticide mixture effects on natural phototrophic biofilms.</a> Environ. Pollut. 159 (3), 735-741 (2011).</li>
<li>Booij, K., Smedes, F., Van Weerlee, E. M., Honkoop, P. J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Environmental+monitoring+of+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants%3A+The+case+of+mussels+versus+semipermeable+membrane+devices%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environ.+Sci.+Technol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Environmental monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants: The case of mussels versus semipermeable membrane devices.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (12), 3893-3900 (2006).</li>
<li>Harman, C., Allan, I. J., Vermeirssen, E. L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Calibration+and+use+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler-a+critical+review%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environ.+Toxicol.+Chem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Calibration and use of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler-a critical review.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 31 (12), 2724-2738 (2012).</li>
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<li>Royston, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Approximating+the+Shapiro-Wilk+W-test+for+non-normality%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Stat.+Comput%22%5BJournal%5D)">Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for non-normality.</a> Stat. Comput. 2 (3), 117-119 (1992).</li>
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<li>Morin, N., Miège, C., Coquery, M., Randon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Chemical+calibration%2C+performance%2C+validation+and+applications+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler+%28POCIS%29+in+aquatic+environments%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22TrAC+-+Trend.+Anal.+Chem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Chemical calibration, performance, validation and applications of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) in aquatic environments.</a> TrAC - Trend. Anal. Chem. 36, 144-175 (2012).</li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Water+Quality+-+Sampling+-+Part+23%3A+Guidance+on+Passive+Sampling+in+Surface+Waters%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22ISO+5667-23%3A2011%22%5BJournal%5D)">Water Quality - Sampling - Part 23: Guidance on Passive Sampling in Surface Waters.</a> ISO 5667-23:2011. , (2011).</li>
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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

لمراقبة الجودة، وإجراءات موحدة، والفراغات المختبر، تم فحص حدود الكشف (اللد)، المبالغ المستردة، والتكرار 23. تم الكشف عن عدد قليل من المبيدات في عينات فارغة في مستويات تركيز منخفضة. وضعت LODs حيث بلغت قيمة أدنى نقطة على منحنى المعايرة التي تلبي معايير إشارة إلى نسب...

يتم إدخال المبيدات بشكل مستمر إلى البيئة المائية وقد تشكل خطرا على الكائنات الحية المائية 1. وعادة ما يتم تنفيذ مراقبة المبيدات في البيئة المائية باستخدام أخذ العينات انتزاع، ومع ذلك، فإن هذا الأسلوب أخذ العينات لا يأخذ في الحسبان تماما عن التغيرات الزمنية في تركيزات بسبب التقلبات في تدفق أو العرضية المدخلات (على سبيل المثال، وهطول الأمطار، جنبا إلى جنب تجاوزات الصرف الصحي، والإفراج عن بحيرة الصرف الصحي) 2 3. وبالتالي، لا بد من تحسين لتقدير أفضل للمخاطر البيئية المرتبطة المبيدات طرق الرصد. تتيح أخذ العينات سلبية المراقبة المستمرة على مدى فترة طويلة من الزمن مع الحد الأدنى من البنية التحتية وتركيزات الملوثات منخفضة 4،5. وقد تبين أن العينات سلبية ليكون أداة قيمة لرصد المياه الجوفية في 6، والمياه العذبة 7-10 ومياه الصرف الصحي 11 و المياه البحرية 12. إلى جانب أغراض الرصد <suص&gt; 13،14، كما تم استخدام العينات سلبية للتحليل غير المستهدفة 15، وعلم السموم اختبار 16،17، وكبديل لsediment- والرصد البيولوجي 18. العينات سلبية تتراكم المواد الكيميائية بشكل مستمر من المياه وتوفر الوقت المتوسط ​​المرجح (TWA) تركيزات 14. امتصاص الملوثات يعتمد على معدل أخذ العينات (R S) والسلبي معامل فصل الماء عن العينات (K PW)، والذي يعتمد على تصميم السلبي العينات، المواد العينات، والخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للملوثات، والظروف البيئية (على سبيل المثال، الماء الاضطراب، ودرجة الحرارة) 13،14،19،20. يهدف فيديو مفصل لإظهار كيفية معايرة وتطبيق العينات السلبية للمبيدات في المياه. وتضمنت الأهداف المحددة ط) لإجراء إعداد والاستخراج والتحليل الآلي ل124 المبيدات الفردية باستخدام خمسة أنواع مختلفة من sampl الدراسي السلبيالمتطلبات البيئية، بما في ذلك المطاط سيليكون، القطبية العضوية تكاملية الكيميائية العينات (POCIS) -A، POCIS-B، SDB-RPS وC 18 القرص، والثاني) لتقييم R S و K PW للمبيدات في دراسة امتصاص المختبر، والثالث) لشرح كيفية اختيار العينات السالبة المناسبة للمجمع الهدف من الفائدة وكيفية حساب تركيزات TWA للالعينات السالبة منها. المعايير المرجعية والأجهزة العينات السالبة وتشمل المركبات المستهدفة 124 إرث والمبيدات المستخدمة حاليا بما في ذلك مبيدات الأعشاب والمبيدات الحشرية ومبيدات الفطريات (الجدول 1). وشمل خليط القياسي الداخلي (هو خليط) fenoprop (2،4،5-TP)، كلوثياندين-D 3، ethion وterbuthylazine-D 5. وتشمل المواد الكيميائية المستخدمة أخرى الميثانول (MeOH)، الأسيتونتريل (إيه سي)، والأسيتون (ACE)، ثنائي كلورو ميثان (DCM)، الهكسان الحلقي (CH)، خلات الإيثيل (EA)، وآخرون البتروللها (PE)، 2-بروبانول، 25٪ محلول الأمونيا وحامض الخليك (HAC) وحمض الفورميك (FA). واتسمت خمسة أجهزة أخذ العينات السلبية المختلفة، بما في ذلك المطاط سيليكون، POCIS-A وPOCIS-B، SDB-RPS، وC 18 القرص 1،21. الجدول 1. معدل أخذ العينات العينات سلبية (R &#39;S، L يوم -1)، معامل لفصل الماء عن العينات (K&#39; PW، L كجم -1) والمعادلات (المعادلة) المستخدمة لحساب التركيزات في العينات الميدانية للفرد المبيدات أ. (نقلا عن مجلة اللوني A، 1405، لوتز اهرنز Atlasi دانشور، آنا E. لاو، جيني Kreuger، توصيف خمسة أجهزة أخذ العينات السلبية لرصد المبيدات في الماء، 1-11، حقوق الطبع والنشر (2015)، بإذن من السيفير .) 22 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/Table_1.xlsx" target="_blank">يرجى النقر هنا لتحميل هذا الملف.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.06035.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00029.2500&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00012.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-propanol</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00272.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.06054.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammoniak</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.05428.1000</td><td>Purity 25%</td></tr><tr><td>Formic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>94318-50ML-F</td><td>Purity ~98%</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl acetate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>31063-2.5L</td><td>for pesticide residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Petroleum ether&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>34491-4X2.5L</td><td>for pesticide residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>320099-500ML</td><td>Purity &amp;ge;99.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclohexane&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Chemicals</td><td>C/8933/17</td><td>for residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Empty polypropylene SPE Tube with PE frits, 20 &amp;mu;m porosity, volume 6&amp;nbsp;ml</td><td>Supelco</td><td>57026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Empore SPE Disks, C&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;, diam. 47&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Supelco</td><td>66883-U</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Empore SPE Disks, SDB-RPS (Reversed-Phase Sulfonate), diam. 47&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Supelco</td><td>66886-U&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>POCIS-A&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EST</td><td>POCIS-HLB</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>POCIS-B</td><td>EST</td><td>POCIS-Pesticide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes</td><td>EST</td><td>PES</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicone rubber sheet</td><td>Altec</td><td>03-65-4516</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 5975C</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>5975C</td><td>GC-MS</td></tr><tr><td>HP-5MS UI</td><td>J&amp;amp;W Scientific</td><td>HP-5MS</td><td>Analytical column for GC-MS</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 6460</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>6460</td><td>HPLC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Strata C18&amp;ndash;E, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&amp;ndash;25 &amp;mu;m particle size</td><td>Phenomenex</td><td>Strata C18&amp;ndash;E</td><td>Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Strata X, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&amp;ndash;25 &amp;mu;m particle size</td><td>Phenomenex</td><td>Strata X</td><td>Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td><td>Analytical column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Isolute phase separator, 25 ml</td><td>Biotage</td><td>120-1907-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel blind rivet, 3.2x10&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Ejot &amp;amp; Avdel</td><td>951222</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

characterization and application of passive samplers for monitoring of pesticides in water

تم معايرة خمسة مختلف العينات سلبية الماء تحت ظروف المختبر لقياس 124 إرث والمبيدات المستخدمة حاليا. وتقدم هذه الدراسة على بروتوكول لإعداد العينات السالبة والمعايرة وطريقة استخراج والتحليل الآلي. تم حساب معدلات أخذ العينات (R S) والسلبي معاملات لفصل الماء عن العينات (K PW) للمطاط السيليكون، القطبي العضوية تكاملية الكيميائية العينات POCIS-A، POCIS-B، SDB-RPS وC 18 قرص. امتصاص المركبات اختيار يعتمد على خصائصها الفيزيائية، أي أظهر مطاط السيليكون لامتصاص أفضل للمركبات أكثر مسعور (سجل لفصل الماء عن الأوكتانول معامل (K OW)&gt; 5.3)، في حين POCIS-A، POCIS-B وSDB- كان القرص RPS أكثر ملاءمة للمركبات المائية (تسجيل K OW &lt;0.70).

وتمت مقارنة خمس تقنيات العينات السالبة مختلفة لاستيعاب 124 إرث والمبيدات المستخدمة حاليا بما في ذلك المطاط سيليكون (الشكل 1)، وPOCIS A، B POCIS، SDB-RPS وC 18 القرص (الشكل 2). تم تحسين أداء طريقة استخراج والتحليل الآلي. نتائج التجارب المعم?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water at JoVE.com

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

توصيف وتطبيق العينات سلبية لمراقبة المبيدات في المياه

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

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9.5K Views.  Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Video: Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

Lysimetry متكاملة الميدانية وأخذ العينات Porewater لتقييم التنقل الكيميائية في التربة والغطاء النباتي تأسست

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

السلبي أخذ العينات معايرة - متعدد مؤامرة القياسات الميدانية NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; الانبعاثات مع مزيج من أسلوب أنبوب الديناميكية وأخذ العينات سلبية

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

طريقة بسيطة لالآلي المرحلة الصلبة استخراج عينات المياه للتحليل المناعية من الملوثات الصغيرة

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP، وتحسين أسلوب INEX ل<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; قياس الجسيمات والمذاب المركبات التي تتم معالجتها بواسطة مغذيات تعليق النشطة

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes onto humans. For this reason, transferable pesticide residue experiments are required for registration and re-registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Although such experiments are required, limited specificity is required pertaining to experimental approach. Experimental approaches used to assess pesticide transfer to humans including hand wiping with cotton gloves, modified California roller (moving a roller of known mass over cotton cloth) and soccer ball roll (ball wrapped with sorbent strip) over three treated turfgrass species (creeping bentgrass, hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue maintained at 0.4, 5 and 9 cm, respectively) are presented. The modified California roller is the most extensively utilized approach to date, and is best suited for use at low mowing heights due to its reproducibility and large sampling area. The soccer ball roll is a less aggressive transfer approach; however, it mimics a very common occurrence in the most popular international sport, and has many implications for nondietary pesticide exposure from hand-to-mouth contact. Additionally, this approach may be adjusted for other athletic activities with limited modification. Hand wiping is the best approach to transfer pesticides at higher mowing heights, as roller-based approaches can lay blades over; however, it is more subjective due to more variable sampling pressure. Utility of these methods across turfgrass species is presented, and additional considerations to conduct transferable pesticide residue research in turfgrass systems are discussed.

Transferable pesticide residue experiments in turfgrass systems are integral components of human risk exposure assessments. Experimental approaches to measure transferable residues should be adjusted to the human interaction of interest and turfgrass system dynamics. Three transferable pesticide residue protocols are presented and the suitability across three turfgrass systems is discussed.

بروتوكولات لقياس متبقيات المبيدات القابلة للتحويل في أنظمة المروج

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

نظم معالجة الخضروات لإزالة الملوثات المرتبطة بالسمية السطحية للمياه في الزراعة والجريان السطحي في المناطق الحضرية

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

رصد مائي مستمر للمغذيات والرواسب في مستجمعات المياه الزراعية

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

الالتقاط مرجح تدفق الماء والجسيمات العالقة من القنوات الزراعية خلال أحداث الصرف

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

المستمر الهيدرولوجية والمياه مراقبة جودة الأحواض ربيعي

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Visualizing Efficacy of Pesticides Against Disease Vector Mosquitoes in the Field

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform across ecological zones. To best protect public and veterinary health from these insects, the environmental limitations of pesticides need to be investigated to inform effective use of the most appropriate pesticide formulations and techniques. We have developed a research program to evaluate combinations of pesticides, pesticide application equipment, and application techniques in hot-arid desert, hot-humid tropical, warm and cool temperate, and urban locations to derive pesticide use guidelines specific to target insect and environment. To these ends we designed a system of protocols to support efficient, cost-effective, portable, and standardized evaluation of a diverse range of pesticides and equipment across multiple environments. At the core of these protocols is the use of an array of small cages with colony-reared sentinel mosquitoes (adults and immatures) and sand flies (adults), strategically arranged in natural habitats and exposed to pesticide spray. Spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide efficacy are derived from percent mortality in sentinel cages, then mapped and visualized in a geographic information system. Maps of sentinel mortality data may be statistically compared to evaluate relative efficacy of a pesticide across multiple environments, or to study multiple pesticides in a single environment. Protocols may be modified to accommodate a variety of scenarios, including, for example, the vertical orientation of sentinels in canopy habitats or simultaneous testing of ground and aerial application methods.

The efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects is not uniform across different ecological zones. Here we present a system of techniques using captive vector insects as sentinels for pesticide efficacy to derive electronic maps supporting the standard evaluation of pesticides across multiple environments.

تصور فعالية المبيدات ضد البعوض ناقل المرض في الحقل

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform ...

توصيف وتطبيق العينات سلبية لمراقبة المبيدات في المياه

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