The Swedish EPA (Naturv&#229;rdsverket) (agreement 2208-13-001) and Centre for Chemical Pesticides (CKB) are gratefully acknowledged for funding this project. We thank M&#228;rit Peterson, Henrik Jernstedt, Emma Gurnell and Elin Paulsson at the OMK-lab, SLU, for skillful assistance with analytical support and supply of pesticide standards.

1. passiva Sampler progettazione e la preparazione <ol><li> Lastre in gomma silicone <ol><li> Tagliare i fogli in gomma siliconica (600 mm x 600 mm, spessore 0,5 mm) in strisce da 2,5 mm x 600 mm e 2,5 mm x 314 mm usando un cutter in acciaio inox e collegarli mediante un rivetto cieco in acciaio inox (3,2 mm x 10 mm ) con una pistola rivettatrice per ottenere una dimensione totale campionatore banda di 2,5 mm x 914 millimetri (area superficiale = 457 centimetri 2, massa adsorbente = 15,6 g, volume = 22,9 cm 3). </li></ol></li><li> Collocare le gomme siliconiche in una camera di estrazione di Soxhlet. Aggiungere 50 ml di EA nella camera di estrazione e aggiungere 250 ml di EA e tre pietre bollente in una boccetta bottiglia rotonda da 500 ml. <ol><li> Collegare camera di estrazione con il pallone bottiglia e un condensatore. Pulire le gomme siliconiche per estrazione Soxhlet per 96 ore a circa 80 ° C, e da allora in poi asciugarli sotto blanda azoto. </li></ol></li><li> Fissare i stri gomma siliconicaPE porta campione ragno dell&#39;acciaio inossidabile avvolgendo la striscia di gomma di silicone intorno le aste sul supporto (Figura 1). Fissare ciascuna estremità della striscia in gomma siliconica ad un&#39;asta sul supporto mediante fascette. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Schema di gomma siliconica. Schematico campionatore passivo per la gomma di silicone che mostra l&#39;attacco della striscia in gomma siliconica ad un campione di acciaio inossidabile del supporto del ragno A) dalla parte superiore e B) la vista laterale. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Fai clic qui per vedere una versione più grande questa figura.</a> <ol start="2"><li> POCIS-A e B-POCIS <ol><li> Per POCIS-A, posizionare 220 ​​mg di HLB assorbente di massa (superficie = 1,78 x 10 6 cm 2) tra due 9,0 centimetri per 9,0 centimetri square polietersulfone (PES) membrane (figura 2). </li><li> Per POCIS-B, posizionare 220 ​​mg di una miscela assorbente (cioè, resina idrossilato polistirene-divinilbenzene (80%) ed un adsorbente carbonioso disperso su un copolimero stirene divinilbenzene (20%)) (area superficiale = 2.82 x 10 6 cm 2) tra due membrane PES (Figura 2). </li><li> Comprimere il sorbente e due PES tra due anelli in acciaio inox manualmente (Ø interno = 5,4 centimetri) e fissarlo su un portacampioni in acciaio inox (Figura 2). </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Schema di dischi campionatore passivo. Schematico campionatore passivo per POCIS A, POCIS B, disco SDB-RPS e C 18 del disco che mostra A) il montaggio del campionatore passivo con anelli in acciaio inox, polietersulfone membran (PES)ES, e la fase di ricezione, e B) il montaggio su un porta-campioni in acciaio inox. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Cliccate qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <ol start="3"><li> Disco SDB-RPS e C 18 del disco <ol><li> Posizionare il SDB-RPS (superficie = 35 cm 2, la massa assorbente = 0,34 g, volume = 1.7 cm 3) e C 18 dischi (Superficie = 35 cm 2, la massa assorbente = 0,58 g, volume = 1,7 centimetri 3) tra due membrane PES (Figura 2). Comprimere i dischi e due PES tra due anelli in acciaio inox manuale (Ø interno = 5,4 centimetri) e fissarlo su un portacampioni in acciaio inox (Figura 2). </li></ol></li></ol> 2. esperimenti di laboratorio Uptake NOTA: Gli esperimenti di assorbimento di laboratorio sono stati condotti per caratterizzare quantitativamente l&#39;assorbimento kinetics per 124 pesticidi individuali per cinque diversi dispositivi campionatori passivi in ​​condizioni controllate. <ol><li> Condurre lo studio uptake in contenitori di vetro rettangolari (ciascuno ~ 95 L): serbatoio 1) gomma siliconica (n = 16), serbatoio 2) POCIS-A (n = 16), POCIS-B (n = 16), e il serbatoio 3 ) disk SDB-RPS (n = 16), C 18 disk (n = 16). Riempire d&#39;acqua naturale in tre serbatoi. </li><li> Eseguire tutti gli esperimenti a temperatura costante dell&#39;acqua (~ 20 ° C) e in condizioni di turbolenza dell&#39;acqua (~ 10 centimetri sec -1) utilizzando due elettropompe attaccato al muro su ogni lato. Eseguire esperimenti al buio per minimizzare l&#39;effetto di fotodegradazione. </li><li> Spike ogni contenitore di vetro con una miscela standard antiparassitario contenente 124 pesticidi usando una siringa di vetro (c ≈ 400 ng L -1 per singoli pesticidi nel serbatoio dell&#39;acqua). Estrarre i campionatori passivi manualmente dai serbatoi, ad intervalli di tempo di 5, 11, 20, e 26 dAYS, per determinare le frequenze di campionamento dei pesticidi. </li><li> Monitorare le concentrazioni dei pesticidi in ciascun serbatoio raccogliendo 100 ml campioni di acqua al giorno 0, 5, 11, 20, e 26. L&#39;analisi dei campioni di acqua viene eseguita come descritto altrove 21. <ol><li> Per il controllo di qualità, esporre campioni bianchi nell&#39;aria ambiente per 1 ora al giorno 0 e quindi memorizzare e trattarli come campioni reali. Conservare tutti estratti così come campioni 100 ml acqua prelevati dai serbatoi a -18 ° C fino ad ulteriore analisi. </li></ol></li></ol> Estrazione 3. Campione <ol><li> Gomma di silicone <ol><li> Prima di procedere all&#39;estrazione, asciugare la striscia gomma siliconica sotto flusso di elevata purezza azoto. </li><li> Per il gas cromatografia spettrometria di massa analisi (GC-MS), effettuare l&#39;estrazione solido-liquido mediante estrazione Soxhlet 22. <ol><li> Posizionare la gomma di silicone nella estrazione Soxhlet. Aggiungere 250 ml PE / ACE (50/50, v / v) e 3 boipietre ling nella boccetta bottiglia rotonda. </li><li> Spike la gomma di silicone con 100 ml di una miscela IS (c = 5 ng ml -1) usando una siringa di vetro. Aggiungere 50 ml PE / ACE (50/50, v / v) nell&#39;estrattore Soxhlet. Accendere il riscaldatore ed eseguire l&#39;estrazione Soxhlet per 19 ore e poi spegnere la stufa. </li><li> Concentrare gli estratti per evaporazione rotante seguito da dolce azoto blow-down a 1 ml. Sostituire il solvente a CH / ACE (90/10, v / v) con l&#39;aggiunta di tre volte 1 ml CH / ACE (90/10, v / v) durante l&#39;azoto blow-down a 1 ml. </li></ol></li><li> Per spettrometria di massa tandem cromatografia liquida-analisi (LC-MS / MS), effettuare l&#39;estrazione con Soxhlet 22. <ol><li> Posizionare la gomma di silicone nella estrazione Soxhlet. Aggiungere 250 ml MeOH e 3 pietre bollente nella boccetta bottiglia rotonda e 50 ml MeOH nell&#39;estrattore Soxhlet. Spike la gomma di silicone con 100 ml di una miscela IS (c = 5 ng ml -1) con un bicchiere syrInge. </li><li> Accendere il riscaldatore ed eseguire l&#39;estrazione Soxhlet per 19 ore e poi spegnere la stufa. Concentrare gli estratti per evaporazione rotante seguito da dolce azoto blow-down a 1 ml. Sostituire il solvente ACN con l&#39;aggiunta di 1 ml di ACN durante l&#39;azoto blow-down a 1 ml. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> POCIS-A e B-POCIS <ol><li> Aprire il campionatore POCIS accuratamente e trasferire il sorbente con acqua ultrapura usando un imbuto in una cartuccia pre-puliti vuoto polipropilene estrazione in fase solida (SPE) (6 ml) contenente due fritte in polietilene (PE). Essiccare il sorbente sotto vuoto per rimuovere l&#39;acqua. Registrare il peso della cartuccia SPE vuota e confezionato per controllare il peso del materiale assorbente. Si prega di notare che diverse cartucce vengono utilizzati per GC-MS e analisi LC-MS / MS. </li><li> Prima di eluizione, spike l&#39;assorbente con 100 ml di una miscela IS (c = 5 ng ml -1) usando una siringa di vetro. Elute POCIS-A e POCIS-B sorbenti utilizzando 5ml EA per GC-MS 22. <ol><li> Concentrare gli estratti a 1 ml delicatamente azoto blow-down. Sostituire il solvente a CH / ACE (90/10, v / v) con l&#39;aggiunta di tre volte 1 ml CH / ACE (90/10, v / v) durante l&#39;azoto blow-down a 1 ml. </li></ol></li><li> Cartucce Eluire POCIS-A e POCIS-B utilizzando 1,5 ml MeOH seguite da 8 ml DCM / MeOH (80/20, v / v) per analisi LC-MS / MS 22. Concentrare gli estratti a 1 ml delicatamente azoto blow-down. Sostituire il solvente ACN con l&#39;aggiunta di 1 ml di ACN durante l&#39;azoto blow-down a 1 ml. </li></ol></li><li> SDB-RPS e C 18 del disco <ol><li> Trasferire singoli dischi di SDB-RPS e C 18 del disco in un bicchiere di vetro e asciugare sotto azoto. Spike i dischi con 100 ml di una miscela di IS (c = 5 ng ml -1) usando una siringa di vetro e sonicare loro due volte in un bicchiere di vetro a temperatura ambiente, prima con 5 ml di EA per 10 min e poi con 3 ml di EA per 10 min. </li><li> Trasferimento both estratti in un tubo di vetro, a concentrarsi a 2 ml di delicato colpo di azoto verso il basso, e li divise in due frazioni da 1 ml (per GC-MS e analisi LC-MS / MS, rispettivamente). </li><li> Concentrare gli estratti a 0,5 ml delicatamente azoto blow-down e scambiare il solvente CH / ACE (90/10, v / v) per analisi GC-MS 22. Concentrare gli estratti a 0,5 ml delicatamente azoto blow-down e scambiare il solvente ad ACS per l&#39;analisi LC-MS / MS 22. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. I campioni d&#39;acqua <ol><li> Spike 20 ml di campione con 100 ml di una miscela IS (c = 5 ng ml -1) usando una siringa di vetro, aggiungere 3 ml di DCM, vortex per 3 minuti, e decantare in un separatore di fase per l&#39;analisi GC-MS 22. <ol><li> Dopo le due fasi vengono separate, la fase percolato DCM in un tubo di vetro. Ripetere l&#39;estrazione utilizzando 3 ml di DCM, e risciacquare il tubo con 2 ml DCM. Infine, concentrare gli estratti a 0,5 ml delicatamente azoto blow-down e scambiatorege il solvente a CH / ACE (90/10, v / v). </li></ol></li><li> Analizzare i campioni di acqua mediante iniezione di grande volume, simile al metodo descritto altrove da LC-MS / MS 21. </li></ol> 5. Analisi Strumentale <ol><li> analisi GC-MS <ol><li> Eseguire l&#39;analisi strumentale degli estratti di CH / ACE utilizzano sistemi GC-MS a ionizzazione elettronica (EI) e modalità negativa ionizzazione chimica (NCI), rispettivamente, 22. </li><li> Per il metodo GC-MS utilizzando EI, iniettare aliquote di 1 ml con metodo di iniezione splitless su una colonna HP-5MS UI (30 m, 0,25 mm di diametro interno, da 0,25 micron film). </li><li> Per la GC-MS metodo che utilizza CI, iniettare aliquote di 3 ml su una colonna HP-5MS UI (30 m, 0,25 mm di diametro interno, da 0,25 micron film). </li></ol></li><li> analisi HPLC-MS / MS <ol><li> Eseguire l&#39;analisi strumentale del ACN estratti mediante HPLC-MS / MS interfacciato con una sorgente di ionizzazione elettrospray in negativo ((-) ESI) e positivo ioni mode ((+) ESI) 22. </li><li> Per (+) ESI, diluire 100 ml di ACN estrae con acqua ultrapura 900 ml regolata a pH 5 con FA. </li><li> Per (-) ESI, diluire 100 ml di ACN estratti con 900 ml soluzione di 1% FA in acqua ultrapura. </li><li> Per (+) ESI, utilizzare un gradiente binario consistente di 2-propanolo / metanolo / 10 mM ammonio formiato (6/2/92, v / v / v) e MeOH a una portata di 0,3 ml min -1. </li><li> Per (-) ESI, utilizzare un gradiente binario costituito ACN / acqua ultrapura 0,1% CUA e ACN + 0,1% HAc ad una portata di 0,3 ml min -1. </li><li> Iniettare tutti i campioni utilizzando un conferimento volume di 500 microlitri con due colonne in linea SPE (entrambi 20 x 2 mm id e 20-25 dimensione delle particelle micron), e una colonna analitica (C 18, 100 x 3 mm, 3,5 micron) 21. </li></ol></li></ol> 6. La teoria sulla campionamento passivo NOTA: Il profilo di assorbimento della sostanza chimica al mediu campionatore passivom (PSM) è diviso in tre sezioni: lineare, curvilinea ed equilibrio (Figura 3). <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Curva campionatore passivo assorbimento. A) ec), curva di assorbimento per l&#39;importo accumulato rispettivamente acetamiprid e dimetoato,, nei campionatori passivi (N t) in ng assoluta, e B) e D) la concentrazione serbatoio di acqua di acetamiprid e dimetoato, rispettivamente, in ng L - 1. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <ol><li> Calcolare il volume d&#39;acqua equivalente (V eq L) per un campionatore passivo dividendo l&#39;importo accumulato di composti bersaglio nel campionatore passivo dopo t giorni di esposizione (N &#39;t </sup&gt;, ng) per la concentrazione nella fase acquosa utilizzando afferrare e tempo di campionamento attivo integrato (c w, ng L -1). <img alt="Equazione 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq1.jpg" /> (1) </li><li> Ricavare la frequenza di campionamento (R S, L giorno -1) dalla fase di assorbimento lineare del profilo assorbimento, prendendo la pendenza del V eq in funzione del tempo di implementazione. </li><li> Calcolare il K PW (L kg -1) dei singoli antiparassitari usando Eq. 2. <img alt="Equazione 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq2.jpg" /> (2) dove m è la massa p assorbente per campionatore (ng). </li><li> Nella fase di assorbimento lineare, calcolare la concentrazione TWA dell&#39;analita in acqua derivata dal campionatore passivo (c TWA, ng L -1) usando Eq. 3. <img alt="Equazione 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq3.jpg" /> (3) dove R S è la satasso mpling (L giorno -1), e t è il tempo di implementazione (giorni). </li><li> Nella fase curvilineo, calcolare c TWA usando Eq. 4. <img alt="Equazione 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq4.jpg" /> (4) </li><li> Nella fase di equilibrio, calcolare c TWA usando Eq. 5. <img alt="Equazione 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq5.jpg" /> (5) </li></ol> 7. analisi statistica dei dati <ol><li> Test non normale distribuzione dei dati utilizzando un test di Shapiro-Wilk 23. Utilizzare non parametrica di correlazione di rango di Spearman per K PW e R S vs proprietà fisico-chimiche dei pesticidi testati (rho di Spearman che va da -1 a 1) 24. </li></ol>

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+monitoring+of+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants:+The+case+of+mussels+versus+semipermeable+membrane+devices.">Environmental monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants: The case of mussels versus semipermeable membrane devices.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (12), 3893-3900 (2006).</li><li>Harman, C., Allan, I. J., Vermeirssen, E. L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibration+and+use+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler-a+critical+review.">Calibration and use of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler-a critical review.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 31 (12), 2724-2738 (2012).</li><li>Jonker, M. T. O., Der Heijden, S. A. V. a. n., Kotte, M., Smedes, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+effects+of+temperature+and+salinity+on+partitioning+of+hydrophobic+organic+chemicals+to+silicone+rubber+passive+samplers.">Quantifying the effects of temperature and salinity on partitioning of hydrophobic organic chemicals to silicone rubber passive samplers.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (11), 6791-6799 (2015).</li><li>Jansson, C., Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiresidue+analysis+of+95+pesticides+at+low+nanogram/liter+levels+in+surface+waters+using+online+preconcentration+and+high+performance+liquid+chromatography/tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Multiresidue analysis of 95 pesticides at low nanogram/liter levels in surface waters using online preconcentration and high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.</a> J. AOAC Int. 93 (6), 1732-1747 (2010).</li><li>Ahrens, L., Daneshvar, A., Lau, A. E., Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+five+passive+sampling+devices+for+monitoring+of+pesticides+in+water.">Characterization of five passive sampling devices for monitoring of pesticides in water.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1405, 1-11 (2015).</li><li>Royston, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approximating+the+Shapiro-Wilk+W-test+for+non-normality.">Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for non-normality.</a> Stat. Comput. 2 (3), 117-119 (1992).</li><li>Gauthier, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+trends+using+Spearman's+rank+correlation+coefficient.">Detecting trends using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.</a> Environ. Forensics. 2 (4), 359-362 (2001).</li><li>Morin, N., Mi&#232;ge, C., Coquery, M., Randon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+calibration,+performance,+validation+and+applications+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler+(POCIS)+in+aquatic+environments.">Chemical calibration, performance, validation and applications of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) in aquatic environments.</a> TrAC - Trend. Anal. Chem. 36, 144-175 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+Quality+-+Sampling+-+Part+23:+Guidance+on+Passive+Sampling+in+Surface+Waters.">Water Quality - Sampling - Part 23: Guidance on Passive Sampling in Surface Waters.</a> ISO 5667-23:2011. , (2011).</li><li>Morin, N., Camilleri, J., Cren-Oliv&#233;, C., Coquery, M., Mi&#232;ge, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+uptake+kinetics+and+sampling+rates+for+56+organic+micropollutants+using+"pharmaceutical"+POCIS.">Determination of uptake kinetics and sampling rates for 56 organic micropollutants using "pharmaceutical" POCIS.</a> Talanta. 109, 61-73 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Per il controllo di qualità, come procedura standard, gli spazi di laboratorio, limiti di rilevabilità (LOD), recuperi, e la ripetibilità sono stati esaminati 23. Alcuni pesticidi sono stati rilevati nei campioni vuoti a livelli di concentrazione bassi. LD sono stati fissati come valore del punto più basso della curva di calibrazione che soddisfa i criteri di un rapporto segnale-rumore di 3. I livelli di dettaglio medi erano 8,0 pg assoluto iniettato in colonna per la gomma di silicone, 1,7 pg assoluto pe...

I pesticidi vengono continuamente introdotti per l&#39;ambiente acquatico e possono rappresentare un rischio per gli organismi acquatici 1. Il monitoraggio dei pesticidi in ambiente acquoso viene in genere eseguita tramite campionamento afferrare, tuttavia, questa tecnica di campionamento non pienamente tener conto delle variazioni temporali delle concentrazioni a causa di fluttuazioni di ingressi di flusso o episodiche (ad esempio, le precipitazioni, overflow fognari combinati, rilascio laguna delle acque reflue) 2 , 3. Così, metodi di monitoraggio devono essere potenziate per una migliore stima dei rischi ambientali associati ai pesticidi. Campionamento passivo permette un monitoraggio continuo per un periodo prolungato di tempo con infrastrutture minimo e basse concentrazioni di contaminanti 4,5. Campionatori passivi hanno dimostrato di essere un valido strumento per il monitoraggio nelle acque sotterranee 6, acqua fresca 7-10, delle acque di scarico 11 e 12 acque marine. Oltre a scopo di monitoraggio <sup&gt; 13,14, campionatori passivi sono stati utilizzati anche per l&#39;analisi non bersaglio 15, test tossicologici 16,17, ed in alternativa alla sedimentarie e biomonitoraggio 18. Campionatori passivi si accumulano sostanze chimiche continuamente da acqua e forniscono il tempo medio ponderato (TWA) Le concentrazioni 14. L&#39;assorbimento del contaminante dipende dalla frequenza di campionamento (R S) e il coefficiente di partizione campionatore acqua passiva (K PW), che dipende dal disegno passivo campionatore, materiale campionatore, le proprietà chimico-fisiche del contaminante, e le condizioni ambientali (ad esempio, acqua turbolenza, temperatura) 13,14,19,20. Il video dettagliato si propone di mostrare come calibrare e applicare campionatori passivi per i pesticidi in acqua. Gli obiettivi specifici inclusi i) effettuo la preparazione, l&#39;estrazione e l&#39;analisi strumentale per 124 pesticidi individuali utilizzando cinque diversi tipi di sampl passivaERS, tra cui gomma siliconica, polare organico integrativo chimica campionatore (POCIS) -A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS e C 18 del disco, ii) valutare R S e K PW per gli antiparassitari in uno studio di laboratorio assorbimento, e iii) per dimostrare come selezionare il campionatore passivo appropriata del composto bersaglio di interesse e come calcolare le concentrazioni TWA per il rispettivo campionatore passivo. Norme di riferimento e dispositivi campionatori passivi Composti target inclusi 124 legacy e pesticidi attualmente utilizzati, tra cui erbicidi, insetticidi e fungicidi (Tabella 1). Miscela standard interno (IS miscela) incluso fenoprop (2,4,5-TP), clothianidin-D 3, etion e terbutilazina-D 5. Altri prodotti chimici utilizzati inclusi metanolo (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN), acetone (ACE), diclorometano (DCM), cicloesano (CH), acetato di etile (EA), et petroliolei (PE), 2-propanolo, soluzione di ammoniaca al 25%, acido acetico (HAC) e acido formico (FA). Cinque diversi dispositivi di campionamento passivo sono stati caratterizzati, tra cui gomma siliconica, POCIS-A e POCIS-B, SDB-RPS, e C 18 1,21 disco. Tabella 1. frequenza di campionamento campionatore passivo (R &#39;S, L giorno -1), coefficienti di ripartizione campionatore-acqua (K&#39; PW, L kg -1) e le equazioni (Eq.) Utilizzati per il calcolo delle concentrazioni in campioni di campo per i singoli pesticidi a. (Ristampato da Journal of Chromatography A, 1405, Lutz Ahrens, Atlasi Daneshvar, Anna E. Lau, Jenny Kreuger, Caratterizzazione di cinque dispositivi di campionamento passivo per il monitoraggio dei pesticidi in acqua, 1-11, Copyright (2015), con il permesso di Elsevier .) 22 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/Table_1.xlsx" target="_blank">Si prega di cliccare qui per scaricare questo file.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.06035.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00029.2500&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00012.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-propanol</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00272.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.06054.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammoniak</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.05428.1000</td><td>Purity 25%</td></tr><tr><td>Formic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>94318-50ML-F</td><td>Purity ~98%</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl acetate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>31063-2.5L</td><td>for pesticide residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Petroleum ether&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>34491-4X2.5L</td><td>for pesticide residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>320099-500ML</td><td>Purity &amp;ge;99.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclohexane&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Chemicals</td><td>C/8933/17</td><td>for residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Empty polypropylene SPE Tube with PE frits, 20 &amp;mu;m porosity, volume 6&amp;nbsp;ml</td><td>Supelco</td><td>57026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Empore SPE Disks, C&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;, diam. 47&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Supelco</td><td>66883-U</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Empore SPE Disks, SDB-RPS (Reversed-Phase Sulfonate), diam. 47&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Supelco</td><td>66886-U&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>POCIS-A&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EST</td><td>POCIS-HLB</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>POCIS-B</td><td>EST</td><td>POCIS-Pesticide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes</td><td>EST</td><td>PES</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicone rubber sheet</td><td>Altec</td><td>03-65-4516</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 5975C</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>5975C</td><td>GC-MS</td></tr><tr><td>HP-5MS UI</td><td>J&amp;amp;W Scientific</td><td>HP-5MS</td><td>Analytical column for GC-MS</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 6460</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>6460</td><td>HPLC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Strata C18&amp;ndash;E, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&amp;ndash;25 &amp;mu;m particle size</td><td>Phenomenex</td><td>Strata C18&amp;ndash;E</td><td>Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Strata X, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&amp;ndash;25 &amp;mu;m particle size</td><td>Phenomenex</td><td>Strata X</td><td>Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td><td>Analytical column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Isolute phase separator, 25 ml</td><td>Biotage</td><td>120-1907-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel blind rivet, 3.2x10&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Ejot &amp;amp; Avdel</td><td>951222</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

characterization and application of passive samplers for monitoring of pesticides in water

Cinque diversi campionatori passivi d&#39;acqua sono stati calibrati in condizioni di laboratorio per la misura di 124 legacy e pesticidi utilizzati attuali. Questo studio fornisce un protocollo per la preparazione campionatore passivo, la calibrazione, metodo di estrazione e l&#39;analisi strumentale. Frequenze di campionamento (R S) e coefficienti di ripartizione campionatore-acqua passivi (K PW) sono stati calcolati per la gomma di silicone, polare organico integrativo chimica campionatore POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS e C 18 del disco. L&#39;assorbimento dei composti selezionati dipendeva dalla loro proprietà fisico-chimiche, vale a dire, la gomma di silicone ha mostrato un assorbimento migliore per i composti più idrofobici (log coefficiente di ripartizione ottanolo-acqua (K OW)&gt; 5.3), mentre POCIS-A, POCIS-B e SDB- disco RPS erano più adatto per i composti idrofili (log K OW &lt;0,70).

Cinque diverse tecniche campionatore passivo sono stati confrontati per l&#39;assorbimento di 124 legacy e pesticidi utilizzati attuali, tra cui la gomma di silicone (figura 1), e POCIS A, B POCIS, SDB-RPS e C 18 del disco (Figura 2). Le prestazioni del metodo di estrazione e l&#39;analisi strumentale è stato ottimizzato. Il risultato degli esperimenti di assorbimento di laboratorio può essere utilizzato per calcolare &#39;S</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water at JoVE.com

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Caratterizzazione e applicazione di passivi Campionatori per il monitoraggio dei pesticidi in acqua

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

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9.4K Views.  Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Video: Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

Integrato Campo Lysimetry e Porewater campionamento per la valutazione della chimica Mobilità nel suolo e alla vegetazione Fondata

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

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Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

Calibrato passivo di campionamento - Multi-trama di campo Misure di NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; Emissioni con una combinazione di metodo del tubo dinamico e campionatori passivi

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Un metodo semplice per Automated fase solida estrazione di campioni di acqua per l&#39;analisi immunologiche di piccole inquinanti

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

Pulire campionamento e analisi del fiume e di estuario Acque per Trace Studi di metallo

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes onto humans. For this reason, transferable pesticide residue experiments are required for registration and re-registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Although such experiments are required, limited specificity is required pertaining to experimental approach. Experimental approaches used to assess pesticide transfer to humans including hand wiping with cotton gloves, modified California roller (moving a roller of known mass over cotton cloth) and soccer ball roll (ball wrapped with sorbent strip) over three treated turfgrass species (creeping bentgrass, hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue maintained at 0.4, 5 and 9 cm, respectively) are presented. The modified California roller is the most extensively utilized approach to date, and is best suited for use at low mowing heights due to its reproducibility and large sampling area. The soccer ball roll is a less aggressive transfer approach; however, it mimics a very common occurrence in the most popular international sport, and has many implications for nondietary pesticide exposure from hand-to-mouth contact. Additionally, this approach may be adjusted for other athletic activities with limited modification. Hand wiping is the best approach to transfer pesticides at higher mowing heights, as roller-based approaches can lay blades over; however, it is more subjective due to more variable sampling pressure. Utility of these methods across turfgrass species is presented, and additional considerations to conduct transferable pesticide residue research in turfgrass systems are discussed.

Transferable pesticide residue experiments in turfgrass systems are integral components of human risk exposure assessments. Experimental approaches to measure transferable residues should be adjusted to the human interaction of interest and turfgrass system dynamics. Three transferable pesticide residue protocols are presented and the suitability across three turfgrass systems is discussed.

Protocolli per la quantificazione residui di antiparassitari Valori in Turfgrass Sistemi

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

Sistemi di trattamento vegetale per la rimozione dei contaminanti associati alla tossicità dell&#39;acqua superficiale nell&#39;agricoltura e nella rottura urbana

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

Instream continuo monitoraggio delle sostanze nutrienti e sedimenti nei bacini agricoli

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

Acquisizione ponderati per il flusso di acqua e particelle in sospensione dai canali agricoli durante eventi di drenaggio

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

Continuo idrologici e monitoraggio della qualità di Vernal stagni di acqua

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the local to federal levels. The continuing evolution of PFAS chemistries presents a challenge to the environmental monitoring, where ongoing development of targeted methods necessarily lags the discovery of new chemical compounds. There is a need, therefore, to have forward-looking methodologies that can detect emerging and unexpected compounds, monitor these species over time, and resolve details of their chemical structure to enable future work in human health. To this end, non-targeted analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry offers a broad base detection approach that can be combined with almost any sample preparation scheme and provides significant capabilities for compound identification after detection. Herein, we describe a solid-phase extraction (SPE) based sample concentration method tuned for shorter chain and more hydrophilic PFAS chemistries, such as per fluorinated ether acids and sulfonates, and describe analysis of samples prepared in this fashion in both targeted and non-targeted modes. Targeted methods provide superior quantification when reference standards are available but are intrinsically limited to expected compounds when performing analysis. In contrast, a non-targeted approach can identify the presence of unexpected compounds and provide some information about their chemical structure. Information about chemical features can be used to correlate compounds across sample locations and track abundance and occurrence over time.

Here, we present a protocol for the sequential targeted quantification and non-targeted analysis of fluorinated compounds in water by mass spectrometry. This methodology provides quantitative levels of known fluorochemical compounds and identifies unknown chemicals in related samples with semi-quantitative estimates of their abundance.

Identificazione- e specie chimica di Polyfluorinated con un flusso di lavoro combinato mirati e Screening di mirati spettrometria di massa ad alta risoluzione

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the ...

Caratterizzazione e applicazione di passivi Campionatori per il monitoraggio dei pesticidi in acqua

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