The Swedish EPA (Naturv&#229;rdsverket) (agreement 2208-13-001) and Centre for Chemical Pesticides (CKB) are gratefully acknowledged for funding this project. We thank M&#228;rit Peterson, Henrik Jernstedt, Emma Gurnell and Elin Paulsson at the OMK-lab, SLU, for skillful assistance with analytical support and supply of pesticide standards.

1. Pasif Sampler Tasarım ve Hazırlama <ol><li> Silikon kauçuk levhalar <ol><li> (3.2 mm x 10 mm paslanmaz çelik kesici kullanılarak ve bir paslanmaz çelik kör perçin kullanarak bağlayın x 600 mm 2.5 mm ve 2.5 mm x 314 mm şeritler halinde silikon kauçuk levha kesti (600 mm x 600 mm, 0,5 mm kalınlığında) ) x 914 mm 2,5 mm (yüzey alanı = 457 cm2, emici kütle = 15.6 g, hacmi, toplam numune şerit boyutunu elde etmek için bir perçin tabancası = ile 22.9 cm3). </li></ol></li><li> bir Soxhlet tertibatının bir ekstraksiyon bölmesi silikon kauçukları yerleştirin. ekstraksiyon odası içinde 50 mi EA ekleyin ve 250 ml EE ve 500 ml&#39;lik yuvarlak şişe bir şişe üç kaynatma taşı ekleyin. <ol><li> Şişe bir şişeye bir kondansatör ile özütleme odası bağlayın. yaklaşık 80 ° C &#39;de 96 saat boyunca Soxhlet ekstre alması ile silikon kauçukları temizleyin ve yumuşak bir azot gazı altında daha sonra kurutun. </li></ol></li><li> silikon kauçuk Şeritleri takıntutucu (Şekil 1) çubuklar etrafında silikon kauçuk şerit sararak bir paslanmaz çelik örümcek numune sahibine pe. kablo bağları kullanarak tutucu bir çubuğa silikon kauçuk şerit her bir ucunu takın. </li></ol><img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig1.jpg" /> Silikon kauçuk Şekil 1. şematik. Üst ve B) yan görünümden bir paslanmaz çelik örümcek numune tutucu A silikon kauçuk şerit eki) gösteren silikon kauçuk için pasif örnekleyici şematik. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Büyük halini görmek için tıklayınız bu figür.</a> <ol start="2"><li> POCIS-A ve POCIS-B <ol><li> POCIS-A için, 9.0 cm squar iki 9.0 cm arasında HLB dökme sorbent (yüzey alanı = 1.78 x 10 6 cm2) 220 mg koyune polyethersulfone (PES) membranlar (Şekil 2). </li><li> POCIS-B, bir sorbent karışımının 220 mg yer (örneğin, hidroksillenmiş polistiren-divinilbenzen reçine (% 80) ve bir stiren divinilbenzen kopolimer dağılmış bir karbonlu adsorban (% 20)) (yüzey alanı = 2.82 x 10 6 cm2) iki arasındaki PES membranlar (Şekil 2). </li><li> Sorbent ve elle iki paslanmaz çelik halkalar arasında iki PES (iç Ø = 5.4 cm) sıkıştırmak ve paslanmaz çelik numune tutucu (Şekil 2) üzerine sabitleyin. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig2.jpg" /> Pasif örnekleyici disklerin Şekil 2. şematik. POCIS A Pasif örnekleyici şematik, B, SDB-RPS disk ve paslanmaz çelik yüzük, polyethersulfone kullanarak) pasif örnekleyici montajını A gösteren C18 Disk (PES) zarı POCISes ve alıcı aşaması, ve B) paslanmaz çelik numune tutucu montaj. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <ol start="3"><li> SDB-RPS diski ve C 18 Disk <ol><li> SDB-RPS (yüzey alanı = 35 cm2, emici kütle = 0.34 g, hacim = 3 1.7 cm) C18 diskler (yüzey alanı = 35 cm2, emici kütle = 0.58 g, hacim = 1.7 cm3) arasında meydana iki PES membranlar (Şekil 2). Diskler ve elle iki paslanmaz çelik halkalar arasında iki PES (iç Ø = 5.4 cm) sıkıştırmak ve paslanmaz çelik numune tutucu (Şekil 2) üzerine sabitleyin. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Laboratuar emilme deneyleri NOT: Laboratuvar alımı deneyleri kantitatif alım k karakterize etmek için yapılmıştırkontrollü şartlar altında beş farklı pasif örnekleyici cihazlar için 124 farklı böcek ilacı için inetics. <ol><li> (N = 16) (N = 16), POCIS-B Tankı 1) silikon kauçuk (n = 16), tank 2) POCIS-A, ve tank 3: dikdörtgen cam kaplarda alımının etüd edilmesi (her ~ 95 L) Davranış ) SDB-RPS diski (n = 16), C18 diski (n = 16). Üç tanklarına doğal su doldurun. </li><li> Sabit su sıcaklığı (~ 20 ° C) ve her iki tarafta duvara iliştirilmiş iki elektrikli pompalarla çalkantılı su koşullarında (~ 10 cm sn -1) altındaki tüm deneyler. fotodegredasyona etkisini en aza indirmek için karanlıkta deneyleri. </li><li> Bir cam şırınga kullanarak 124 pestisit içeren bir pestisit standart karışımı ile her bir cam kabı Spike (c 400 ng L ≈ -1 su tankında bireysel pestisitler için). , Zaman aralıklarında 5 de, tanklar elle 11, 20, ve 26 d pasif örnekleyicilerinin çıkarıpays, pestisitlerin örnekleme oranlarını belirlemek için. </li><li> Başka bir yerde, 21 tarif edilen şekilde su örneklerinin analizi 0, 5, 11, 20, 100 mi su örnekleri toplayarak her tankta pestisitler Monitör ve 26 gerçekleştirilir. <ol><li> kalite kontrolü için, 0. günde 1 saat oda havasına boş örnekleri ortaya çıkarmak ve daha sonra depolamak ve gerçek örneklerin gibi davranarak. Tüm özler yanı sıra analiz zamanına kadar -18 ° C &#39;de tank toplanan 100 mi su örnekleri saklayın. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Numune Çıkarma <ol><li> Silikon lastik <ol><li> ekstraksiyon öncesinde, yüksek saflıkta bir azot gazı akımı altında silikon kauçuk şerit kurutun. </li><li> Gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometrisi (GC-MS) analizi için, Soxhlet ekstraksiyonu 22 kullanılarak katı-sıvı özütleme gerçekleştirmek. <ol><li> Soxhlet özütleme cihazına silikon kauçuk yerleştirin. 250 ml PE / ACE ekleme (50/50; h / h) ve 3 boiyuvarlak şişe şişe içine ling taşları. </li><li> Bir 100 ul silikon kauçuk başak bir cam şırınga kullanılarak karışımı (c = 5 ng mi -1) &#39;dir. Soxhlet özütleme cihazına 50 ml PE / ACE (50/50; h / h) ekleyin. ısıtıcı açın ve 19 saat Soxhlet ekstraksiyon çalıştırın ve sonra ısıtıcıyı kapatın. </li><li> 1 ml yumuşak azot istim boşaltma, ardından döner buharlaştırma ile ekstreler konsantre. 1 ml azot istim boşaltma üç kere 1 mi CH / ACE (90/10, hacim / hacim) ilave edilerek / ACE (90/10, v / v) CH solvent alış veriş. </li></ol></li><li> Sıvı kromatografisi-tandem kütle spektrometresi (LC-MS / MS) analizi için, Soxhlet ekstraksiyonu 22 kullanarak bir özütleme gerçekleştirmek. <ol><li> Soxhlet özütleme cihazına silikon kauçuk yerleştirin. Soxhlet çıkarıcı içine 250 ml MeOH ve yuvarlak şişe balona 3 kaynama taşları ve 50 ml MeOH ekleyin. Karışım (c = 5 ng mi-1), bir cam Syr kullanarak bir 100 ul silikon kauçuk başakinge. </li><li> ısıtıcı açın ve 19 saat Soxhlet ekstraksiyon çalıştırın ve sonra ısıtıcıyı kapatın. 1 ml yumuşak azot istim boşaltma, ardından döner buharlaştırma ile ekstreler konsantre. 1 ml azot darbe aşağı sırasında 1 ml ACN ekleyerek ACN çözücü alışverişi. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> POCIS-A ve POCIS-B <ol><li> dikkatle POCIS Örnekleyici açınız ve iki polietilen (PE) cam hamuru içeren bir ön temizleme boş polipropilen, katı faz ekstraksiyonu (SPE), kartuşun (6 mi) bir huni kullanılarak ultra saf su ile sorbent aktarın. suyu çıkarmak için vakum ile sorbent kurulayın. Sorbent malzemenin ağırlığını kontrol etmek için boş ve dolu SPE kartuşu ağırlığını kaydedin. Farklı kartuşlar GC-MS ve LC-MS / MS analizi için kullanılan unutmayın. </li><li> Elüsyondan önce, bir cam şırınga kullanılarak bir 100 ul ile sorbent karışımı (c = 5 ng mi-1) sivri uç. 5 kullanarak Zehir POCIS-A ve POCIS-B sorbentGC-MS 22 ml EA. <ol><li> yumuşak azot darbe-down 1 ml özleri konsantre. 1 ml azot istim boşaltma üç kere 1 mi CH / ACE (90/10, hacim / hacim) ilave edilerek / ACE (90/10, v / v) CH solvent alış veriş. </li></ol></li><li> 8 mi DCM / MeOH, ardından, 1.5 ml MeOH kullanılarak Elute POCIS-A ve POCIS-B kartuşlar (80/20, v / v), LC-MS / MS analizi için 22. yumuşak azot darbe-down 1 ml özleri konsantre. 1 ml azot darbe aşağı sırasında 1 ml ACN ekleyerek ACN çözücü alışverişi. </li></ol></li><li> SDB-RPS ve C 18 Disk <ol><li> Bir cam behere SDB-RPS ve C 18 diskin tek tek diskler aktarın ve azot gazı altında kurutun. 3 ml, daha sonra 10 dakika boyunca EA 5 ml ilk karışım (c = 5 ng mi-1), bir cam şırınga kullanılarak ve oda sıcaklığında, bir cam beher iki kez sonikasyon IS bir 100 ul diskleri başak ve 10 dakika süre ile EA. </li><li> aktarım boBir cam tüp içine inci ekstreler aşağı yumuşak azot darbe 2 ml bunları konsantre ve (GC-MS ve LC-MS / MS analizi için sırasıyla) iki adet 1 ml&#39;lik kısımlar içine bölündü. </li><li> Yumuşak bir azot istim boşaltma 0.5 ml özler konsantre edilir ve CH / ACE solvent alış veriş (90/10, v / v) GC-MS analizi için 22. Yumuşak bir azot istim boşaltma 0.5 ml özler konsantre edilir ve LC-MS / MS analizi için 22 ACN çözücü değişimi. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Su Örnekleri <ol><li> Karışım, bir cam şırınga kullanılarak (c = 5 ng mi -1) &#39;nin bir 100 ul ile 20 mi su örneği başak 3 dakika boyunca DCM 3 ml, girdap ekleyin ve GC-MS analizi 22 için bir faz ayırıcı içine aktarın. <ol><li> İki faz ayrıldıktan sonra, bir cam tüp içine DCM fazı percolate. 3 ml DCM kullanılarak ekstre tekrarlayın ve 2 mi DCM ile tüp yıkayın. Son olarak, yumuşak azot darbe aşağı ve Exchan 0.5 ml özler konsantrege CH çözücü / ACE (90/10; hac / hac). </li></ol></li><li> LC-MS / MS 21 başka yerlerde tarif edilen yönteme benzer şekilde, büyük hacimli enjeksiyon, kullanma suyu örnekleri analiz edin. </li></ol> 5. Enstrümental Analiz <ol><li> GC-MS analizi <ol><li> Elektron iyonizasyon (EI) ve negatif kimyasal iyonizasyon (NCI) modunda, sırasıyla 22 GC-MS sistemleri kullanılarak CH / ACE özleri enstrümantal analiz gerçekleştirin. </li><li> EI kullanarak GC-MS yöntemi için bir HP-5MS UI kolonunda Splitless enjeksiyon yöntemi ile 1 ul (30 m, 0,25 mm iç çapı, 0.25 mikron film) hacimde enjekte edilir. </li><li> GC-MS metodu kullanılarak CI için, HP-5MS UI kolonunda 3 ul (30 m, 0,25 mm iç çapı, 0.25 mikron film) hacimde enjekte edilir. </li></ol></li><li> HPLC-MS / MS analizi <ol><li> (-) ESI () ve pozitif iyon m ACN enstrümantal analiz gerçekleştirin kullanarak ekstrelerinden HPLC-MS / MS bir elektro negatif iyonlaşma kaynağı ile arabirimode ((+) ESI) 22. </li><li> ACN FA ile pH 5&#39;e ayarlanmış 900 ul ultra-saf su ile özleri (+) ESI, 100 ul seyreltilmiş. </li><li> (-) ESI, ACN 100 ul ultra-saf su içinde% 1 FA 900 ul çözeltisi ile özleri seyreltin. </li><li> (+) ESI için, 0.3 ml dak-1 olan bir akış oranında 2-propanol / metanol / 10 mM amonyum format (6/2/92, hacim / hacim / hacim) ve MeOH içeren bir ikili gradyan kullanın. </li><li> (-) ESI, 0.3 mi dak-1 bir akış oranında ACN / ultra saf su,% 0.1 HAC ACN +% 0.1 HAc oluşan bir ikili gradyan kullanın. </li><li> İki çevrimiçi SPE sütunu (20 x 2 mm ID 20-25 um parçacık boyutu) ve bir analitik sütun (C18, 100 x 3 mm, 3.5 um) 21 ile 500 ul bir büyük hacimli enjeksiyon kullanarak tüm numune enjekte edilir. </li></ol></li></ol> Pasif Örnekleme 6. Teorisi NOT: Pasif örnekleyici Mediu&#39;nun için kimyasal alımı profiliDoğrusal, eğrisel ve denge (Şekil 3): m (PSM) üç bölüme ayrılmıştır. <img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig3.jpg" /> 3. Pasif örnekleyici alımı eğrisi Şekil. A) ve C) alımı mutlak ng pasif örnekleyicilerin (N t) sırasıyla asetamiprid ve dimethoate&#39;nin, birikmiş miktarı için eğri, ve B) ve D) ng L sırasıyla asetamiprid ve dimethoate&#39;nin, su deposu konsantrasyonu - 1. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <ol><li> (Maruziyet t gün sonra pasif Örnekleyicideki N &#39;t hedef bileşiklerin birikmiş miktarda bölerek pasif örnekleyici için eşdeğer su hacmi (V eq L) hesaplayın </su() ng L -1, w c kepçe ve zaman entegre aktif örnekleme yöntemiyle su fazında konsantrasyonu p&gt; ng). <img alt="denklem 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq1.jpg" /> (1) </li><li> Dağıtım zamana karşı V eq eğimini alarak, alım profilin lineer alımı aşamasından örnekleme hızı (R S, L gün -1) türevi. </li><li> K PW denklem kullanılarak farklı böcek ilacı için (-1 L kg) hesaplayın. 2. <img alt="denklem 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq2.jpg" /> (2) m p örnekleyici başına sorbent kütlesi olduğu (ng). </li><li> Lineer alım aşamasında, (TWA, ng L -1 c) nolu denklem kullanılarak pasif örnekleyici tarafından türetilen suda analitin TWA konsantrasyonunu hesaplamak. 3.. <img alt="denklem 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq3.jpg" /> (3) burada R, S sampling oranı (L gün -1) ve t dağıtım süresi (gün). </li><li> Eğrisel aşamada, eşitlik kullanılarak TWA c hesaplayın. 4. <img alt="denklem 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq4.jpg" /> (4) </li><li> Denge aşamasında, eşitlik kullanılarak TWA c hesaplayın. 5. <img alt="Denklem 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54053/54053eq5.jpg" /> (5) </li></ol> 7. İstatistiksel Veri Analizi <ol><li> Bir Shapiro-Wilk testi 23 kullanarak veri olmayan normal dağılım test edin. Test pestisitlerin fizikokimyasal özellikleri 24 (-1 1 arasında değişen Spearman rho) vs K PW ve R S parametrik olmayan Spearman sıra korelasyonu kullanın. </li></ol>

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I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+contaminant+removal+of+reverse+osmosis+and+advanced+oxidation+in+full-scale+operation+by+combining+passive+sampling+with+chemical+analysis+and+bioanalytical+tools.">Evaluation of contaminant removal of reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation in full-scale operation by combining passive sampling with chemical analysis and bioanalytical tools.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 5387-5394 (2011).</li><li>Pesce, S., Morin, S., Lissalde, S., Montuelle, B., Mazzella, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+samplers+(POCIS)+with+toxicity+testing+to+evaluate+pesticide+mixture+effects+on+natural+phototrophic+biofilms.">Combining polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) with toxicity testing to evaluate pesticide mixture effects on natural phototrophic biofilms.</a> Environ. Pollut. 159 (3), 735-741 (2011).</li><li>Booij, K., Smedes, F., Van Weerlee, E. M., Honkoop, P. J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+monitoring+of+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants:+The+case+of+mussels+versus+semipermeable+membrane+devices.">Environmental monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants: The case of mussels versus semipermeable membrane devices.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (12), 3893-3900 (2006).</li><li>Harman, C., Allan, I. J., Vermeirssen, E. L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibration+and+use+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler-a+critical+review.">Calibration and use of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler-a critical review.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 31 (12), 2724-2738 (2012).</li><li>Jonker, M. T. O., Der Heijden, S. A. V. a. n., Kotte, M., Smedes, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+effects+of+temperature+and+salinity+on+partitioning+of+hydrophobic+organic+chemicals+to+silicone+rubber+passive+samplers.">Quantifying the effects of temperature and salinity on partitioning of hydrophobic organic chemicals to silicone rubber passive samplers.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (11), 6791-6799 (2015).</li><li>Jansson, C., Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiresidue+analysis+of+95+pesticides+at+low+nanogram/liter+levels+in+surface+waters+using+online+preconcentration+and+high+performance+liquid+chromatography/tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Multiresidue analysis of 95 pesticides at low nanogram/liter levels in surface waters using online preconcentration and high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.</a> J. AOAC Int. 93 (6), 1732-1747 (2010).</li><li>Ahrens, L., Daneshvar, A., Lau, A. E., Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+five+passive+sampling+devices+for+monitoring+of+pesticides+in+water.">Characterization of five passive sampling devices for monitoring of pesticides in water.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1405, 1-11 (2015).</li><li>Royston, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approximating+the+Shapiro-Wilk+W-test+for+non-normality.">Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for non-normality.</a> Stat. Comput. 2 (3), 117-119 (1992).</li><li>Gauthier, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+trends+using+Spearman's+rank+correlation+coefficient.">Detecting trends using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.</a> Environ. Forensics. 2 (4), 359-362 (2001).</li><li>Morin, N., Mi&#232;ge, C., Coquery, M., Randon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+calibration,+performance,+validation+and+applications+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler+(POCIS)+in+aquatic+environments.">Chemical calibration, performance, validation and applications of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) in aquatic environments.</a> TrAC - Trend. Anal. Chem. 36, 144-175 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+Quality+-+Sampling+-+Part+23:+Guidance+on+Passive+Sampling+in+Surface+Waters.">Water Quality - Sampling - Part 23: Guidance on Passive Sampling in Surface Waters.</a> ISO 5667-23:2011. , (2011).</li><li>Morin, N., Camilleri, J., Cren-Oliv&#233;, C., Coquery, M., Mi&#232;ge, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+uptake+kinetics+and+sampling+rates+for+56+organic+micropollutants+using+"pharmaceutical"+POCIS.">Determination of uptake kinetics and sampling rates for 56 organic micropollutants using "pharmaceutical" POCIS.</a> Talanta. 109, 61-73 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Kalite kontrolü için, standart prosedür, laboratuvar boşlukları olarak, algılama (LOD), kurtarma ve tekrarlanabilirlik sınırları 23 incelenmiştir. Birkaç böcek ilaçları, düşük konsantrasyon seviyelerinde boş örneklerde tespit edildi. LODs ortalama LODs silikon kauçuk, POCIS-A için 1.7 pg mutlak 1.6 sütun üzerine enjekte 8.0 pg mutlak 3. Bu gürültü oranına bir sinyal kriterlerini karşılayan kalibrasyon eğrisine en alçak noktası değeri olarak belirlendi pg POCIS-B, SDB-RPS disk ...

Pestisitler sürekli su ortamında tanıtıldı ve Sucul organizmalar 1 için risk teşkil edebilir. Sulu bir ortamda pestisit izlenmesi tipik olarak akış ya da epizodik girdiler (örneğin, çökeltme, kombine kanalizasyon taşmaları, kanalizasyon lagün salım) 2 dalgalanmalar kapmak örnekleme, ancak bu örnekleme tekniği tamamen konsantrasyonlarda zamansal farklılıkları hesaba gelmez kullanılarak yapılır 3. Böylece, izleme yöntemleri pestisitler ile ilgili çevresel risklerin daha iyi bir tahmini için geliştirilmiş olması gerekir. Pasif örnekleme minimum altyapı ve düşük kirletici konsantrasyonları 4,5 ile uzun bir süre boyunca sürekli olarak izlenmesine olanak verir. Pasif numune yeraltı 6 izleme, tatlı su 7-10, atıksu 11 ve deniz suları 12 için değerli bir araç olduğu gösterilmiştir. izleme amacıyla yanında <sup&gt; 13,14, pasif numune de hedef olmayan analizi 15, toksikoloji testleri 16,17 kullanılmaktadır, ve bir alternatif olarak sediment- ve 18 biyoizleme için. Pasif numune sudan sürekli kimyasallar birikir ve ağırlıklı ortalama (TWA) 14 konsantrasyonlar zamanı sağlar. Kirletici alımı pasif örnekleyici tasarım, örnekleyici malzeme, kirletici fizikokimyasal özellikleri ve çevresel koşullara (örneğin, su bağlıdır örnekleme hızı (R ve S) ve pasif örnekleyici-su dağılım katsayısı (K PW) bağlıdır türbülans, sıcaklık) 13,14,19,20. ayrıntılı video kalibre ve su pestisitlerin pasif numune nasıl uygulanacağına göstermeyi amaçlıyor. Özel hedefler i) pasif sampl beş farklı türleri kullanarak 124 farklı böcek ilacı için hazırlık, çıkarma ve enstrümantal analiz gerçekleştirmek için dahilsilikon kauçuk içeren, ERS polar organik kimyasal birleştirici örnekleyici (POCIS) -A, POCIS-B, uykuda solunum bozukluğu-RPS ve C 18 diski, ii) Bir laboratuar alımının etüd pestisit R, S ve K, PW değerlendirmek ve iii) ilgi ve nasıl kendi pasif örnekleyici için TWA konsantrasyonlarının hesaplamak için hedef bileşiğin uygun pasif örnekleyici seçmek için nasıl göstermek için. Referans standartları ve pasif örnekleyici cihazları Hedef bileşikler, 124 mirası ve herbisit, insektisit ve fungisit (Tablo 1) de dahil olmak üzere şu anda kullanılan böcek ilaçları dahildir. Iç standart karışım (karışım IS) fenoprop (2,4,5-TP), klotiyanidin-D 3, etion ve terbutilazin-D 5 dahil. Diğer kullanılan kimyasallar metanol (MeOH), asetonitril (ACN), aseton (ACE), diklorometan (DCM), sikloheksan (CH), etil asetat (EA) dahil, petrol veOnunla (PE), 2-propanol,% 25 amonyak çözeltisi, asetik asit (HAc) ve formik asit (FA). Beş farklı pasif örnekleme cihazlar, silikon kauçuk, POCIS-A ve POCIS-B, SDB-RPS ve C18 diski 1,21 da dahil olmak üzere karakterize edilmiştir. Tablo 1. Pasif örnekleyici örnekleme hızı (R &#39;S, L gün -1), örnekleyici-su dağılım katsayıları (K&#39; PW, L kg-1) ve denklemler (Denklem.) Bireysel saha örneklerinde konsantrasyonlarının hesaplanması için kullanılan pestisitler a. (Elsevier izni ile, su, 1-11, Telif Hakkı (2015) pestisit izlenmesi için Kromatografi A Journal, 1405, Lutz Ahrens, Atlasi Daneshvar, Anna E. Lau, Jenny Kreuger, beş pasif örnekleme cihazlarının Karakterizasyonu yayımlanmaktadır .) 22 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/Table_1.xlsx" target="_blank">Bu dosyayı indirmek için tıklayınız.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.06035.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00029.2500&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00012.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-propanol</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.00272.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.06054.2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammoniak</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.05428.1000</td><td>Purity 25%</td></tr><tr><td>Formic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>94318-50ML-F</td><td>Purity ~98%</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl acetate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>31063-2.5L</td><td>for pesticide residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Petroleum ether&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>34491-4X2.5L</td><td>for pesticide residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>320099-500ML</td><td>Purity &amp;ge;99.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclohexane&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Chemicals</td><td>C/8933/17</td><td>for residue analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Empty polypropylene SPE Tube with PE frits, 20 &amp;mu;m porosity, volume 6&amp;nbsp;ml</td><td>Supelco</td><td>57026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Empore SPE Disks, C&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;, diam. 47&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Supelco</td><td>66883-U</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Empore SPE Disks, SDB-RPS (Reversed-Phase Sulfonate), diam. 47&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Supelco</td><td>66886-U&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>POCIS-A&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EST</td><td>POCIS-HLB</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>POCIS-B</td><td>EST</td><td>POCIS-Pesticide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes</td><td>EST</td><td>PES</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicone rubber sheet</td><td>Altec</td><td>03-65-4516</td><td>Passive sampler</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 5975C</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>5975C</td><td>GC-MS</td></tr><tr><td>HP-5MS UI</td><td>J&amp;amp;W Scientific</td><td>HP-5MS</td><td>Analytical column for GC-MS</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 6460</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>6460</td><td>HPLC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Strata C18&amp;ndash;E, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&amp;ndash;25 &amp;mu;m particle size</td><td>Phenomenex</td><td>Strata C18&amp;ndash;E</td><td>Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Strata X, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&amp;ndash;25 &amp;mu;m particle size</td><td>Phenomenex</td><td>Strata X</td><td>Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td><td>Analytical column for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Isolute phase separator, 25 ml</td><td>Biotage</td><td>120-1907-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel blind rivet, 3.2x10&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Ejot &amp;amp; Avdel</td><td>951222</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

characterization and application of passive samplers for monitoring of pesticides in water

Beş farklı su pasif numune 124 mirası ölçümü ve mevcut kullanılan pestisitler için laboratuvar koşullarında kalibre edildi. Bu çalışma, pasif örnekleyici hazırlama, kalibrasyon, ekstraksiyon yöntemi ve enstrümantal analiz için bir protokol sağlar. Örnekleme oranları (R ve S) ve pasif örnekleyici-su bölünme katsayısı (K PW), silikon kauçuk, polar organik kimyasal birleştirici örnekleyici POCIS-A, POCIS-B, uykuda solunum bozukluğu-RPS ve C 18 disk için hesaplanmıştır. Seçilmiş bileşiklerin alımı fizikokimyasal özelliklerine bağlı, yani, silikon kauçuk POCIS-A ise POCIS-B ve SDB- (oktanol-su bölünme katsayısına (K OW)&gt; 5.3 log) daha fazla hidrofobik bileşikler için, daha iyi bir alımının gösterdi RPS diski hidrofilik bileşiklerin (K ow &lt;0.70 log) için daha uygun idi.

Beş farklı pasif örnekleyici teknikleri 124 mirasının alımı ve silikon kauçuk (Şekil 1) ve POCIS A, POCIS B, SDB-RPS ve C 18 diskte (Şekil 2) dahil olmak üzere mevcut kullanılan pestisitlerin için karşılaştırıldı. ekstraksiyon yöntemi ve enstrümantal analiz performansı optimize edildi. Laboratuar alım deneylerinin sonuçları PW değerleri farklı böcek ilacı (Şekil 3) için alım ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water at JoVE.com

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Suda Pestisitlerin İzleme Karakterizasyonu ve Pasif Numune Uygulama

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.5K Görüntüleme.  Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Video: Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

Entegre Saha Lysimetry ve gözenek suyu Örnekleme Topraklarda Kimyasal Hareketlilik Değerlendirilmesi ve kurulan Bitki Örtüsü

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Çevre

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

Kalibre Pasif Örnekleme - NH Çok arsa Arazi Ölçümleri<sub&gt; 3</subDinamik Tüp Yöntemi ve Pasif Numune bir kombinasyonu ile&gt; Emisyon

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Küçük Kirleticilerin İmmünolojik Analizi Su Örneklerinin Otomatik Katı Faz Ekstraksiyon Basit Bir Yöntem

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, bir Geliştirilmiş INEX Yöntemi için<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Partikül Ölçümü ve Çözünmüş bileşikler Aktif Süspansiyon besleme üniteleri İşlenmiş

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes onto humans. For this reason, transferable pesticide residue experiments are required for registration and re-registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Although such experiments are required, limited specificity is required pertaining to experimental approach. Experimental approaches used to assess pesticide transfer to humans including hand wiping with cotton gloves, modified California roller (moving a roller of known mass over cotton cloth) and soccer ball roll (ball wrapped with sorbent strip) over three treated turfgrass species (creeping bentgrass, hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue maintained at 0.4, 5 and 9 cm, respectively) are presented. The modified California roller is the most extensively utilized approach to date, and is best suited for use at low mowing heights due to its reproducibility and large sampling area. The soccer ball roll is a less aggressive transfer approach; however, it mimics a very common occurrence in the most popular international sport, and has many implications for nondietary pesticide exposure from hand-to-mouth contact. Additionally, this approach may be adjusted for other athletic activities with limited modification. Hand wiping is the best approach to transfer pesticides at higher mowing heights, as roller-based approaches can lay blades over; however, it is more subjective due to more variable sampling pressure. Utility of these methods across turfgrass species is presented, and additional considerations to conduct transferable pesticide residue research in turfgrass systems are discussed.

Transferable pesticide residue experiments in turfgrass systems are integral components of human risk exposure assessments. Experimental approaches to measure transferable residues should be adjusted to the human interaction of interest and turfgrass system dynamics. Three transferable pesticide residue protocols are presented and the suitability across three turfgrass systems is discussed.

Çim Bitkileri Sistemlerinde Transferli Pestisit Kalıntı miktarının için Protokoller

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

Tarım ve Kentsel Akışta Yüzeysel Su Zehirlenmesiyle İlişkili Kirleticilerin Ortadan Kaldırılması İçin Vejetaryan Arıtma Sistemleri

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

Besin ve tortu tarım havza içinde sürekli Instream izleme

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

Su akışı ağırlıklı ve tarım kanallar üzerinden askıya alınan parçacıklar drenaj olaylar sırasında yakalama

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

Sürekli hidrolojik ve su kalitesi Vernal havuz izleme

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Visualizing Efficacy of Pesticides Against Disease Vector Mosquitoes in the Field

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform across ecological zones. To best protect public and veterinary health from these insects, the environmental limitations of pesticides need to be investigated to inform effective use of the most appropriate pesticide formulations and techniques. We have developed a research program to evaluate combinations of pesticides, pesticide application equipment, and application techniques in hot-arid desert, hot-humid tropical, warm and cool temperate, and urban locations to derive pesticide use guidelines specific to target insect and environment. To these ends we designed a system of protocols to support efficient, cost-effective, portable, and standardized evaluation of a diverse range of pesticides and equipment across multiple environments. At the core of these protocols is the use of an array of small cages with colony-reared sentinel mosquitoes (adults and immatures) and sand flies (adults), strategically arranged in natural habitats and exposed to pesticide spray. Spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide efficacy are derived from percent mortality in sentinel cages, then mapped and visualized in a geographic information system. Maps of sentinel mortality data may be statistically compared to evaluate relative efficacy of a pesticide across multiple environments, or to study multiple pesticides in a single environment. Protocols may be modified to accommodate a variety of scenarios, including, for example, the vertical orientation of sentinels in canopy habitats or simultaneous testing of ground and aerial application methods.

The efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects is not uniform across different ecological zones. Here we present a system of techniques using captive vector insects as sentinels for pesticide efficacy to derive electronic maps supporting the standard evaluation of pesticides across multiple environments.

Pestisitler hastalık vektör sivrisinekler alanında karşı etkinliği görselleştirme

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform ...

Suda Pestisitlerin İzleme Karakterizasyonu ve Pasif Numune Uygulama

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